Main Components Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Vagococcus salmoninarum’a karşı bazı uçucu yağların antibakteriyel aktivitesi

In this study, essential oils of thyme (Origanum vulgare), St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), ginger (Zingiber officinale), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), peppermint (Menta piperita), lavandula (Lavandula hybrida) and black cumin (Nigella sativa) were screened for its chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity against Vagococcus salmoninarum. The composition of oils were analysed using GC/MS. Antibacterial effects of essential oils against V. salmoninarum were detected by agar diffusion and tube dilution assays. Thyme (125 μL ml-1 MIC) and clove (500 μL ml-1 MIC) essential oils were shown to possess strong antibacterial activity against V. salmoninarum. The main components of effective essential oils were carvacrol (63.57 %) and eugenol (85.99%), respectively. As a result, these two plant species that tested against V. salmoninarum which is causative agent of vagococcosis can be used as an antibacterial agent. For this purpose, in vivo antibacterial activities against vagococcosis of thyme and clove essential oils should be explored in the further studies.

Essential Oil Chemical Variability in Oliveria decumbens (Apiaceae) from Different Regions of Iran and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors

Oliveria decumbens Vent. (Apiaceae) is an annual herb resistant to harsh environmental conditions, which has got numerous pharmacological, food and feed, and cosmetic applications. In the present study, the variation in the essential oil (EO) content and composition of twelve O. decumbens populations growing wild in several habitats of Iran was studied. The EO contents varied from 2.71% (Darab) to 8.52% (Behbahan) on a dry matter basis, where the latter population revealed to be the highest source of essential oil reported so far in this species. Gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that carvacrol (18.8–51.8%), thymol (20.3–38.7%), γ-terpinene (0.9–28.8%), p-cymene (1.6–21.3%) and myristicin (0.8–9.9%) were the major volatile compounds in all the investigated populations. The EO content had a strong and significant positive correlation with temperature (r = 0.62) and sand content (r = 0.73), but a strong and significant negative correlation with altitude (r = −0.61). On the other hand, the rising altitude led to an increase in thymol content. Cluster and principal component analyses placed the samples from different regions into two main groups based on the main EO components, including thymol/carvacrol type and γ-terpinene/thymol/carvacrol/p-cymene type. This study provides valuable information for identifying chemotypes in O. decumbens as well as insight into planning a domestication and cultivation program.

The impact of β-myrcene – the main component of the hop essential oil – on the lipid films

β-myrcene (myrcene) is the main component of the hop essential oil, the latter being a plant derived extract of a wide range of antimicrobial properties. To get a deeper insight in the role of myrcene in the membrane-related activity of the total extract, in this work the effect of this terpene on the lipid monolayers was investigated. The aim of the studies was to analyze and to compare the influence of myrcene on the one component films formed by the lipids typical of plant and fungi membranes and differing in the structure of both polar and non-polar part of the molecule. The experiments involved the surface pressure-area measurements, the penetration and the relaxation studies, Brewster angle microcopy and Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) studies. It was found that myrcene causes the decrease of the condensation and/or stability and changes the morphology of the lipid monolayers, however its exact effect is determined by the concentration and by the lipid type. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to the alterations within the organization of the film are different depending on the monolayer material and they may involve the extraction of the molecules from the interface and/or accommodation of terpene in the lipid environment. It was also summarized that although myrcene and the hop essential oil affect the properties of the lipid films they act on the studied membranes according to different mechanisms. • β-myrcene changes the fluidity, stability and morphology of the lipid monolayers. • β-myrcene may penetrate into the film or extract the molecules from the interface. • The mechanism of action of β-myrcene and the hop essential oil is different.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from twigs and leaves of <i> Magnolia macclurei </i> (Dandy) Figlar from Ha Giang Province, Vietnam

