Main Chemical Composition Research Articles

Insight into interfacial adsorption and inhibition mechanism of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx extract as high-efficient corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acidic solution

Aconitum carmichaelii Debx, which comes from the buttercup plant, is a common herbal remedy. Its main components have the potential to be employed as corrosion inhibitors. In this work, the corrosion inhibition properties of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx extract on carbon steel in acidic solution were investigated for the first time. Its inhibitive effect was assessed by electrochemical methods and surface characterization. It is confirmed that the inhibitive effect of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx extract exhibited outstanding corrosion inhibition efficiency of 98.1 % at 200 mg/L, which is more than many of the reported plant extracts in the literature. It is also found that the Aconitum carmichaelii Debx extract exhibits a good inhibition stability, with the inhibition efficiency of 98.9 % after 72 h exposure. In addition, theoretical calculations were performed to further investigate the adsorption mechanism of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx extract on carbon steel surface. GFN-xTB (Geometries, Frequencies, Noncovalent interactions eXtended Tight Binding) calculations reveal that the main chemical compositions of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx (1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol (MTD), 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol (HTD)) could adsorb on the steel surface through the O and N atoms. Therefore, Aconitum carmichaelii Debx extract, with good inhibition efficiency and convenient extraction process, is expected to be a new type of industrial corrosion inhibitor, thus promoting the development of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors in plant extract products.

Reuse of waste acid from titanium dioxide industry: Efficient synthesis and functional exploration of titanium phosphate

The titanium phosphate particles were prepared from acidic wastewater containing titanium by a simple and efficient method, and characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and XPS. The results revealed that the titanium phosphate was a porous amorphous material with a high specific surface area. Its main chemical composition was determined to be Ti(OH)2(HPO4)•1·.5H2O based on the Ti-O skeleton and phosphate group. Due to its structural similarity to anatase titanium dioxide, it displayed excellent UV shielding ability along with ample modification potential. Additionally, it demonstrated strong selective adsorption capacity for thorium under acidic conditions, achieving a saturation adsorption capacity of 159.24 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The presence of phosphate groups and Ti-O bonds played pivotal roles in the-based adsorption mechanism dominated by ion exchange processes. Furthermore, desorption experiments confirmed its exceptional stability and reusability for practical applications.

Subclassification Determination and Weathering Composition Prediction of Ancient Glass Artifact Compositions Based on Clustering Algorithms

Ancient glass is susceptible to environmental weathering, and the content of chemical elements varies with the degree of weathering. Through the correlation analysis of weathering degree and color, pattern and composition by Chi-square test, it is found that the weathering degree of glass surface changes based on composition and color, and pattern has little correlation. The principal component analysis of the glass is based on different chemical compositions and whether the glass is weathered or not. Through the supervised learning k-means algorithm, four types are obtained: unweathered high potassium glass, weathered high potassium glass, unweathered lead barium glass, weathered lead barium glass; Further, the glass is classified into 9 subclasses based on the content of other elements to facilitate the study. The cloud model was used to predict the composition of cultural relics before weathering, and the relationship between the main chemical composition of high-potassium glass and lead-barium glass before weathering was obtained, which was convenient for subsequent research and restoration of cultural relics.

A Study on The Suitability of Pumice Stone Powder As A Cementitious Material in Sustainable Green Concrete Production

