Main Commodities Research Articles

Globalization beyond Business Sustainability, Energy and the Economy of the Future

Abstract Globalization has gradually shaped the world for ages and it has been accompanied by various waves of industrialization. It moved the world and human society from simple energy resources such coal and wood to fossil fuels for industry as sources of energy and to sustainable energy and business, step by step it globalized the energy market, every step is accompanied by energy consumption, so the intensive use of energy has become fundamental in economy. The Global economy has known many challenges, the supply and demand are keys for profit, economy and business. The research questions are how has Globalization shaped business, energy and economy? And how has it shaped the world under business sustainability and the economy of the future? The methodology of research based on literature review, descriptive qualitative and data analysis and applying sustainable value by Hart and Milstein in business to see if there are value to reach. The Results show that there is certainly a need to reduce carbon footprint, and it needs more ambitious visions especially after the recent circumstances, sustainability has not been a priority, the development of artificial intelligence has made business opportunities easier for most companies. The fifth industrial revolution has increased chances towards the economy of the future. In conclusion, Globalization has been a key of innovation and new perspectives for business, energy and economy, the cost of sustainability will need more ways to boost its implementation in the international level, especially for the emerging market, developing countries and low income countries that find difficulties to balance their economies during the transition of Globalization and its impact. Applying a sustainable strategy in businesses lead to sustainable and business values. The main commodities that drive world’s industries and productions are still oil and natural Gas. The transition to renewables is still slow.

EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN REMPAH UTAMA DI DESA CUKILAN, KECAMATAN SURUH, KABUPATEN SEMARANG

The availability of information regarding the cultivation of spice plants is still limited, so studies are needed to support the development of spice plants. This study aimed to identify land characteristics, land suitability classes and distribution maps, limiting factors and recommendations for the development of spice cultivation. The analytical method used was Location Quotient (LQ), and Shift Share Analysis (SSA) to determine the main spice commodities. Overlay and matching between land characteristic parameters and land suitability criteria through ArcGis software version 10.4. The results of the study obtained two main commodities, namely cardamom, with an LQ of 1.98 and ginger, with an LQ of 1.05. Land suitability classes for cardamon are quite suitable (S2), covering an area of 583.89 ha (94.1%) and marginally suitable (S3), covering an area of 36.87 ha (5.9%) with drainage limiting factors, rainfall, base saturation, slope, CEC, pH, and organic C. Land suitability classes for ginger are moderately suitable (S2) with a land area of 541.71 ha (87.3%) and marginally suitable marginal (S3) covering an area of 79.06 ha (12.7%) with the limiting factors of rainfall, temperature, drainage, slope, base saturation, salinity, CEC, pH, and organic C.

Penerapan Teknologi Tepat Guna “Alat Pendeteksi Kesuburan Tanah” di Desa Balonggebang

Indonesia has earned the nickname as an "agrarian" country, this is because most of the population works as farmers. This nickname is very suitable for the situation in several regions in Indonesia, one of which is in Nganjuk Regency, namely in the village of Balonggebang. Balonggebang Village is the largest village in Gondang District, Nganjuk Regency. This village has a large enough agricultural land so that the majority of Balonggebang villagers work as farmers and the main commodities are rice and shallots. The first determining factor is the level of soil fertility. To determine whether the soil is fertile or not, it can be seen by using a soil fertility meter. In this modern era, soil fertility determination tools can be made simply and can be used as appropriate technology.