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the twigs and leaves of Magnolia macclurei collected in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang Province, Vietnam was analyzed using GC/MS. A total of 38 compounds were detected in essential oil, accounting for 94.49% of the oil, in which 37 compounds were identified accounting for 93.33%. cis-β-Elemene (14,30%), bicyclogermacrene (18,57%), and 10-epi-ᵧ-eudesmol (16,86%) were the main components of essential oil. The minor components present with rather high amount were: Germacrene D (2,12%), guaiol (8,52%), hinesol (2,34%), valerianol (6,76%), and bulnesol (2,93%). Antibiotic activity of the essential oil sample was tested against a Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and a yeast Candida albicans using an agar disk diffusion method. All three microorganisms tested are resistant to the oil from twigs and leaves of M. macclurei. That is exhibited through the inhibitory zone diameters ranging from 4 to 12 mm.

Development of new dermatological formulations for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis

The inhibitory activity of the essential oils (EO) of mint and thyme on Candida albicans are well known, however, their valorization in a dosage form for the management of cutaneous candidiasis has been little explored. This study aimed to formulate innovative and cost-effective dermatological topicals based on mint and thyme essential oils for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. Thyme essential oil was obtained commercially, while that of mint was obtained by hydrodistillation. In order to determine their antifungal activity, both essentials oils were tested alone and in combination against a reference strain of Candida albicans (strain MHMR) and clinical strains of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Three creams were formulated using natural (shea butter, palm oil) and chemical (cetomacrogol) excipients. The efficacies of these creams were assessed in vivo using Wistar rats infected with Candida albicans MHMR. The in vitro antimicrobial study showed that C. albicans MHMR was more sensitive to thyme essential oil with a MIC of 310 μgmL−1, which was higher than the reference fluconazole used for the in vitro study (32 μgmL−1). The antimicrobial synergy study of both essential oils using checkerboard test demonstrated an additive effect of mint and thyme essential oils on C. albicans MHMR. GC/FID and GC/MS analyses led to the identification of thymol and menthol respectively as the main components of thyme and mint essential oils. A shea butter cream base and a shea butter and palm oil cream both containing 5% of EO (mint and thyme) exhibited the best in vivo antimicrobial activities, inducing optimal wound healing in infected rats compared with ketoconazole commercial cream used for the in vivo study. These results provide a solid basis at least in part, for the use of essential oil in creams formulated with natural excipients for the management of cutaneous candidiasis.

Effect of Essential Oil from the Leaves of Rosemary Used in the Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on the Hydration Coefficient, Cookability, Taste and Color of the Edible Chickpea

Loses caused by larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) in stored legumes are significant. In this study, fumigant toxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil on 3 day-old eggs and mature larvae of C. maculatus, and, also its vapor effects on the hydration coefficient, cookability, color and taste of chickpeas were investigated. Trials were carried out at 28±2°C temperature, 55±5 % relative humudity and 0/24 L/D periods in climatic cabinet. The main components of rosemary essential oil were determined as borneol (25.67 %), verbenone (23.55 %), camphor (20.48 %), 1,8-cineol (5.76 %) and α-terpineol (5.61 %). The highest egg mortality rates were found as 71 % at 24th and 100 % at 48th hour for 50 μl L-1 air doses. Larvae mortality rates were determined as 87 % and 100 % at the 24th and 72nd hour in the most effective dose (50 μl L-1 air) of rosemary essential oil, respectively. The highest dose (60 μl L -1 air ) and the longest exposure time (48 hours) of the essential oil did not show a negative effect on the hydration coefficient, cookability and color of chickpeas. However, the taste of the chickpea changed in ratio of 40 % at 10 μl L-1 air dose and 24 hour exposure time. Essential oil vapor of R. officinalis showed fumigant effect on C. maculatus but distinct taste was determined on chickpeas. If the taste of rosemary essential oil vapor is removed from the chickpea, rosemary essential oil can be considered as a potential bio-fumigant in control of C. maculatus.

Anti-Microbial Potential of Nano-Emulsion form of Essential Oil Obtained from Aerial Parts of Origanum Vulgare L. as Food Additive.