This experimental considered involves on the performance properties of pumice powder as a supplementary cementitious material for ordinary Portland cement materials. The results showed that the pumice powder can be categorized as a pozzolanic constituents according to the ASTM C 618 standard, its main chemical composition SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 must be higher than 70% and it was confirmed as suitable for its potential use as a supplemental cementitious resources in the production of concrete materials. As the amount of replacement of cement by the pumice powder increases its workability and density become decreases, it’s delayed in setting time observed, and it requires more water to achieve standard consistency. At 25%, it was a weight reduction of up to 3.83% was observed, as a weight of cement substituted with powdered pumice, and the compressive strength of the powdered pumice specimens was replaced with a cement at different levels of 5wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, and 25wt% cement resulted in a decrease after 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. In addition, it was observed in this study that its strength decreased with increasing curing age; however; replacing ordinary Portland cement with 5wt% to 10wt% pumice powder achieved the specified minimum compressive strength after a curing time of 28 days. But, a concrete sample prepared with 15% partial replacement achieved the specified minimum compressive strength after 56 days. From 15% replacement, there is then a gradual drop in its compressive strength, and the specified minimum strength was not achieved even after a curing time of 56 days it was found that the maximum strain of the concrete was replaced with a powder pumice stone is lower than conventional concrete. Based onthe above property, it indicates the suitable pumice powder as a cementitious supplementary material in various concrete construction.

The dynamic changes of mango (Mangifera indica L.) epicuticular wax during fruit development and effect of epicuticular wax on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides invasion.

Mango fruits are susceptible to diseases, such as anthracnose, during fruit development, leading to yield reduction. Epicuticular wax is closely related to resistance of plants to pathogenic bacterial invasion. In this study, the effect of mango fruit epicuticular wax on the invasion of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was investigated, followed by to understand the changes of wax chemical composition and crystal morphology during mango fruit development using GC-MS and SEM. Results showed that the epicuticular wax of mango fruits can prevent the invasion of C. gloeosporioides, and 'Renong' showed the strongest resistance to C. gloeosporioides. The wax content of four mango varieties first increased and then decreased from 40 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 120 DAFB. In addition, 95 compounds were detected in the epicuticular wax of the four mango varieties at five developmental periods, in which primary alcohols, terpenoids and esters were the main wax chemical composition. Furthermore, the surface wax structure of mango fruit changed dynamically during fruit development, and irregular platelet-like crystals were the main wax structure. The present study showed the changes of wax content, chemical composition and crystal morphology during mango fruit development, and the special terpenoids (squalene, farnesyl acetate and farnesol) and dense crystal structure in the epicuticular wax of 'Renong' fruit may be the main reason for its stronger resistance to C. gloeosporioides than other varieties. Therefore, these results provide a reference for the follow-up study of mango fruit epicuticular wax synthesis mechanism and breeding.

Assessment of the hydrogeological and ameliorative state of the Kilchen irrigation system territory

Climatic changes, physical and moral deterioration of the main funds of land reclamation systems in Ukraine prompt a change in conceptual approaches and reform of the water management system for efficient use of irrigated lands. One of the components of the agricultural hydrotechnical reclamation development is the provision of an appropriate level of ecological and reclamation status of irrigated lands and territories adjacent to irrigation systems (first of all, an open network of canals). The purpose of these studies is to assess the modern technical and hydrogeological-ameliorative state of the Kilchen irrigation system (total area of 35.3 thousand hectares) for a long period of operation of more than 50 years. The main research methods were field diagnostic surveys of the technical conditions of the main structures and elements of the irrigation system (open channels in the earthen channel). The trends of changes in climatic conditions of the territory over the last decade are analyzed. Analytical processing of the stock materials data and field observations of changes in the groundwater level, its chemical composition and mineralization in 24 observation wells along the main channel was carried out. The main chemical composition of groundwater in the research area is characterized as sulfate and sodium-calcium with total mineralization in individual areas from 0.6-0.9 to 1.7-3.5 g/l. According to the known methods of R.O. Bayer and V.A. Kovda calculations of the predicted change in the level and critical depth of groundwater have been performed. The established terms of change vary between 9-11 years, provided that irrigation is intensified and the irrigation system is fully operational. Based on the forecasting results, groundwater mineralization is expected to decrease from 3.5 g/l to 2.27 g/l between 2021 and 2029. It was determined that the level of groundwater above the calculated critical levels in different years occupies from 30.7 to 51.0% of the territory in the area of operation of the Kilchen irrigation system. The reclamation state of part of the irrigated lands in 2021 with a total area of more than 13.000 ha was distributed according to the following criteria: 12.000 ha – favorable, 1.200 ha – satisfactory, about 50 ha – unsatisfactory due to the manifestation of soil salinization processes. As of 2021, of the soils on an area of about 10.000 hectares that were studied, almost 8.500 hectares of soils are non-saline, more than 1.200 hectares are slightly saline, and about 50 hectares are moderately saline. For comparison, in 2003, all soils on the same area were non-saline, which indicates the deterioration of the ecological and melioratic state of the territory and the decrease in the quality of irrigation water.

