Main Compounds Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC through Inhibiting TLR4/NF-kB Signaling Pathways and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells

The essential oil (EO) separated from leaves of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC is extensively applied as conventional medicine by the Miao, Zhuang, and Li nationalities in China to drive skin healing of trauma or burn. Recently, a lot of evidence has proved that EO possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. This research aims to examine the underlying mechanisms of EO in the wound healing areas of skin through evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity, especially two major concerns, the variations of relative proteins in TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. A total of 39 compounds from EO were determined and interpreted by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was observed that the main compounds of EO are (-)-borneol (25.382 %), trans-caryophyllene (24.439 %), camphor (8.991 %), caryophyllene oxide (5.843 %), xanthoxylin (3.968 %), and alloaromadendrene (3.321 %). The anti-inflammation activity and underlying mechanisms are assessed by ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The outcomes reveal that EO can significantly reduce the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory elements TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and inflammatory mediator COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells (P<0.01). Additionally, EO can significantly inhibit the expression of proteins in the NF-κB signaling pathway, such as CD14, TLR4, MyD88, TAK-1, p-IκBα, and NLRP3 inflammasome (P<0.05, P<0.01). These outcomes show anti-inflammatory roles of EO in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by decreasing activity of TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting that EO can be adopted as a hopeful natural commodity preventing and treating inflammatory diseases.

Influence of meteorological conditions on essential oil composition in geraniol-bearing Thymus pulegioides and Thymus hybrid

Essential oils and geraniol-bearing taxa of genus Thymus have potential significance in pharmaceutical and fragrance industries as sources of lemon flavour and fragrance essential and natural origin biologically active compound geraniol. The aim of this study was to estimate effects of meteorological conditions on yield of essential oil and their main compounds in Thymus pulegioides geraniol chemotype and geraniol-bearing interspecific hybrid Thymus × citriodorus cultured in same locality. Hybrid and two individual plants of T. pulegioides were vegetative propagated and grown in the open ground under the same environmental conditions. The volatile oils were isolated by hydrodistillation annually, analysis of main compounds of essential oils—geraniol, nerol, geranial, and neral—was carried out by GC-FID and GC–MS. Observed positive relationship of essential oil yield with rainfall and negative with temperature, sunshine duration and photosynthetically active solar radiation showed that a cool weather, little sunny and moisture are suitable for accumulation of essential oil and geraniol in hybrid T. × citriodorus. Two clones of T. pulegioides geraniol chemotype accumulated the lowest and the highest amounts of volatile oils not in same years. Regression analysis showed unlike trends of effects of many meteorological conditions on yield of essential oil in T. pulegioides samples. Only rainfall and temperature most similarly influenced essential oil accumulation in both T. pulegioides clones. The percentage of geraniol was affected by meteorological conditions more similarly in both T. pulegioides; only effect of rainfall on percentage of geraniol was unlike in different samples. Results showed that same meteorological conditions can differently influence essential oil accumulation not only in different Thymus taxa containing similar chemical composition of essential oils, but also in representatives of same chemotype of same Thymus taxa.

Phytochemical Profile and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;In Vitro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils from Powder Fractions of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Eucalyptus camaldulensis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Leaves

Dried leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were finely grinded and fractionated by sieving into four granulometric classes (355 μm). The obtained powder fractions were used for essential oil (EO) extraction by hydrodistillation and their phytochemical profile and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated. The mother powder (unsieved powder) was used for comparison. Particle size exerted a significant influence (p in vitro antioxidant properties of the EOs. Comparatively, the mother powder had the highest contents of α-pinene (55.6%), camphene (3.4%) and limonene (3.7%), while 1,8-cineole (26.6% and 22.4%), exo-fenchol (5.6% and 3.5%), α-campholenol (4.2% and 3.4%), L-trans-pinocarveol (5.5% and 2.7%), L-borneol (12.6% and 6.8%) and α-terpineol (16.4% and 7.6%) are the main compounds of EOs from the E. camaldulensis leaves. Finer powders could be used as functional ingredients in food formulations for the management of chronic diseases.

ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF THYMUS FALLAX FISCH. &amp; C.A. MEY. AT DIFFERENT GROWING ALTITUDES IN MAZANDARAN, IRAN

Thymus fallax Fisch. &amp; C.A. Mey. (Lamiaceae) is a permanent plant that grows in some mountain rangelands of Mazandaran province in Iran. The aerial parts of Thymus fallax were collected during flowering stage from mountain rangelands of Mazandaran province, in North of Iran. Around samples were collected from three altitudes (2400 m, 2700 m and 3000 m a.s.l.), in mountain regions of Mazandaran province. The goal of current research was to assess the effect of altitude on the chemical composition and function of essential oil in Thymus fallax. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on the results, the essential oil content is between 1.12 - 1.61% at different altitudes. The result of study shows that the highest concentrated essential oil (1.61%) was extracted in the lowest altitude (2400 m), while it was opposite, (0.1.12%) in the highest altitude (3000 m). The main compounds of essential oil are: thymol (5.95% - 10.06%), carvacrol (13.63% - 69.04%), p-cymene (4.19% - 12.18%) and borneol (4.72% - 5.66%). According to the results, altitude has a negative effect on the percentage of essential oils and essential oil decreases with increasing altitude. The altitude has a negative effect on the percentage of thymol and the content of thymol decreased with increasing altitude. The altitude has a positive effect on the percentage of carvacrol and the content of carvacrol increased with increasing altitude.

Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Scutellaria Genus Essential Oils (Lamiaceae)

Context: Essential oils are secondary metabolites with versatile organic structures that, due to their compounds, have useful medicinal properties. There are about 250 species of the genus of Scutellaria perennial flowering plants from the Lamiaceae family. Its application for the treatment of allergy, inflammatory, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and hepatitis has a long history. Evidence Acquisition: Various studies on the chemical compounds of the Scutellaria genus have identified several ‎compounds, especially essentials oils. The current review is based on the evidence found in Chemical Abstract, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases. Results: Many studies on the chemical components of essential oils from the Scutellaria genus have identified several compounds. We summarized the chemical compositions and biological activities of Scutellaria essential oils. Hexadecanoic acid, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, linalool, β-farnesene, and eugenol are the main compounds in essential oils of this genus. Despite many reports about essential oils of Scutellaria species (more than 38), a large number of species have not been studied yet. Therefore, several studies should be conducted on the chemical compounds and biological activities of unstudied Scutellaria essential oils. Conclusions: This review has summarized reports on the chemistry and biological activities of Scutellaria essential oils,‎ such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifeedant, phytotoxic, and acaricidal toxicities, based on the recent literature.

Isolation of Citronellal from Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle and its Activity Test as a Burn Healing in Mice

Citronellal is one of the main compounds of essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle, which is the most important chemical compound in the cosmetics and pharmacy industry. This study aimed to isolate the citronellal from the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle and activity on burns in male white mice (Mus musculus (L). The isolation method used column chromatography and n-hexane-ethyl acetate as eluent (20 : 1). The isolate obtained was used to burn activity on the back of male white mice (Mus musculus (L)). The ointment formula 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% were prepared using vaseline flavum. Based on the test using thin layer chromatography with the addition of cerium sulphate as a spotting appearance, was given one spot in the 4th isolate. Based on characterization data by UV-Vis spectrum, FTIR spectrum and GC-MS chromatogram showed that F4 isolate was citronellal. Based on the results of the burn activity on all concentrations, formula 1% showed the best burn healing activity. Citronellal can be isolated from the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle and has healing activities for burns in male white mice.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus sinensis Essential Oils as Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Fusarium culmorum

Several molds are able to colonize wood and many building products or solid wood causing losses for their valuable uses. Essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants can be used as an ecofriendly biofungicide against the growth of several molds. EOs from Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus aurantium, and C. sinensis have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. EOs from of E. camaldulensis air-dried aerial parts, C. aurantium leaf and C. sinensis peel, and their combinations (1:1 v/v) were evaluated for their antifungal activity against the growth of four common mold fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, and Fusarium culmorum). The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed with GC/MS. The main compounds in EO from E. camaldulensis were spathulenol (20.84%), eucalyptol (12.01%), and sabinene (9.73%); in C. aurantium were linalyl acetate (42.29%), and linalool (29.76%); and in C. sinensis were D-limonene (73.4%) and γ-terpinene (22.6%). At 50 µL/mL, C. sinensis EO showed the highest fungal mycilial growth inhibition (FMGI) percentage (86.66%) against A. flavus. C. sinensis, E. camaldulensis, and E. camaldulensis/C. sinensis showed FMGI values of 96%, 91.66%, and 75.66% respectively, against A. niger. EOs from C. aurantium and C. sinensis showed potent activity against A. terreus (100% FMGI), while C. aurantium/E. camaldulensis and E. camaldulensis/C. sinensis showed FMGI values of 74.33% and 70.66%, respectively. Potent activity against F. culmorum with 100% was observed as the application of E. camaldulensis and C. sinensis EOs at 50 µL/mL, while E. camaldulensis/C. sinensis (50 µL/mL) showed FMGI value of 65.66%. The results suggest using the EOs and their combinations from E.camaldulensis, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis as a biofungicide against molds. The potent properties of EOs offer the possibility of using them as eco-friendly, safe, and cost-effective antimicrobials for molds that could cause discoloration of the wood packaging or food spoilage.

