Main Causes Of Conflicts Research Articles

Teachers’ Experience and Perceptions on Conflicts at Schools: Their Solution and Addressing

School is a social institution that is charged with two main responsibilities by society: to educate and to protect the children and their development. Providing a safe and complete education for all the students is a difficult challenge, since the conflicts at school facilities are increasing. Many of them derive from the misunderstanding of others’ aims, feelings, needs or actions. Students must be taught to respect and appreciate the distinctions between people, understand prejudice, causes and ways of the action and its form. This study aimed to analyze teachers’ perception on conflicts that appear in school facilities, their causes, consequences and how they practically deal with conflictive cases at schools; and identifying some interventional forms for the resolution of these conflicts. The study shows that conflicts are a disturbing problem at school and sometimes teachers claim that it is difficult for them to deal with conflicts. Teachers report some of the main causes of conflicts, such as social websites, different interests and viewpoints, individual differences among them (family background), lack of communication and the way of communication, linguistic and cultural differences, disciplinary offences, lack of parental supervision, lack of education related to tolerance, lack of strict discipline and lack of disciplinary measures. School should be focused more on youth education to prevent conflicts. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n2p69

Does food security matter for transition in Arab countries?

Expectations are high that transition in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen will bring about more freedom, justice, and economic opportunities. However, experiences from other world regions show that countries in transition are at high risk of entering conflicts, which often come at large economic, social and political costs. In order to identify options on how conflict may be prevented in Arab transition countries, this paper assesses the key global drivers of conflicts based on a dataset from 1960 to 2010 and improved cross-country regression techniques. Results show that unlike in other studies where per capita incomes, inequality, and poor governance, among other factors, emerge as the major determinants of conflict, food security at macro and household-levels emerges as the main cause of conflicts in the Arab World. The high exposure of Arab countries to global food price variations proves to be an important source of vulnerability for a peaceful Arab transition. If history is also a guide to the future, improving food security is not only important for improving the lives of rural and urban people; it is also likely to be the key for a peaceful transition. The paper concludes with a set of policy options on how to improve food security at macro and household-levels, including safeguard mechanisms against excessive price volatility, export-led and pro-poor growth, the creation/expansion of social safety nets and targeted nutrition programs.

Causes of Conflicts in a Construction Industry: A Communicational Approach

The article analyses the causes of conflicts arising between client and contractors in the construction industry. An analysis of articles on this topic has revealed that most of contemporary authors refer to externally visible signs of conflicts as to the causes thereof. The authors of the present article look at the conflict in construction in a different light – from the aspect of communication. A construction contract agreement which regulates the relationships between the client and the contractor is also viewed as a product of communication. The authors hypothesize that the main cause of conflicts in the construction industry is unsuccessful communication between the client and the contractor. The hypothesis has been confirmed by the conducted research studies. In addition, unfair behavior of the parties to a construction contract agreement and psychological defense mechanisms have been also identified as likely causes of conflicts in the construction industry.

Traditional Mechanisms of Resolving Conflicts over Land Resource: A Case of Gorowa Community in Northern Tanzania

Traditional mechanisms for conflicts resolutions in Tanzania have been playing a major role to bring harmony and peace among members of the society. These mechanisms are created within a social-political structure of every community. They have been shaped by the realities that are happening in every community, making them unique to each community. Among Gorowa of Babati in Northern Tanzania conflict and conflict resolution mechanisms have never been static. They have been changing gradually over time as influenced by the nature and dynamics of the socio-political and economic activities. However, despite the fact that, traditional mechanisms contributes much to peace and security in promoting development, no through study have been done to underscore the nature of conflicts and their mechanisms for resolution among Gorowa community. Therefore, this paper tried to fill this gap by analyzing the nature of land conflict and the mechanisms for their resolutions. The study applied qualitative approach in exploring the causes, nature of land conflict and the mechanisms of resolving them. Qualitative approach was mostly used to gather views and opinions of respondents about the nature of land conflict and their mechanism of resolving. Also, quantitative approach was used to supplement the information whereby numerical and statistical data were gathered. The instruments used to collect data were interview, focus group discussions and observation. The study population included experts for conflicts resolution and other members of the community with sample size of 140 respondents. The analysis of the data was done through Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSSx) computer programmes. The main findings of the study showed that, over 75% of the respondent agreed that, land shortage for pasture and cultivation, water scarcity, livestock and family relationships were the main causes of conflicts in Gorowa community. About 60% of respondents had the views that, traditional mechanisms hold significant role in resolving dispute while 55% percent of the respondent preferred modern mechanisms for conflicts resolution. The study concluded that, land conflicts among Gorowa community can be minimized by providing education and adoption of modern technologies in livestock keeping and crop cultivation. The study recommended that, because the nature and causes of conflicts are not fixed, the traditional

Conflict and Development in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Review of Related Literature