Gemological and Chemical Composition Characteristics of Basalt-Related Rubies from Chanthaburi-Trat, Thailand

The geographic origin determination of ruby is increasingly important in the gem trade and geological research. Unlike metamorphic-related ruby, the rarer basalt-related ruby has gained significant attention, especially from Thailand, a major producer of such gems. Thai rubies are classified as magmatic-related origin rubies, which can be found as xenocrysts (xenoliths) hosted by alkali basalts. This paper focuses on the gemological characteristics, inclusion morphology, identification, and geochemistry of basalt-hosted ruby from the Chanthaburi-Trat area in Thailand. Various instruments, including gemological conventional ones, Raman Spectrometer, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS were used for the analysis. This study aimed to identify the distinctive characteristics of rubies from Thailand and find feasible methods for their geographic origin determination, in comparison with rubies from Cambodia, Myanmar, and Mozambique. Thailand samples exhibit diverse inclusion scenes and contain a variety of crystal or mineral inclusions. Raman spectroscopy results indicate the presence of anorthite, titanium oxide, and gypsum inclusions. The main chemical composition of the ruby consists of Al2O3, with trace elements including Fe, Cr, Si, Mg, Ti, Ga, V, Ca, and Ni. The color of Thailand ruby is correlated with the content of Cr and Fe. Chemical diagrams illustrating the contents of Fe, Mg, Cr, V, Ti, and Ga offer reasonable discrimination tools for differentiating rubies from various deposit types. The chemical compositions and inclusion characteristics of rubies from Thailand serve as reliable indicators for their origin identification. This study is an advantageous supplement to the research on Thailand rubies.

Research on The Classification Models of Ancient Chinese Glass Based on K-means Clustering Algorithm

Ancient Chinese glass is mainly potassium glass and lead-barium glass. Based on the main chemical composition of potassium glass and lead-barium glass, a K-means clustering algorithm was used to establish classification coefficients to classify glass types at one level, with the classification condition being whether the classification coefficient ε was greater than 5/16, with greater than being potassium glass and less than being lead-barium glass. a clustering algorithm with a K value of 2 was then used to classify the same type of glass into subclasses, with potassium glass being classified as whether it contained Na2O and lead-barium glass being classified as the BaO content is greater than 20% and smaller.

Water extracts of Tibetan medicine Wuweiganlu attenuates experimental arthritis via inducing macrophage polarization towards the M2 type