Purpose: Foodborne diseases are still a serious problem in public health and natural compounds are being widely considered for their potential industrial protective additive in food products. Origanum vulgare L. has been known as an antimicrobial effective herb. This present study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial effect of O. vulgare essential oil nanoemulsion in comparison with conventional emulsion. Methods: The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-Mass and formulated as a nanoemulsion to improve water dispersion by high-energy emulsification method. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared formulation was assessed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) and zone of inhibition against some main foodborne pathogen microorganisms. Results: The main component of the oregano essential oil was carvacrol (78%) and the selected nanoemulsion formulation demonstrated low polydispersity (0.11) and mean droplet (72.26 nm) and it was stable even after 30 days of storage. The nanoemulsion form displayed significant activity against the Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with inhibition zones ranging from 8.7–22.3 mm. The MIC of nanoemulsion against the tested bacteria was within the range of 0.156 to 0.312 (mg/mL) and against the tested fungi were in the range of 0.078 to 0.156 (mg/mL). The MBC/MFC of nanoemulsion against the tested microorganisms were in the range of 0.312 to 5 (mg/mL). Conclusion: The study’s results demonstrated the possibility of using the nanoemulsion form of oregano essential oil as a food additive to inhibit the growth of some foodborne microorganisms and extending the shelf life of food products.

Antioxidant Effect Potential of Garlic In Vitro and Real Food System: Effects of Garlic Supplementation on Oxidation Stability and Sensory Properties of Butter

AbstractIn this research, the effect of adding garlic and synthetic antioxidant to butter produced on both quality characteristics and oxidation stability during the storage (1st, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th, and 90th days) process is investigated. With this aim, two replicates of butter samples as control, containing different proportions of garlic (butter treated with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% crushed garlic) and with 50 ppm butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) added are prepared. 2,2′‐Azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical‐scavenging ability, ferric reducing antioxidant power value of garlic are found as 26.05%; 87.48%; 70 mm mL−1, respectively. Total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity of fresh garlic are determined. The main components of essential oil of garlic are determined. The rate of oxidation decreases as the garlic rate increases. The highest sensory analysis scores for the first days of storage are for the control and butter with 50 ppm BHT added, followed by samples with 5%, 2.5%, and 7.5% garlic added. At the end of storage, the highest sensory analysis scores are obtained by the butter with 5% garlic added. The butter with 10% garlic added is not liked in terms of sensory properties.Practical Applications: Oxidation‐causing or accelerating factors are oxygen, light, temperature, metal ions, some pigments, and degree of unsaturation. Oxidation is eliminated when these factors are eliminated. But in practice this is not possible. Therefore, it is very difficult to prevent oxidation without adding any material. Antioxidants are the most effective substances in the food industry for the production, storage, transport, and marketing of vegetable and animal fats and fat‐containing foods, delaying the effect of atmospheric oxygen at normal temperatures, preventing food spoilage, and rancidity for a certain period of time. Due to the carcinogenic effects of synthetic antioxidants, interest in natural antioxidants has increased. It is known that garlic has antioxidant effects. Natural antioxidants are used in the food industry for different purposes due to their extensive bioactivity profile. Peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid tests are generally used to determine the degree of lipid oxidation in butter.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from the Algerian Endemic Origanum glandulosum Desf. against Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogenic E. coli Isolates.

Antibiotics are becoming ineffective against resistant bacteria. The use of essential oils (EOs) may constitute an alternative solution to fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of EOs from five populations of the endemic Algerian Origanum glandulosum Desf. and to investigate their potential antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli strains. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and their composition was investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against eight E. coli strains (six uropathogenic resistant and two referenced susceptible strains). Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were obtained by the broth microdilution method. The main EO components were thymol (15.2–56.4%), carvacrol (2.8–59.6%), γ-terpinene (9.9–21.8%) and p-cymene (8.5–13.9%). The antibacterial tests showed that all the EOs were active against all the strains, including the multidrug-resistant strains. The EO from the Bordj location, which contained the highest amount of carvacrol (59.6%), showed the highest antibacterial activity (inhibition diameters from 12 to 24.5 mm at a dilution of 1/10). To our knowledge, this is the first description of the activity of O. glandulosum EOs against resistant uropathogenic strains. Our study suggests that O. glandulosum EO could be used in some clinical situations to treat or prevent infections (e.g., urinary tract infections) with multidrug-resistant strains.