Remarkably little research has been conducted on the potential of conflict resolution, a challenge to development in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Underpinned by participatory development and conflict resolution theories, the paper conceptualises conflict resolution as a collective effort by Congolese to resolve their conflict in a peaceful manner to achieve better quality of life for the country, through making it a better place for development activities. A contribution is made by the article in the provision of a comprehensive historical account of the events, personalities and environment that formed the policy for conflict that is affecting development goals in the DRC. This historical account is analysed through institutional frameworks to explain the antecedents that have resulted in conflict resolution policy outcomes, which presently exist in the country. The reason for considering conflict and development is that the development impasse of Africa generally, and the DRC in particular, can be attributed to the internal and external conflict since its independence. While development theory, and discourse from modernisation theory to global neo-liberalism, have dominated development strategies on the continent and the DRC, and produced a bereft of development, conflict has systematically undermined the development.This article seeks to identify and discuss the major cause of conflict that challenges the implementation of conflict resolution, which is affecting political and socio-economic development in the DRC. The research shows that discrimination is the main cause of conflict in the country. The article explores the period of economic growth in the DRC, as well as its economic decline, as brought about by conflict. Certain reasons for this economic decline are suggested, of which the most important are the economic policies of Zairianisation and radicalisation, which have introduced discrimination within the country. The results show that development can occur in the DRC if only an atmosphere of peace, justice, security and stability is attainable for the country. The outcome of conflict resolutions, or all agreements signed in Lusaka (Zambia) and Sun City (South Africa), in 1999 and 2002 respectively, showed that not all the parties involved in the conflict were at the signing of the agreement. The result of this is that conflict continues unhindered in the DRC and, in turn, affects the development goals of the country. The findings indicate that there were a number of challenges facing the implementation of conflict resolution. Key to these are weak institutions, lack of confidence in each member of the government, sustainability problems, poor intergovernmental relations, land ownership, bad governance, high levels of poverty and inequality. The article makes some recommendations to the government and concludes that political and socio-economic discrimination should be avoided in order for development to occur. Only an environment of peace, security, justice, equality and unity will allow the promotion of development goals in the DRC, and conflict resolution should be implemented, in a peaceful way, for DRC to be a better place for development. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p491

Housing, Land and Property Issues of Formerly Deported Peoples (FDP's) in Crimea

The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis and assessment of the current land-related disputes in Crimea. It focuses on the main causes of conflict over land in the region and ends with a set of conclusions and recommendations aimed at defusing the conflict, as well as proposing measures and means for ensuring an efficient and transparent land management system for Crimea in the future. The study comprises four sections: -Crimean Land Conflict ‑ Origins -Return, Land and Conflict -Land Squatting Issues (Samozakhvaty) -Proposed Strategy for a Comprehensive Solution of Crimean Land disputes.

The struggle for recognition: Axel Honneth´s contributions for a moral (and liberal) grammar of social conflicts

In the present article I will uphold that Honneth´s version of the theory of recognition (as a logical consequence of Hegel´s concept of ´Sittlichkeit´) has relevant dimensions for the analysis of social conflicts and for the development of social theory in general. I will analyze the arguments in favor of a “normative” content for social theory and I will argue, following Honneth, that the main cause of conflict in the theory of recognition works as a critic of the classic model of conflict in modern social thought (the model of material “survival” in Machiavelli and Hobbes). Later, I will outline the core characteristics that this theory may acquire in the discussion of the communitarian possibilities in democratic life. Lastly, I will point out in the conclusions the main advantages and potentialities that the theory of recognition could eventually gain in every intellectual or politi cal conversation that intent to engage current democratic shapes: in this sense, I think it is possible to affirm that this theory is a fundamental input in the task of shaping a liberal conception of social conflicts

Awash National Park, Ethiopia: use policy, ethnic conflict and sustainable resources conservation in the context of decentralization

AbstractIn response to recent decentralization in Ethiopia, we investigated pressure exerted on Awash National Park (ANP), vis‐a‐vis park resources; causes of park‐related conflicts and the impact of policy on sustainable resources conservation before decentralization (pre‐1995) and after decentralization (post‐1995). The study's aim was to assess the implementation of sustainable resources conservation in terms of use policy and conflicts in protected areas. We sampled a total of 210 respondents by stratified random sampling and group discussion participants and key informants using purposive sampling technique. Our results show that while policy problems were perceived to be the main threats to the park pre‐1995, demand for pasture land and water, resource‐caused conflicts, expansion of private and state farms were identified as main threats to the park post‐1995. Before decentralization (pre‐1995), inequitable resource sharing and poor organizational structures were the main causes of ethnic conflicts, whereas after decentralization, increasing demand for various resources were the main causes of conflict. We recommend experiences from the Simen National Park be tested to the benefit of improving the state of ANP.