Attack Level Of Coffee Fruit Borer Pest (Hypothenemus hampei) And Branch Borer Pest (Xylosandrus compactus) In Central Dempo District Pagaralam City

Pagaralam is a city in South Sumatra Province with five districts: North Dempo, Central Dempo, South Dempo, North Pagaralam and South Pagaralam. The main commodity is coffee. Coffee cultivation has a major problem, namely the attack of fruit and branch borer pests because it can reduce the quality and productivity of coffee. This study was to determine the level of attack by fruit borer and branch borer in the Dempo Tengah sub-district. Coffee farmers in Pagaralam use monoculture and polyculture cultivation systems. This field practice method is observation, observation in this study, and interviews with coffee farmers. The results showed that the attack of young coffee berry borer pests can cause the fruit to wither and fall off, while ripe fruit has holes in its seeds. Branch borer attacks cause branches to wither and dry. The highest percentage of fruit and branch borer attacks on coffee plants was found in young mixed-aged coffee plantations. In conclusion, fruit borer and coffee branch borer are more susceptible to attacking coffee at a young age, because young coffee plants have soft plant organs. Lush shade creates high humidity and low temperatures, which can make it easier for pests to breed.

Pendapatan Usahatani Cabai Merah Besar Di Desa Langi Kecamatan Bontocani Kabupaten Bone

One type of remarkable horticultural plant in Indonesia was red chilies. Red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) was one of vegetable commodity that people need in daily life. Red chili also contains beneficial nutrients for human health such as vitamin A, Vitamin C, carotene, iron, potassium, calcium and phosphorus. Langi village was one of the vilages in Bontocani District, Bone Regency where most of the people cultivated red chili. The most common problem encountered was the production fluctuacions caused by pests and diseases as well as short productive plant age. So it was necessary to carry out activities to increase the income of red chili farming for it was main commodity of the villagers. This study aimed to determine the income of red chili farming in the research location. The samping technique used in this study was probability sampling as many as 30 red chili farmer respondents involved. Data were collected by observation, interview and documentation. Data analysis used was income analysis, analysis of the Coeficient of Variation (CV). The results showed the production level of red chili was classified as high, with an average annual production of 7115.87 kg/ha. The total revenue was Rp. 151,093,618.81 and the income earned was Rp. 138,782,020.31.

Pengeringan Padi (Oryza sativa L) pada Musim Hujan

Indonesia is one of the countries where the majority of the population are farmers, and rice is the main commodity. While rice drying is an important factor, the current climate and weather changes are an obstacle for farmers in the drying process. Rice with high moisture content is not safe for storage as it is susceptible to mold attack and deterioration. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the level of inclination of the plastic position on the decrease in rice moisture content and the level of loss. The results of observations of the weather index for 4 days show that the intensity of the sun reaching the earth varies every hour. The parameters measured rice weights of 250 grams, 500 grams, and 750 grams showed that at a slope of 30 ° had the lowest moisture content and the highest rate of rice loss was in rice weights of 250 grams with a slope of 0 ° at 62% while the lowest rate of rice loss was in rice weights of 750 grams with a slope of 0 ° at 19%. Keywords: Rice, Drying, Moisture Content Rice Weight, Slope.

An integrated multi-objective mathematical model for sugarcane harvesting considering cumulative degree-days

Sugarcane is one of the main commodities in the world economy. An important step in the sugarcane supply chain is the harvest stage, requiring the support of mathematical modeling and optimization tools. Integrating the process of choosing the areas for harvesting according to the sugarcane maturation with the formation of the harvesting fronts and associating them with machine relocation costs is challenging. This paper contributes with a novel integer mathematical model that considers these concerns using three conflicting objectives. The first is that the sugarcane should be harvested as close as possible to its maturity, considering the sugarcane should be harvested as close as possible to its maturity by considering a combined measure of temperature and time since planting. The second aims to minimize the number of harvest fronts. The third objective is to minimize the costs involved with the relocation of the harvesters that cut the cane. Different strategies for obtaining Pareto-optimal solutions were proposed using exact methods, including MIP start and a decomposition technique. In the worst case, solutions with tolerable integrality gaps were obtained (inferior to 3%) in less than 1.5 h. Computational tests in real case studies were conducted in the sugarcane industry in two countries, indicating strong trade-offs in the determined solutions. In the Brazilian case, harvesting as close to maturation as possible, for example, causes an increase of 158% in the number of harvest fronts and 47% in the transportation costs, considering the minimum values for these objectives. Other trade-offs were seen and discussed when one of the other objectives was prioritized. These different compromise solutions help the decision-makers choose the most appropriate harvesting schedule according to their preferences.