Nematicidal Action of Microencapsulated Essential Oil of Flesh Fingered Citron

Flesh fingered citron (FFC) essential oil (EO) is susceptible to volatilisation at room temperature. Therefore, its use as a nematicide requires a controlled release. In the present study, we encapsulated FFC EO in β-cyclodextrin by embedding and investigated release from the capsules compared to unembedded EO. We evaluated the structural and thermal properties of the capsules by SEM and TGA. The loading capacity was 32.67%, and the embedding yield was 96.24%, assuming that a core-to-wall quality ratio of 1 : 6 is optimal for the carrier. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, we explored the toxicity of (1) FFC EO microcapsules (MCs) and (2) four key compounds of the EOs. The MCs enabled sustained release, e.g., 77% mortality after 4 h and 100% within an additional half-hour. The four main compounds in EO can each kill nematodes by reducing antioxidant activity. Since microencapsulation can improve FFC EO stability and prevent product loss due to adverse environments exposed to the air, encapsulating FFC EO in MCs has great potential as a new nematicide.

The Effect of Storage Conditions on the Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodiodes

Ziziphora clinopodioides is an edible medicinal plant (belongs to the family Lamiaceae) that widespread all over Iran. In Iranian folklore, the dried aerial parts of this plant have been frequently used for culinary and also in cold and cough treatments. Present work aimed to evaluate the effect of storage conditions on essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Treatments were three levels of storage temperatures including room temperature (21°C), refrigerator temperature (4°C) and freezer temperature (-20°C) in 10 days. Essential oils after extraction with hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC-MS and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated by DPPH and DISC diffusion methods. The results showed that in each of three storage temperatures, some compounds such as pulegone and menthone were main compounds in essential oil, but some of them were reduced in essential oil at room temperature. In antioxidant activity assay, freezing essential oil was stronger than other essential oils. The strongest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans was observed from room temperature essential oil; It can be due to the presence of a higher amount of 1,8-cineol, isomenthone and p-menth-4-en-3-one in this essential oil. In conclusion, the storage of secondary plant products especially essential oils, is an interesting research area which needs further studies with different aromatic plants essential oils.

Effect of growing seasons on the leaf essential oil composition of Citrus species that are cultivated in Egypt

ABSTRACT Essential oil (EO) of Citrus has some biological and pharmaceutical properties; thus, it can be used in food and drug industries. Changes in growing seasons play important roles in physiological processes of Citrus EO especially that extracted from young leaves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the EO extracted from young leaves of twelve Citrus species in different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) under Egyptian conditions. The Citrus species in this investigation were Valencia Orange, Navel Orange, Sour Orange, Lemon, Volkamer Lemon, Lime, Persian Lime, Sweet Lime, Mediterranean Mandarin, Dancy Tangerine, Grapefruit and Shaddock. The EOs of young leaves were extracted by hydrodistillation method (HD), and then analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Sabinene was identified as the major component in EO isolated from Valencia Orange, Navel Orange and Grapefruit while linalool was the main compound in EO of Sour Orange, Mediterranean Mandarin and Dancy Tangerine. The major constituent of EO produced from Lemon, Volkamer Lemon, Lime, Persian Lime and Sweet Lime was limonene, but it was E-phytol in Shaddock EO. The greatest contents (%) of EO isolated from young leaves and major constituents of all Citrus species were detected in the samples harvested during the spring season. The EO constitutes that detected in leaf EO were classified into five chemical groups “monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH), oxygenated monoterpenes (OM), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SH), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS) and oxygenated diterpenes (OD)”. It was found that the detected compounds of EO extracted from various Citrus species belonged to MH, OM, SH and OS, except the compounds of Dancy Tangerine and Shaddock were belonged to MH, OM, SH, OS and OD. Different changes were observed in the minor components and various chemical groups in different growing seasons.