Ethnopharmacological relevanceWuweiganlu (WGL) is a well-known formulation described in the “Four Medical Scriptures of Tibetan medicine”, which is mainly used for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and other chronic ailments prescribed by Tibetan medicine. Nonetheless, the active constituents present in the water extracts of Wuweiganlu (WGLWE) specifically targeting arthritis treatment are largely unknown. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of the active components in WGLWE on RA. Materials and methodsWe utilized ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-TOF mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) to identify the main chemical compositions of WGLWE. The polarization effect of WGLWE on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) was determined. A rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established by injecting an emulsion of bovine type II collagen mixed with an equal volume of incomplete Freund's adjuvant into the tail, paw and back of rats. A WGLWE-based ointment was topically applied to the legs and paws of the rats for 30 days. The rats' ankles were photographed to measure the degree of swelling. Micro-CT was used to image the knee joint and paw of rats, and the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of knee joint in rats were analyzed. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the rat knee joint was performed to observe knee joint effusion. Further, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and arginine (Arg-1) in CIA rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) co-staining were employed to detect the expression levels of inflammatory factors in synovium. ResultsA total of 28 main components were identified in WGLWE, and these compounds can directly bind to the inflammatory pathway proteins such as JAK2, NFκB and STAT3. In vitro experiments demonstrated that WGLWE promoted the transformation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages and suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. In vivo studies showed that WGLWE effectively reduced ankle swelling, alleviated knee joint effusion, and improved BV/TV while also reducing synovial inflammation levels. Furthermore, WGLWE compounds induced the transition of M1-type macrophages to M2-type macrophages in synovial tissue, resulting in decreased secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α, WGLWE improved the synovial inflammatory state. ConclusionOur results indicated that WGLWE alleviated joint inflammation in CIA rats and the underlying mechanism may be related to inducing the transformation of bone marrow-derived M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages, leading to an increase in the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors and a decrease in pro-inflammatory factors. Therefore, WGLWE may be used as a potential herbal preparation for the treatment of RA.

Seasonal Distribution and Source Apportionment of Chemical Compositions in PM2.5 in Nanchang, Inland Area of East China

PM2.5 was sampled in four seasons of 2021 in Nanchang. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ions were the main chemical compositions in PM2.5. The annual average of OC/PM2.5 and EC/PM2.5 was 17.1% and 2.1%, respectively, while nine water-soluble ions were 56.7%. The order of each ion percentage in PM2.5 was NO3− > SO42− > K+ > Na+ > NH4+ > Cl− > NO2− > Ca2+ > Mg2+. The OC/EC (6.54, 13.17, 8.95, 7.99) and Char-EC/Soot-EC (0.88, 0.64, 1.32, 3.74) indicated that the carbon aerosols mainly originated from coal combustion, biomass combustion, and motor-vehicle emissions. High concentrations of Cl− and Ca2+ in spring were associated with dust sources. A good correlation between Na+, SO42−, and NO3− suggests the formation of Na2SO4 and NaNO3. The results of PM2.5 source apportionment by positive matrix factorisation (PMF) showed five main sources: motor-vehicle sources (18–33%), secondary sources (16–36%), coal combustion sources (16–30%), biomass-combustion sources (10–28%), and dust sources (5–7%). Backward trajectory clustering analysis showed PM2.5 in spring and autumn were more influenced by medium distance and local air but mainly influenced by local sources in winter.

Advanced Algorithms to Predict Time-Dependent Atmospheric Corrosion Wastage of Low-Alloy and High-Strength Steels Based on Chemical Compositions

The mathematical relationship between corrosion degree and time is referred to as a corrosion model. Existing corrosion models can only be used to predict the corrosion wastage of a certain material based on its available historical corrosion data, but the corrosion wastage of newer steel grades cannot be obtained if the data are not available. To solve this problem, two advanced algorithms, i.e., generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and optimizing grey model (OGM (1, N)), are introduced, based on which corrosion models can be obtained for steel classes even in the absence of historical corrosion data, as long as the chemical compositions of the material are known. First, the theoretical basis and operational procedures of GRNN and OGM (1, N) are introduced. Grey relational analysis of corrosion wastage influencing factors is subsequently conducted. Last, the time-dependent atmospheric corrosion wastages of Q345 and Q460 steels, two typical structural steel grades but their corrosion models have not been well established, are predicted based on their chemical compositions by these two advanced algorithms. The results show that the main chemical compositions that influence the atmospheric corrosion wastage of steels are C and S. Both GRNN and OGM (1, N) can accurately predict the corrosion wastage of the steels, and the predicted results can be fitted by quadratic function or power function, where the goodness of fit is greater than 0.95, which indicates a high fitting accuracy.

Inhibitory activity of flavonoids fraction from Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge stems and leaves on Bacillus cereus and its separation and purification.