Fish capture volume of frigatetuna (Auxis thazard) as a one of fisheries commodity in Singkawang City

Frigate tuna is one of the main commodities in the fisheries capture sector in Singkawang City. Fish capture was conducted throughout the year. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the volume of frigate tuna catches and their production value during the 2018 – 2020 period for annual and monthly periods. The data used in this study were catch volume and the production value of frigate tuna. Based on these observations, the total catch volumes in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 237,885 kg, 240,013 kg, and in 2020 it and 265,026 kg, respectively. For the total volume of frigate tuna catches for the monthly period, the highest value was recorded in November, which was 95,465 kg. The lowest capture volume was observed in August, at 27,043 kg. Its production value during 2018 – 2020 is IDR 4,971,889,000 (2018), IDR 4,924,906,000 (2019), and IDR 5,099,693,000 (2020). Meanwhile, the monthly production value during 2018 – 2020 was in March of IDR 2,027,302,000 and the lowest was in August IDR 531,027,000.

PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN IKAN LELE DAN DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK DI DESA SEBANGUN KECAMATAN SEBAWI KABUPATEN SAMBAS

Sebangun Village is a village whose main commodities are dominated by sago, rubber, and palm oil plantations. The livelihoods of rural communities focus on increasing agricultural and non-food plantation products. Local people have not been able to convert sago plants into productive plants. The community needs knowledge related to processing sago and fish into a product so that it can open up additional business opportunities apart from plantation products. Therefore, to support food security and improve the nutrition of the community in Sebangun Village, a community service program is carried out, namely training in making catfish amplang with the diversification of sago flour. The method used is demonstrations through training, practice, and assistance to improve the skills of the community, especially women in Sebangun Village, to produce nutritious and quality-processed catfish and sago flour products independently and sustainably. The results of the service showed that the participants already had the knowledge, skills, and directly practiced the process of making catfish amplang using sago flour. This community service activity can increase the consumption of fish protein in the Sebangun Village community and create business groups to improve the community's economy.

Islam dan Konstruksi Politik Identitas Etnis di Lampung Barat

<pre>This study examines the regional head and legislative elections in West Lampung where elites running as candidates are more likely to choose their partners based on ethnic representation to promote ethnic solidarity in the region. This article aims to explain the Islamic view of understanding the construction of identity politics in West Lampung. In this case, it uses explanatory qualitative which deals with the issue of regional sons becoming the main commodity in ethnic politics. The findings of this article show that Muklis Basri has established friendship and commitment to the traditional and customary leaders of Sai Batin in West Lampung. The form of his attention is that many traditional activities, and traditional Sai Batin ceremonies are made a permanent regional and tourism agenda in West Lampung Regency. Likewise, the proximity to the persuasive approach of the community, Mukhlis can attract community sympathy by paying great attention to local customs and the public interest. The existence of customary balancers has the authority to make decisions about the results of deliberations in this case mobilization to influence voters. From an Islamic perspective, the prevailing construction of blind fanaticism towards a particular group or tribe, known as ashobiyah, is considered contrary to the principles of equality and fraternity emphasized by this religion as well as the importance of viewing individuals based on their qualities, character and deeds, not their origin based on Q.S Al Hujurat:13.</pre>

KAJIAN PEMANFAATAN HUTAN KEMASYARAKATAN WOLOBOBO (STUDI KASUS PADA KTH ANUGERAH, KTH SEDANG MEKAR DAN KTH SETIA KAWAN) SEBAGAI SUMBER PENDAPATAN DI DESA BELA KECAMATAN BAJAWA KABUPATEN NGADA PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