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oils from Satureja macrantha C.A.Mey. at Different Growth Stages.

Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal and aromatic plants are interesting products to be used as natural food preservatives. The EOs from the genus Satureja are reported to inhibit foodborne pathogens being worthy of use as food preservatives. Satureja macrantha is found in Western and Northwest Iran and commonly used as a food flavoring agent and for the treatment of urinary diseases. The objective of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of S. macrantha EOs at different growth stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages) and to evaluate their biological activities. Chemical compositions were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution method against the foodborne pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC23922), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212) (Gram-positive), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC13046) and Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was estimated using the DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assays. The yields of S. macrantha EOs were in the range of 1.4–1.8%, thus scalable for the manufacture of food preservatives on an industrial level. The main compounds of EOs were carvacrol (42.7–48.2%), thymol (0.2–16.5%), p-cymene (10.1–14.7%) and γ-terpinene (7.9–9.1%) in all phenological stages examined. The strongest antibacterial activity (MICs = 5–20 µg/mL) of the EOs was recorded in samples obtained during the flowering stage where carvacrol (42.7%) and thymol (16.5) were present both at high percentages. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity was found to be slightly higher in the other stages. As the EO obtained at flowering showed the best inhibitory properties against foodborne pathogenic bacteria, it is suggested that plants at this stage can be selected as main sources of food preservative agents.

Phytochemical profile of fennel essential oils and possible applications for natural antioxidant and controlling Convolvulus arvensis L

The natural compounds such as essential oils are getting more attention due to their potential usage in pharmaceuticals and possibly as natural herbicides. This study was conducted to identify the chemical compositions of essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare Mill. populations collected from different regions of Iran, Turkey, and Germany, and their antioxidant (DPPH·, ABTS·+ and reducing power methods) and phytotoxic activity (against Convolvulus arvensis L.). The results exhibited a significant variation in essential oils content (1.74-2.97%). The main compounds in essential oils were trans-anethole (15.23%−90.11%), estragole (4.00-63.72%), fenchone (0.03-12.62%) and limonene (1.05-13.04%). The results revealed that the essential oils have considerable antioxidant (IC50 values in the range of 11.83-36.90 mg mL−1 in DPPH, 7.65-20.13 mg mL−1 in ABTS·+ and EC50 values in the range of 3.65-15.24 mg mL−1 in reducing power assay) and phytotoxic activity. The results of this study can help in the development of natural antioxidants and herbicides.

Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oils and various extracts of two Thymus species: Thymus cariensis and Thymus cilicicus

In this study, the essential oils and extracts of two Thymus species were investigated for insecticidal potentials against three insect species. The essential oil of T. cariensis showed insecticidal activity causing 56.7 ± 3.3%, 73.3 ± 3.3%, and 83.3 ± 5.1% mortality after 24 h of exposure at 10, 20, and 30 µL/Petri concentrations, respectively. The chemical composition of essential oils and hexane extracts was analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. The major compounds of essential oil of T. cariensis were germacrene D (33.59%) and carvacrol (14.86%), whereas the main compounds of essential oil of T. cilicicus were borneol (16.97%), 1,8-cineol (16.78%), and camphor (12.54%).

The learning models of essential oil with science technology engineering mathematic (STEM) approach integrated ethnoscience