Introduction: Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge is a traditional botanical drug with antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, and other biological activities. In the process of industrialization of A. membranaceus, most of the aboveground stems and leaves are discarded without resource utilization except for a small amount of low-value applications such as composting. This study explored the antibacterial activity of A. membranaceus stem and leaf extracts to evaluate its potential as a feed antibiotic substitute. Materials and methods: The antibacterial activity of the flavonoid, saponin, and polysaccharide fractions in A. membranaceus stems and leaves was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The inhibitory activity of the flavonoid fraction from A. membranaceus stems and leaves on B. cereus was explored from the aspects of the growth curve, cell wall, cell membrane, biofilm, bacterial protein, and virulence factors. On this basis, the flavonoid fraction in A. membranaceus stems and leaves were isolated and purified by column chromatography to determine the main antibacterial components. Results: The flavonoid fraction in A. membranaceus stems and leaves had significant inhibitory activity against B. cereus, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 1.5625 and 6.25mg/mL, respectively. A. membranaceus stem and leaf flavonoid fraction can induce death of B. cereus in many ways, such as inhibiting growth, destroying cell wall and cell membrane integrity, inhibiting biofilm formation, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, and downregulating virulence factor expression. In addition, it was clear that the main flavonoid with antibacterial activity in A. membranaceus stems and leaves was isoliquiritigenin. Molecular docking showed that isoliquiritigenin could form a hydrogen bonding force with FtsZ. Conclusion: A. membranaceus stem and leaf flavonoid fractions had significant inhibitory activity against B. cereus, and the main chemical composition was isoliquiritigenin.

Study of metakaolin geopolymer composites reinforced by clean broom-like bristle bamboo fibers

Natural fiber-reinforced geopolymer (GP) is gaining popularity in the construction and building materials industries due to its natural renewability, accessibility, low cost, and excellent mechanical properties. In light of this, an investigation was conducted on the effect of bamboo fiber (BF) loading and fiber pretreatment methods on final composites. Mechanical tests showed that compared to pure GP, the compressive strength and flexural strength of GP composites were slightly negatively affected by the addition of either untreated or alkali-treated BFs. However, the loading of KH550 significantly improved the mechanical properties of GP with the addition of alkali-treated BFs more than untreated BFs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis illustrated that the employment of KH550 effectively improved the interfacial performance between the BF and GP matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests demonstrated the successful synthesis of GP and that the addition of KH550 had little effect on the main crystal structure and chemical composition of GP. This study provides a new method of bamboo fiber preparation and the feasibility of applying it to reinforce GP.

Alkali-activated binders based on technogenic fibrous waste

Alkali-activated binders based on technogenic fibrous waste (TFW) were developed. An increase in the specific surface area (Ssp) of TFW makes it possible to change the strength parameters. Thus, at Ssp = 160 m2/kg, the strength of the binder was 1 MPa, at Ssp = 220 m2/kg, an increase in activity by almost 3 times is noted (compressive strength 3.2 MPa). With an increase in the specific surface of the particles, the microstructure of the binder samples is characterized by a higher density, with a small number of cavities not filled with hydration products. Analysis of the microstructure revealed the presence of a denser matrix in all cases compared to the compositions obtained with a lower specific surface area of TFW. The pressed sample has a dense matrix with an increased number of contact zones between particles; TFW fibers are clearly visible over the entire surface under study. When the alkaline activator NaOH is introduced into the system, the solubility of the crystalline phases of pyroxenes (albite, anorthite) and quartz increases, which is noted by a decrease in the intensity of diffraction reflections. The main chemical composition in the binder is represented by oxides of SiO2, Na2O, CaO, MgO, Al2O3. The presence of sodium-calcium hydroaluminosilicate compounds in the synthesized system of compounds is confirmed by differential thermal analysis. The endothermic peak at 733 °C is associated with the decomposition of sodium-calcium hydroaluminosilicates. The exoeffect peak at 900 °C is associated with the crystallization of tobermorite-like compounds C–A–S–H and C–S–H into wollastonite. The presence of hydrosilicate tobermorite-like compounds is also confirmed by microstructural analysis, where almost the entire surface of waste particles is covered with fibrous new growths, which, most likely, belong to calcium silicate hydrates of tobermorite type C–A–S–H.