Optimization of essential oil yield from Vietnamese green pepper (Piper nigrum) using hydro-distillation method

In this study, the essential oil of green pepper collected from Vung Tau City, Vietnam was recovered by hydro-distillation technique, giving the yield of approximately 0.75% yield on optimal conditions. Single factor investigation showed that optimal conditions of the extraction process consisted of water and material ratio of 5:1 mL/g, extraction time of 180 min, flow rate of 2.5 mL/min, size of material of puree, time for soaking of 3 hours. Nineteen components were identified in the obtained Piper nigrum essential oils using GC-MS. The main components of essential oils were Caryophyllene, 3-Carene, β-Pinene, α-Pinene, Sabinene, and Elemene.

Genetic diversity of limonene synthase genes in Rongan kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia).

D-limonene is the main component of citrus essential oils. In the monoterpene biosynthetic pathway, geranyl diphosphate reacts with monoterpenes to form the prenyl-carbocation intermediate to produce d-limonene. In this study, d-limonene synthase (FcLS) genes were first isolated from Rongan kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle). Sequencing analysis revealed that the open reading frames of 18 FcLS genes contain 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms, which resulted in the variation of FcLS proteins, indicating that the limonene synthase genes are a large family in F. crassifolia. This phenomenon has not been reported in Citrus. The predicted FcLS proteins showed a high amino acid sequence identity with other Citrus limonene synthases and also had the typical structures of limonene synthase protein. FcLS1 was validated to be a functional d-limonene synthase by prokaryotic expression.

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity and wound healing properties of Artemisia absinthium essential oil

Objective: To evaluate chemical compositions, antioxidant and wound healing properties of Algerian Artemisia absinthium essential oil. Methods: The chemical composition of the essential oil from Artemisia absinthium was analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC/MS. The antioxidant capacities including the total antioxidant capacity, DPPH• and ABTS+• scavenging capacities were measured. The wound healing potential was assessed by the excision wound model of rats. The wounds were treated daily with an ointment prepared with two concentrations (5% and 10%) of Artemisia absinthium essential oil. The percentage of wound contraction was determined and wound healing was also evaluated by histological examination of the healed skin. Results: The main component of Artemisia absinthium essential oil was camphor (48%) followed by chamazulene (10%) that was responsible for the dark blue color of the oil. Artemisia absinthium essential oil exhibited moderate antioxidant activity compared with BHT and Trolox. All preparations showed significant effects on wound contraction and the ointment prepared with 10% of essential oil was effective as the reference drug Cicatryl. Conclusions: The essential oil of Artemisia absinthium shows moderate antioxidant activity. The 10% ointment enhances skin wound re-epithelialization and speeds up the healing process. The essential oil of Artemisia absinthium may be used as an alternative drug for wound healing.

Optimization of Operating Conditions of Essential Oil Extraction of Vietnamese Pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) Peels by Hydrodistillation Process

This study attempted the optimization of the extraction process involving essential oils from Vietnamese pomelo fruits. Three influential parameters including ratio of water and material, extraction time, and temperature were assumed to be impactful to the oil yield and were investigated by establishing a statistical model. A central composite design was adopted to generate dataset required for estimation of the model. Analysis of variance was used to calculate model significance. The results showed that optimum yield of pomelo oil is 4.46 % (v/w) corresponding to water ratio of 507 mL water to 100 g sample, temperature at 119.29 ºC and distillation time of 113.68 min. Predicted values proposed by the Design Expert 11 software well-agreed with the empirical data, suggesting the excellent predictability of the proposed models. In addition, the essential oil obtained under optimal conditions was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that D-limonene is the main component (97.318 %) of essential oil.