The purpose of the study was to find out the forms of community forest utilization in the Wolobobo HKm by farming communities in KTH Anugerah, KTH Medium Mekar and KTH Setia Kawan. Knowing the amount of income generated by farming communities in KTH Anugerah, KTH Sedang Mekar and KTH Setia Kawan. Knowing the level of profit from the use of HKm for farming communities in KTH Anugerah, KTH Sedang Mekar and KTH Setia Kawan. This research was carried out in HKm Wolobobo, Ngada Regency which consisted of 32 KTH with KTH samples taken as much as 10% (3 KTH) of the total KTH. Determination of KTH sample is done by simple random sampling. Data collection techniques used in this study are primary data and secondary data. From the data collected, descriptive quantitative data analysis was carried out. The results showed that the form of utilization of Wolobobo Hkm Coffee and Ginger became the main commodities. Farming business in HKm Wolobobo provides relative benefits to farmers with the results after analyzing the R/C ratio of KTH Anugerah of 2.88, KTH Sedang Mekar of 4.93 and KTH Setia Kawan of 7.70 which is greater than 1, then the business This farmer is declared to be profitable.

Effects of Threshing Devices, Maize Varieties and Moisture Content of Grains on the Percentage of Maize Grains Broken in Harvesting

Maize is one of the most important economic crops in the world. The integrity of maize grains directly affects the economic value of the maize as a main commodity that depends on the percentage of grains broken (POGB) in mechanized harvesting. Decreasing grain processing breakage is key to achieving mechanical harvesting with high quality. It is difficult to ensure a low POGB, because it depends on different maize varieties, their moisture contents, threshing devices and harvester working speeds. In this paper, the effects of these factors on the POGB are investigated when the working speed of the harvester is 1.0 m·s−1, 1.5 m·s−1 and 2.0 m·s−1, respectively. The different threshing forms, including tangential-axial-flow (TAF), axial-flow with nail-tooth (AFN), axial-flow with rasp bar in big space (AFRBBS) and axial-flow with rasp bar in small space (AFRBSS), are summarized. The POGB of TAF was 5.4% and it was the lowest of four threshing devices when the working speed of the harvester was 1.0 m·s−1, which was suitable to thresh maize at a low working speed. Maize Demeiya No. 1 (DMYN1), XianDa205 (XD205), Demeiya No. 3 (DMYN3) and Hayu189 (HY189) were harvested at different harvester working speeds, and the POGB of maize DMYN1 was the lowest among the four maize varieties. The POGB increased with increases in the working speed of the harvester and the moisture content of the maize grains. The POGB reached a minimum value of 3.5% when maize XD205 with the lowest moisture content was harvested. The results can provide a reference for choosing the maize variety, its moisture content, the threshing device and the working speed of the harvester for decreasing grain processing breakage.

Return and volatility spillovers among global assets: Comparing health crisis with geopolitical crisis

This study investigates the dynamic mechanism across equity, cryptocurrency, and commodity markets before and during health and geopolitical crisis (Covid-19 and the Ukrainian war). We apply the (TVP-VAR) based extended joint connectedness methodology, to understand return and volatility connectedness of financial markets for 2010–2023 period. The empirical results indicate that spillovers were particularly high during the Covid-19 and Russia-Ukraine war. First, health and geopolitical risks considerably impact the return and volatility system. Second, the value of total joint connectedness during the COVID-19 period was greater than during Russia-Ukraine war crisis. Also, evidence suggests that Commodity markets, received the highest shocks from other markets after Russia-Ukraine war and wheat was the main commodity receiving chocks from both health and geopolitical crisis. Our findings indicate that spillover channels differ depending on the type of crisis. Specifically, low-frequency components are the main transmission channels during the health crisis, whereas high-frequency components are the main transmission channels during the geopolitical crisis. Finally, results indicate that, cryptocurrency markets played some minor role in transmitting risks between markets. Our results are important in understanding how assets affect return and volatility spillover during geopolitical and health crises and are of particular importance to policymakers, market regulators, investors, and portfolio managers.