Antihypertensive effects of Pleurospermum lindleyanum aqueous extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Pleurospermum lindleyanum (Lipsky) B. Fedtsch is a perennial herb classified in the Apiaceae family, genus Pleurospermum, chiefly native to the Taxkorgan County, Xinjiang, China. In the Xinjiang Province, it is a well-known ethnic traditional herb, often addressed by its tribal name, Kurumuti. It grows in harsh conditions over 4000m above sea level, such as the Pamirs plateau. It is rich in flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, essential oil, substances that have been widely applied in the prevention and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cerebral thrombosis by local Tajik residents. The present study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive effects of the Pleurospermum Lindleyanum aqueous extract (PLAE) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The Pleurospermum lindleyanum was collected from the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, Xinjiang, China. The main chemical composition of PLAE was identified using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). SHRs were treated by gavage with PLAE (equivalent to Pleurospermum lindleyanum 5 or 10g/kg/day) for 6 weeks, using Captopril (10mg/kg/day) as positive control. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), renal and cardiac morphology, plasma levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), aldosterone (ALD), angiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ), superoxide dismutase (SOD), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. A total of 30 compounds were identified in PLAE. PLAE significantly attenuated the SBP of SHRs. The effects began after 3 weeks of administration and then became steady and long-lasting. Its potential mechanisms may be associated with the protective effects on renal and cardiac injury caused by hypertension, the decrease of plasma vasoconstrictors, such as ACE, ALD, AngⅡ, and ET-1 levels, the maintenance of NO/ET balance, the increase in plasma NO levels and SOD activity, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Pleurospermum lindleyanum can be suggested as a novel antihypertensive ethnic traditional herb, which lays the foundation for researching safe and effective antihypertensive herbal medicines.

Quality Research of the Beetroots (Beta vulgaris L., ssp. vulgaris var. conditiva Alef.) Grown in Different Farming Systems Applying Chemical and Holistic Research Methods

For consumers who care about food sustainability, sustainable food seems to be at least organic, local, and seasonal food. Our research aimed to compare the differences between beetroots grown conventionally and organically using chemical and electrochemical research methods demonstrating life processes in products. Three beetroot (Beta vulgaris L., ssp. vulgaris var. conditiva Alef.) cultivars, ‘Joniai’, ‘Jolie’ H, and ‘Grenade’ H, were grown using organic and conventional farming systems. The total yield, diameter, and root length were measured after harvesting. The main chemical composition and color coordinates were determined. Holistic electrochemical research methods were applied to demonstrate the vitality of the products. It was found that the yield of conventionally grown vegetables depending on cultivars was from 4 to 19% higher than that of organically grown vegetables, and the dependence of the chemical composition on the farming system was ambiguous. Although the higher amounts of DM (13.70–15.90%), TSS (10.50–12.20%), and sugars (8.47–8.98%) were found in organically grown beetroots, higher contents of betalains (647–1408 mg kg−1 fw) were accumulated by conventionally grown plants. The highest amount in the fresh weight of Ca (310 mg kg−1) and Mg (470 mg kg−1) was accumulated in conventionally grown cv ‘Joniai’; only organically grown cv ‘Jolie’ H beetroots accumulated the highest amount of Fe (17.40 mg kg−1). However, lower values of the electrochemical parameters rH and P showed a better quality of ecologically grown beetroot, better vitality, and better suitability for human consumption.