In Vitro Activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Its Main Essential Oil Component Trans-Anethole on Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections worldwide which drug-resistant cases of the infection are rising. The aim of the study was to assessment the in vitro activity of Foeniculum vulgare and its main essential oil component on Trichomonas vaginalis. Also phytochemical investigation of F. vulgare essential oil was performed. Five T. vaginalis isolates subjected to susceptibility testing against essential oil and extracts of F. vulgare and anethole using microtiter plate method. The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of the natural products was assessed in comparison with metronidazole. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector was applied for chemical investigation of the essential oil. After 48 hours incubation, the most potent antitrichomonal agents were the methanolic and hexanic extract with MLC of 360 μg/ml and followed by the essential oil and anethole (1600 μg/ml). The isolates were sensitive to metronidazole with a mean MLC of 13.7 μg/ml. E-Anethole (88.41 %) was the major constituent of F. vulgare essential oil. The results suggested in vitro antiprotozoal properties of F. vulgare and anethole against T. vaginalis. Therefore further studies are needed to evaluate their in vivo effects and toxicity.

Study on the Multitarget Mechanism and Key Active Ingredients of Herba Siegesbeckiae and Volatile Oil against Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology.

Background Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS, Xixiancao in Chinese) is widely used to treat inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and arthritis, and its molecular mechanisms and active ingredients have not been completely elucidated. Methods In this study, the small molecule ligand library of HS was built based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP). The essential oil from HS was extracted through hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The target of RA was screened based on Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). The key genes were output by the four algorithms' maximum neighborhood component (MNC), degree, maximal clique centrality (MCC), and stress in cytoHubba in Cytoscape, while biological functions and pathways were also analyzed. The key active ingredients and mechanism of HS and essential oil against RA were verified by molecular docking technology (Sybyl 2.1.1) in treating RA. The interaction between 6 active ingredients (degree ≥ 5) and CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 was researched based on the software Ligplot. Results There were 31 small molecule constituents of HS and 16 main chemical components of essential oil (relative content >1%) of HS. There were 47 chemical components in HS. Networks showed that 9 core targets (TNF, IL1β, CSF2, IFNG, CTLA4, IL18, CD26, CXCL8, and IL6) of RA were based on Venn diagrams. In addition, molecular docking simulation indicated that CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 had good binding activity with the corresponding compounds (degree > 10).The 6 compounds (degree ≥ 5) of HS and essential oil had good interaction with 5 or more targets. Conclusion This study validated and predicted the mechanism and key active ingredients of HS and volatile oil in treating RA. Additionally, this study provided a good foundation for further experimental studies.

Chemical composition and biological effects of three different types (tear, paste, and mass) of bitter Ferula assa-foetida Linn. gum

Ferula assa-foetida gum oleoresin (FAGO) is traditionally used for treatment of different ailments. The subject of this article was to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial effects of the different types of bitter FAGO essential oils in the natural habitat of Southwest Iran. α-pinene (38.2%), and (Z)-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (12.4%) were the main components of F. assa-foetida tear type essential oil, with high antibacterial, anti-biofilm and cytotoxic activities, followed by paste and mass types, respectively. α-pinene (27.8%), and (Z)-propenyl-sec-butyl disulfide (24.2%) were identified as main components of paste type. α-pinene (33.4%), β-pinene (16.3%), and (Z)-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (16.1%) were the main components of asafoetida mass type gum oleoresin essential oil. FAGO essential oil specially tear one could serve as suitable candidate for further studies.