Strategi Bauran Pemasaran Rumput Laut <em>Eucheuma cottoni</em> di Kecamatan Mandalle Kabupaten Pangkep

This study aims to determine the marketing mix strategy for Eucheuma cottoni seaweed in Mandalle District, Pangkep Regency. This seaweed is one of the main commodities of Pangkep Regency from the fisheries sector. The main obstacles faced by seaweed cultivators are marketing and price stability. This research is important as information material for cultivators, entrepreneurs and the government in pursuing this business. The research was conducted from December to February 2023, in Mandalle District, Pangkep Regency. The study population consisted of all 207 Euchuma cottoni cultivators. Determination of the number of samples using the slovin formula with the number of samples selected 70 people. To find out which cultivators were sampled, a simple random sampling technique was used. Data collection was carried out using interviews, observation, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. Data analysis using SWOT analysis. The results showed that the new marketing of Euchuma cottoni seaweed in Mandalle sub-district, namely: continuing to provide seeds at affordable prices and providing counseling in stages, optimizing seaweed production, increasing the potential of seaweed already exist, provide training in stages, expand, and maintain marketing networks, increase product selling prices and access to capital.

Diversification, hedge, and safe-haven properties of gold and bitcoin with portfolio implications during the Russia–Ukraine war

The aim of this study is to examine the diversification, hedge, and safe-haven properties of gold and bitcoin against the main commodities exported by Russia (crude oil, natural gas, wheat) and the G7, Russia, China, and Europe market indices during the Russia–Ukraine war. The results show gold is only a diversifier during the war. Bitcoin is a strong hedge against wheat but a weak hedge against natural gas. While gold has been a strong safe-haven against Italy, Russia, the MSCI Europe index and natural gas in the extreme market declines during the war, bitcoin has not exhibited strong safe-haven properties against any asset. As a result of portfolio practices, gold generally provides a better hedge than bitcoin. However, the hedging effectiveness of gold takes relatively low values, ranging from 0.8% to 19%. The conditional diversification benefit (CDB) analysis results show that gold provides a higher and more stable CDB against assets than bitcoin. The results are significant for portfolio strategies to be implemented by investors and portfolio managers.

KOMODITAS UNGGULAN DAN POTENSI DAYA SAING SEKTOR PERTANIAN KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN

The agricultural sector is the second largest contributor to the PDRB of Padang Pariaman Regency, therefore Padang Regency has great potential to improve the economy of the agricultural sector. This study aims to 1) analyze the main commodities on the basis 2) analyze the economic competitiveness of the agricultural sector in Padang Pariaman Regency and 3) analyze the trends of the leading commodities in the future. The analytical tools used are location quantient, localization quotient, specialization quotient, shift share and dynamic location quantient. The results showed 1) Padang Pariaman Regency had 43 percent of the 14 commodity base commodities, 2) the food crops, horticulture, and plantation sub-sectors had competitiveness with increased growth, and 3) there were 50 percent of the 14 agricultural sector base commodities that were future trends. District governments Padang Pariaman need to make policies that can support increased activity in the agricultural sector, improve technology and innovation so that productivity increases.

Technology transfer of organic shredded beef to increase the economic value of processed Pinogu beef

Pinogu is a sub-district located in the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park area, Gorontalo. Limited road access makes it difficult for the Pinogu community to sell organic cattle, which is one of Pinogu's main commodities. The purpose of this community service is to increase the knowledge and skills of the community in the Pinogu sub-district in processing organic beef into beef floss and fostering an entrepreneurial spirit in the business of making beef floss. The method used is training and mentoring with the early stages of designing tools (shredding machines and spinners), training on making beeaf floss, and assisting processing groups. This activity produces beef floss products with the name "SIBOGU" and a processing group with the name "KUB Mogulonga" consisting of mothers who are interested in participating in processing beef floss. This activity received positive support from the local government to assist with product licensing and marketing. In the future, it is hoped that the production process of beef floss can run sustainably and the cattle in Pinogu can have a more reasonable selling value.