Why do Farmers Prefer Oil Palm? Lessons Learnt from Bungo District, Indonesia

Indonesia has been the world’s largest producer and exporter of palm oil since 2008. This paper discussed the livelihood impacts of oil palm development in Indonesia, based on lessons learnt from Bungo district, in the province of Jambi. The various community-company partnerships that structure the sector are reviewed and the difficulties raised by the joint ventures schemes are discussed. The merits and drawbacks of oil palm as a smallholder crop are then analysed, based on household socio-economic surveys conducted in 2007–2010. The main causes of conflicts between oil palm companies and communities are unclear land tenure, and a recurrent lack of leadership in smallholders’ cooperatives. Under fair partnerships between smallholders and companies, oil palm could become a smallholder friendly crop. The land-use profitability analysis demonstrates the high returns that can be generated by oil palm independent smallholdings, making it highly competitive with rubber, and much more profitable than rice production.

Análise do suprimento atual e potencial de água potável para os municípios cearenses

Este trabalho analisa a situação de suprimento de água potável para as populações que residem nas sedes dos municípios cearenses com menores e maiores IDH e, respectivamente, com maiores e menores taxas de crescimento desse índice. O principal objetivo dessa análise é identificar os principais contrastes e semelhanças entre os municípios em relação às condições de suprimento de água potável, principalmente, no que se refere a oferta atual; níveis críticos de abastecimentos; e, investimentos no setor. Os dados utilizados foram coletados junto à Agência Nacional da Água (ANA). Com base nos resultados obtidos pôde-se concluir que nos municípios com maior IDH há uma maior expectativa de satisfação no suprimento de água para o ano de 2015; apresentam uma melhor distribuição de mananciais; a gestão dos sistemas de suprimento de água é mais descentralizada; e, há uma menor freqüência de conflitos pelo uso da água. Em todos os municípios analisados, porém, a principal causa de conflitos pelo uso da água é o assoreamento dos mananciais, principalmente dos açudes.

Applicability of Kozan's Harmony Model of Conflict Management for Social Workers in Hong Kong (China)

A qualitative study was carried out to test if Kozan's Harmony Model is applicable to professional social workers having both cultural and professional values, in Hong Kong, a collectivist society. The main causes of conflicts are identified and themes such as concern for relationship, face, observation of hierarchy, emotion expression, and third-party intervention are analyzed and discussed. Kozan's model seems not fully applicable to these professionals. Implications for professional practice and training are also suggested.

Definition des ärztlichen Behandlungsfehlers

Patient dissatisfaction with the results of medical treatment is the main cause of conflict between patients and doctors. However, on the one hand this is not always due to a medical error, while on the other, a medical error does not always lead to damage to health. A culpable medical error has occurred when medical regulations have been contravened and the diligence expected from a proper, dutiful doctor in a particular situation has been neglected. Evaluating this is difficult. If a patient has suffered demonstrable damage to health and can prove that this was caused by a medical error, the conditions for compensation are fulfilled. The burden of proof is eased in favor of the patient in cases concerning e.g. serious medical errors, risk disclosure, incorrect evaluation and documentation of findings, circumstantial evidence and risk otherwise considered as fully controllable. In addition to the courts, advisory commissions and arbitration boards play an important role in conflicts in Germany. To avoid errors in the future, error alert systems are gaining in significance.

Darbo santykių konfliktų atsiradimo priežastys ikimokyklinėse bendruomenėse

Vilniaus lopšelio-darželio „Kurpaitė“ direktorėTel. (8 5) 233 36 86El. paštas: sunmirage2005@yahoo.comDocentë socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėVilniaus pedagoginio universitetoEdukologijos katedraTel. 8 686 63 339El. paštas: dalisurv@vpu.lt Straipsnyje aptariami aktualūs darbo santykių klausimai švietimo sistemoje, analizuojama darbo santykių konfliktų ikimokyklinėse įstaigose įvairovė, atskleidþiamos darbo konfliktų kilimo priežastys. Darbo santykių konfliktai ikimokyklinėse įstaigose nagrinėjami vertinant vadovų, pedagogų, aptarnaujančio personalo darbuotojø nuomones.

New developments concerning academic grievances

Explores some of the causes of conflict in academia, some examples of conflict, and finally what attempts to deal with conflict are being made. Lists and discusses the main causes of conflict as: faculty‐to‐student; student‐to‐student; faculty‐to‐faculty;and faculty‐to‐administrator. Gives examples of conflict and ways to handle grievances. Concludes, in a conflict situation, both sides must be prepared to bend a little to enable a satisfactory outcome.

Freeway-Merging Operations: A Probabilistic Approach

Existing traffic flow models generally assume that breakdown will occur at capacity flows only, and therefore capacity can be measured immediately prior to breakdown. Field observations at ramp-freeway merge areas however, showed that clusters of closely spaced vehicles from the ramp were the main cause of conflicts at the merge area. A probabilistic model was developed to estimate the probability of breakdown for given levels of flow on the freeway and on the ramp, considering the presence of vehicular clusters from the ramp. This model can serve as the framework for developing a microscopic simulation model for freeway merge areas.