The topic of essential oil is one of the topics of the Natural Organic Chemistry course which discusses the meaning of essential oils and examples, isolation techniques and identification of essential oils, structural tests and the number of essential oil components. The next discussion was related to the engineering of the main compounds in essential oils, as well as the calculation of the yield of essential oil products. Learning of essential oils is still conventional, and less contextual, therefore in this study an essential oil learning with integrated science technology engineering mathematics (STEM) approach of ethnoscience and an integrated STEM approach of Ethonoscience has never been done by lecturers. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study, the research subjects are the owners and workers in essential oil refining, with a focus on the reconstruction of Indegenous science based science knowledge and the design of the essential oil learning model with an integrated STEM approach to ethnoscience. Local essential oils used as research objects are clove oil, citronella oil, and traditionally produced patchouli oil. Data collection through interviews and observations at the traditional distillation of essential oils in Boyolali, Central Java. Data and information from interviews were carried out scientifically into scientific knowledge through a process of verification, reduction, validation, conceptualization, and documented as a source of essential oils learning with an integrated STEM Ethnoscience approach. From the results of the research and discussion, it can be concluded that (1) essential oil owners and workers have understood scientifically about the concept of essential oils, how to distill essential oils and their separation, knowledge of how to obtain good essential oil products, and calculate yield and loss of oil production volatile, (2) The learning model of essential oils with STEM approach integrated ethnoscience with project-based learning models was found, and (3) the results of the implementation of the essential oil learning model of the STEM approach integrated ethnoscience obtained positive responses and were able to improve student learning outcomes and experience.

The ethnobotany, leaf anatomy and major essential oil compounds of Leysera gnaphalodes (Asteraceae), a poorly known aromatic herbal tea endemic to southern Africa

Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L. (viz., Leyssera gnaphalioides L.) is an aromatic, medicinal Cape herbal tea endemic to southern Africa. The plant is known by many different vernacular names, most relating to its use as tea: geelblommetjiestee, duinetee(bossie), skilpadtee(bossie), teringtee(bossie), hongertee and geeltee. According to historical literature and recent ethnobotanical surveys in the Little Karoo, this aromatic shrublet is a treatment for numerous respiratory ailments, especially ‘tering’ (tuberculosis). Previous studies have reported the presence of several diterpenes and triterpenes, but the main essential oil compounds have remained unknown. These were identified as α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol and bicyclogermacrene. Multicellular glandular trichomes are present on the leaf surface, which may be the site of oil production and/or accumulation. Leysera gnaphalodes has been reported to exhibit significant anti-mycobacterial activity against three Mycobacterium micro-organisms. The traditional claim of its efficacy as a treatment against tuberculosis, as reflected by the common name teringtee (‘tuberculosis tea’) therefore appears plausible. This activity seems to be primarily associated with the presence of the well-known pentacyclic triterpenoids, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.

Morphological and essential oil variations among Iranian populations of Salvia chloroleuca (Lamiaceae)

Salvia chloroleuca Rech. f. &amp; Aell. is one of the perennial species of the Lamiaceae family in Iran, which has antimicrobial and antitumoural properties. In the current research, the morphological variables and hydrodistilled essential oils of two populations, from Polor and Neyshabur, of this species were evaluated. We studied 10 and 40 individuals for morphometrics and essential oils, respectively. Morphological data were analyzed using SPSS. Furthermore, the extracted oils were analysed using GC and GC/MS. The qualitative morphological characteristics were stable between the populations, while the quantitative ones highly varied. The one-sample variance test revealed significant differences for most of the studied features. The yielded oil highly differed between these populations. The first and second main groups of compounds were the same for both populations, but with different percentages. However, the third and fourth main groups of compounds were not similar. Furthermore, the main compounds of essential oil differed between the studied populations. The major compounds of the Polor population were: β-pinene (22.7%), α-pinene (18.3%), germacrene D (7.7%) and sabinene (6.6%). However, spathulenol (19.8%), bicyclogermacrene (11.4%), p-cymene (10.8%) and β-pinene (10.4%) constituted the major compounds of the Nyshabur population. In total, the Neyshabur population had higher amounts of sesquiterpene and oxygenated compounds than the other population. The results indicated that in this species the quantitative morphological characters and essential oils were strongly affected by environmental factors.

A New Technology for Extraction of Essential Oil from Anethum graveolens L. Fruits

The aim of this work was to study the possibility of perfluoroorganic solvents use for extraction of main compounds of essential oil from Anethum graveolens L. fruits. We used Anethum graveolens L. fruits with particle size of 0.1–0.5 mm for extraction. We used the method of simple maceration for 24 hours, with raw material to solvent ratio of 1:10 w/v at 24±1°С. Besides, we used the method of circulation extraction in the Soxhlet extractor with raw material to solvent ratio of 1:5 w/v for 1 to 4 hours. The qualitative analysis of extracts was carried out by the method of GC-MS. The quantitative analysis of carvone was carried out by the method of RP HPLC at 240 nm analytical wavelength. The use of simple maceration method provided the following yields of carvone into all types of solvents: 95±4 % for n-hexane, 95±4 % for Novec 7100, and 69±3 % for Novec 1230. The use of the circulation method of extraction for 60 min of solvent circulation provided the following yields of carvone: 93±4 % for Novec 1230 and 92±4 % for Novec 7100. It was noted that the extract obtained with solvent Novec 7100 was contaminated by fatty oil and required an addition stage of purification. The results obtained suggest that perfluoro organic solvents have good prospects and applicability in the phytotechnology for the extraction of some types of biologically active compounds and essential oils from the plant raw material.