Production of Siam Mutiara Rice in Batu Merah Village, Lampihong District, Balangan Regency

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop because it produces rice which is a staple food source, as in Indonesia rice is the main commodity in supporting people's food. One of the causes of rice production is the application of fertilizer, the application of fertilizer by farmers in the study area is still general in nature due to limited knowledge of data. This study aims to determine rice production due to the use of inorganic fertilizers in Batu Merah Village, Lampihong District, Balangan Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. Data collection on rice production by way of surveys and questionnaires to 10 respondent farmers in the field, to determine the yield of rice production in 10 paddy fields with an average area of ​​study area, around (± 9.7 ha) or 9,798 m2. The farmers used inorganic fertilizers twice, before planting with a dose of 75 kg/ha of urea, 30 kg/ha of SP-36, and 30 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer. The second fertilization when the rice plants are two months old, with a dose of 50 kg/ha of urea, 20 kg/ha of SP-36 fertilizer, and 20 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer. Rice production results from the area of ​​land that has been converted, yields an average of around 2.99 t/ha. The main factor of high and low production yields is due to the different area of ​​paddy fields owned by farmers.

Actual features of trade in mechanical engineering products between Russia and the countries of the Central-Eastern Europe

Aim. To identify key features and trends in the process of trade in engineering products between Russia and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in 2020-2022.Tasks. To analyze the dynamics of Russia’s trade relations with CEE countries in the field of mechanical engineering (including electronics and electrical engineering) under sanctions; identify the main commodity groups in the structure of the mechanical engineering sector in trade between Russia and CEE countries; identify the impact of Western sanctions on trade in mechanical engineering products between Russia and CEE countries.Methods. The authors used such research methods as statistical analysis, observation, generalization, description and graphic modeling.Results. The results obtained in the analysis indicate that the export of machine-building products of CEE states prevails over the corresponding Russian exports to this region. The sanctions conditions have determined an unfavorable long-term trend in the trade of engineering products between Russia and CEE countries.Conclusions. The trade and economic indicators analyzed in this article have demonstrated a decline in the volume of trade interaction between Russia and the CEE countries in the machine-building sphere, especially the sharp decline in exports of the states of the region to Russia. Under the conditions of sanctions, both sides incur economic losses, which are higher for the CEE states. By freezing trade relations with Russia, the CEE countries are deprived of existing benefits and an occupied niche in the Russian market. Moreover, it will be difficult for the states of this region to find new markets for engineering products and to compensate for the losses due to the refusal of exports to Russia.

EFFECT OF ADDITION DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOYBEAN OIL IN COMMERCIAL FISH FEED ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED EFFICIENCY, EPA AND DHA FOR PERKASA PANGASIID (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Sauvage, 1878)

Pangasius is a freshwater fish included in the main commodity by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia. Siamese catfish production ranked 4th in freshwater fish commodities in 2016 after goldfish, tilapia, and catfish. Pangasius has a lack of EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) if compared with fish from the sea. Application of additional different levels of soybean oil in commercial fish fed to enhance EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) in Perkasa pangasiid flesh. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding soybean oil with different levels of commercial fish feed given to Perkasa striped catfish on growth performance, feed efficiency, EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid). This experimental study used a Complete Randomized Design (CDR) with triplicates and five treatments with additional levels of soybean oil in commercial fish fed: (a) 0%, (b) 2%, (c) 4%, (d) 6%, and (e) 8%. The result showed that treatment of (e) is the best treatment for increasing the EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) in Pangasius flesh. However, additional different levels of soybean oil in the commercial fish feed have no negative effect on growth performance and feed efficiency in Perkasa pangasiid.