Sedative and hypnotic effects of compound Anshen essential oil inhalation for insomnia

BackgroundsThe chemical composition of many essential oils indicates that they have sedative and hypnotic effects, but there is still a lack of systematic studies on the sedative and hypnotic effects of essential oils. In addition, aromatherapy does not seem to have the side effects of many traditional psychotropic substances, which is clearly worthwhile for further clinical and scientific research. The clinical application of essential oils in aromatherapy has received increasing attention, and detailed studies on the pharmacological activities of inhaled essential oils are increasingly needed.Hypothesis/purposeAs insomniacs are usually accompanied by symptoms of depression and anxiety of varying degrees, based on the theory of aromatherapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this experiment is to study a Compound Anshen essential oil that is compatible with Lavender essential oil, Sweet Orange essential oil, Sandalwood essential oil and other aromatic medicine essential oils with sedative and hypnotic effects, anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects. To study the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil inhaled and the main chemical components of Compound Anshen essential oil, and to compare and analyze the pharmacodynamics of diazepam, a commonly used drug for insomnia.MethodsThe Open field test and Pentobarbital-induced sleep latency and sleep time experiments were used to analyze and compare the sedative and hypnotic effects of inhaling Compound Anshen essential oil and the administration of diazepam on mice. The changes of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain were analyzed by Elisa. The main volatile constituents of Compound Anshen essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).ResultsInhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil can significantly reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, reduce latency of sleeping time and prolong duration of sleeping time. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Compound Anshen essential oil can increase the content of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain. The main volatile chemical constituents of the Compound Anshen essential oil are D-limonene (24.07%), Linalool (21.98%), Linalyl acetate (15.37%), α-Pinene (5.39%), and α-Santalol (4.8%).ConclusionThe study found that the inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil has sedative and hypnotic effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil based on the theory of aromatherapy.

Antimicrobial properties of Pseudotsuga menziesii essential oil

The steam distillation method was used to obtain samples of essential oil of Pseudotsuga menziesii introduced in Republic of Belarus. More than 20 components have been identified and determined in the essential oil of Pseudotsuga menziesii by gas liquid chromatography. The dominant components are bornylacetate (~25–30 %), camphene (~14–15 %), α-pinene (~7–8 %), β-pinene (~8–10 %). Distribution of the enantiomers of the main components of Pseudotsuga menziesii essential oil are shown. It was determined the optical purity of oil to (–)-bornylacetate. The antimicrobial activity of Pseudotsuga menziesii essential oil was detected in relation to test cultures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacterial cultures were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of essential oil. The effect of the optical activity of essential oil dominant components on antimicrobial properties is shown.

The making of red ginger (zingiber officinale rovb. var. rubra) natural essential oil

This study aims to 1) learn the production process of red ginger natural essential oil, 2) learn the characteristics of red ginger natural essential oil, and 3) learn the content of red ginger natural essential oil. The research method used was the Research and Development (R&D) model. Distillation was used as the technique of making the essential oil. This study results in the product of good quality red ginger essential oil with high level of purity, as revealed by the result of the rendement test (1022 gram of red ginger for 23 ml, 1000 gram red ginger for 21 ml and 1028 gram red ginger for 23 ml). The result of organoleptic test shows the color of essential oil to be clear yellow with a strong/pungent smell and a little hot and bitter taste. Red ginger essential oil dissolves perfectly in alcohol, with specific gravity values of 0.886, 0.887 and 0.887 and refractive index values as much as 1.480, 1.485 and 1.482. This shows that the produced essential oil has a good quality and high level of purity. The main components of essential oil include E-Cital, Chempene, Cineole and Zingiberene. The results allows for the opportunities to develop red ginger essential oil as aromatherapy for medication and beauty treatment products.

Chemotypic structure of Pinus sylvestris population in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests

The main target of the paper is to study structure of main pine forest types in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests, their chemical composition of essential oil (EO) monoterpene fraction. This paper is on problems of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) breeding and seed-growing in the forest-steppe European part. It is done for forest culture improvement, based on genetics and breeding. The characteristic of main components of pine-needles essential oil in free and controlled cross-breeding was investigated. The established peculiarities of monoterpene biosynthesis in pine-needless essential oil are genetically motivated. The long-term opportunity for essential oil composition usage as characteristics of Pinus sylvestris breeding on resistibility to diseases and pests was defined. The structures of main forest types in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests according to basic monometric and biochemical indices were studied. The data on composition, changeability and inheritance regularity of monoterpenes may be used for recommendations on creating of Pinus sylvestris seed base on genetic and breeding bases.