Salinity stress and PGPR effects on essential oil changes in Rosmarinus officinalis L.

BackgroundMedicinal plant species have been used by the ancestors around the world since ancient times. Rosmarinus officinalis is one of the most used medicinal plants, which belongs to the family Lamiaceae. To investigate the effects of different levels of salinity stress along with the induction of bacterial growth stimulation on the amount of essential oil composition in R. officinalis, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and five replications. Salinity treatments included 0 (control), 2.5 (T1), 5 (T2), 7.5 (T3), 10 (T4) and 12.5 (T5) NaCl g/L, and the bacterium was pseudomonas fluorescence.ResultsThe percentage of essential oils showed a significant relationship with increasing salinity either alone or in composition with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation treatments and it increased with increasing salinity levels to treatment 4 (T4, 10 g/L NaCl) but decreased with further increases in salinity levels in treatments without using PGPR and it was constant in treatment with using PGPR. Phellandrene, one of the main compounds of essential oils, showed a trend like the whole amount of essential oils in both group of treatments.ConclusionAbiotic and biotic factors may influence the different mechanisms and limit the interactions between plant and beneficial bacteria, resulting in less-than-acceptable performance in plant growth promotion and management of diseases. In this context, the results revealed that the application of PGPRs can help improve the essential oil yield in R. officinalis even in salinity conditions.

In Silico Cholinesterase and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Perillaldehyde and D-Limonene, Main Compounds of Essential Oil of Algerian Ammodaucus leucotrichus

In a continuation of our previous work for the exploration of novel enzyme inhibitors, molecular modeling was used to inspect the binding mode of perillaldehyde and D-limonene, the major compounds of essential oil of Algerian Ammodaucus leucotrichus into the active site pocket of cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) and Monoamine Oxidase (MAO). The molecular docking was carried out using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software package. Docking analysis showed that this compounds (perilladehyde and D-limonene) can interact with both the Catalytic Active Site (CAS) of AChE, BuChE and MAO. For D-limonene, molecular docking showed favorable H-phi interaction with catalytic residue of AchE and BuChE. The perillaldehyde showed best interaction profile with BuChE as compared with compound D-Limonene. The best interaction between perilladehyde and monoamine oxidase was also revealed. This paper shows best correlation between the in vitro study and the in silico molecular docking study of anti-cholinesterase and anti-monoamine oxidase activities.

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Pimpinella anisum L. accessions at different ripening stages

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of four aniseed populations (Egyptian, Serbian, Tunisian and Turkish) were investigated during three developmental stages. The highest oil yield was achieved at full maturity in all aniseed accessions ranged from 11.93% (Serbia) to 13.80% (Tunisia). Fatty acid profile of aniseed oil was characterized by high proportions of palmitic (4.90–57.18%) and petroselinic (10.48–46.60%) acids which had an antagonist evolution during maturation. The essential oil yield reached its maximum at the beginning of ripening process in all aniseed accessions ranged from 1.94% (Serbia) to 3.09% (Tunisia). The main essential oil compound was trans-anethole (66.34–93.05%) during aniseed ripening in all accessions. Phenolic content patronized its maximum at the last stage of aniseed ripening ranged from 17.11 mg GAE/g DW (Serbia) to 25.16 mg GAE/g DW (Tunisia). The main phenolic compound of aniseed was naringin (17.55–32.49%) and its accumulation was followed by the reduction of gallic, rosmarinic, ellargic and syringic acids during aniseed ripening in all accessions. Concerning antioxidant activity, DPPH scavenging activity, chelating ability and reducing power were maximal at full maturity in all aniseed accessions. Our findings indicate that the determination of optimal periods and provenances for antioxidant accumulation can be used to evaluate the quality of aniseeds and could be important for industries.