Effects of adding paper-making sludge on yield and properties of extracted products from sewage sludge and enrichment of apatite inorganic phosphorus

To achieve a simultaneous improvement in the yield of extraction products and efficient transformation of phosphorus components in an efficient and economical way during the degradation solvent extraction of sewage sludge (SS), the effects of adding paper-making sludge (PS) on the yield and properties of extracted products from sewage sludge and the enrichment of apatite inorganic phosphorus were investigated in this study. The results show that during the solvent separating process of the extraction product, the extract product can be divided into two components, namely light and heavy components, based on the boiling point temperature of 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) as the dividing point. The yield of heavy components is much higher than that of light components, and it increases significantly with higher PS ratio. Nitrogen-containing compounds are the main chemical compositions of the soluble, accounting for 40.50% and 45.72% in the light components of SS and PS extracts, respectively. The addition of PS changes the main chemical compositions of the heavy components of the mixture extracts due to its relatively high content of phenolic compounds and alkanes. When the PS ratio is 50%, the proportion of apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP) in total phosphorus increases to 82.38%, which is beneficial for the resource utilization of residues.

Quantitative characterization of aggregates and their chemical constituents in terms of acid and alkaline indicators

The acidity and alkalinity of aggregates greatly affect the stability, demulsification rate, and road performance of asphalt mixtures. To study the effect of acidity and alkalinity and chemical composition of aggregates, five aggregates, namely limestone (S1, S2, S3, S4) and basalt (X), were studied. The pH and alkalinity values of aggregates and their main chemical compositions (MgO, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, and SiO2) were tested. The pH/alkalinity measured values and pH/alkalinity composite values of the aggregates were analyzed using grey correlation and principal component analyses. The findings indicated a strong correlation between the composite and measured values for aggregate acidity and alkalinity indexes (pH: 0.9105, alkalinity: 0.9241). Additionally, the principal component analysis demonstrated that the composite values were in good agreement with the measured values (pH: R2 = 0.746, alkalinity: R2 = 0.992), which corroborated the grey correlation and regression model results, confirming significant correlations. This result indicates that the pH/alkaline index of the chemical constituents of the aggregate can be used to characterize the pH/alkaline index of the aggregate. The relationship model between aggregate and their chemical constituent’s acid and alkaline indexes can provide a theoretical reference for the in-depth study of the application of aggregate acid and alkaline in road engineering.

Class classification of glass products based on K-means clustering

The main raw material of glass is quartz sand, due to the high melting point of pure quartz sand, to reduce the melting temperature, it is necessary to add fluxes during refining. Different fluxes are added, and their main chemical composition is also different. To accurately classify high potassium glass and lead-barium glass, this paper establishes a K-means clustering model to classify glass types. High potassium glasses were classified into three subclasses by the content of iron oxide and barium oxide and lead barium glasses were classified into three subclasses by the content of magnesium oxide and barium oxide. Sensitivity analysis was performed on the model and the results remained significantly correlated.

Production of a set of lunar regolith simulants based on Apollo and Chinese samples

Designing lunar shelters with appropriate construction techniques and in-situ materials is a novel and exciting field where many researchers from different countries are working. The first step in workingin this field is producing lunar soil simulants on earth that will serve for improving lunar construction materials, as lunar soils are the only in-situ resources available for lunar constructions. Up to date, 9 countries have produced lunar soil simulants and the last contribution has been made by Türkiye as expressed in this study. The technique, of which the properties are explained in this publication, enables the determination of simulant to any lunar soil. When the lunar construction materials are of main concern, the mineral and chemical composition of the lunar soils and the simulants are more critical than their certain geotechnical characteristics since the chemical interactions within the material will primarily define the construction material’s performance. Hence, as an important preliminary step in accurate lunar soil simulant production, this study focuses on the determination and matching of the targeted chemical compositions for lunar soil simulants. For this reason, mineralogical analysis of the samples with XRD and chemical compositions with XRF analysis were determined. A novel method was applied during the determination of the simulant, which kept all lunar soil samples with known characteristics as possible targets instead of employing only one targeted soil sample. This enabled the determination of the mentioned new simulant with best fit to a previously known lunar soil sample, while using an attainable budget. The procedure also enabled producing asimulant to a newcomer, the CE-5 Chinese lunar soil, in a very short time.