Main Causes Of Conflicts Research Articles

Разработка системы управления конфликтами в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии многопрофильного стационара с помощью LEAN-технологий: пилотное исследование.

Objective: to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a conflict management system using the example of the intensive care unit of a multidisciplinary hospital Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of City Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after. N. I. Pirogov, resuscitation and intensive care units in 2023. The study included 74 department employees‑42 medical (34 male (80.9%) and 8 female (19.1%), and 47 nursing staff: 12 male (25.3%) and 35 female (74.5%). In order to identify the presence of conflict situations (incidents), their causes and factors provoking them, questionnaires were developed: questionnaire 1—initial assessment (input) and questionnaire 2—assessment of the results of the proposed conflict management model. analysis of operational activities, a Gantt chart was drawn up for medical and paramedical personnel, a comparative and statistical analysis of the results was performed and an algorithm for making management decisions was developed. Results. A tool for identifying conflict situations in a universal electronic form has been created. According to the survey results: conflicts do occur, they are regular, and the participants in the conflicts are department employees. The main cause of conflicts is the conditions of daily operating activities and non-compliance with ethical and deontological standards. Losses in the provision of medical care were identified and assessed: defects in the provision of medical care (defects); waiting is the time before the provision of medical services; untapped potential of employees; transport losses. An algorithm for managing conflicts and preventing future incidents has been developed and implemented. Conclusions. The study demonstrated the need for clear organization of operational activities; formation of protocols for improving professional competencies; formation of a motivational system; creation of an information analytical system for control and monitoring of current processes.

THE STATE OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY COLLECTIVES

The article examines the state of conflict management environment in military collectives, examines the main causes of conflicts and the influence of various factors on their occurrence and resolution. The study conducted a comparative analysis of leadership styles and their impact on the level of conflict, as well as an assessment of the impact of socio-demographic factors. The methodology included a survey of military personnel and semi-structured interviews with unit commanders. The results showed that personal hostility, cultural differences and leadership style play a key role in the formation of conflict situations. Based on the data obtained, recommendations were developed on conflict management and improvement of the moral and psychological climate in military collectives.

Lighting up mountain coexistence: Understanding the effects of environment and livestock on habitat use by Andean bear in a conflict zone in Peruvian Andes

In Tropical Andes, livestock predation is the main cause of conflict between Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) and humans. In central Peru, the small village of San Pedro de Churco, located in buffer zone of Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary, has experienced a conflict with Andean bears since 2013 due to the livestock depredation of cattle. To create a baseline for formulating mitigation measures, we seek to analyze which environmental and anthropogenic characteristics best explain the habitat use by the Andean bear in this conflict region. Using camera traps, transects, and occupancy modeling, we distributed 16 sampling units in the conflict area from May 2019 to November 2020. We collected seven variables: slope, forest cover, the occurrence of Puya bromeliads, livestock abundance, distance from S.P. Churco village, distance to trails, and rainfall. We expected that variables linked to food resources would have a large explanatory weight (w+) positively on habitat use by the Andean bear, while anthropogenic variables would have a negative impact on the species’ habitat use due to disturbances caused by human activity. Our results demonstrated the importance of maintaining the cloud forests (w+=0.61) and the high-Andean grasslands with Puya (w+=0.66) for the establishment of the Andean bear in conflict areas, in addition to the effect of seasonality (w+=0.63) on the use of different habitats and the resource availability for the species. However, the presence of abundant livestock (w+=-0.64) may be causing the displacement of bears, negatively impacting the availability of their habitats in conflict zones. The habitat use rate by bears across the study area was 0.69 with a detectability of 0.15, and we identified six individuals through the body marks. Based on the results and the conflict landscape, we mapped the focal areas sampling with the greatest potential for livestock depredation by Andean bears and the implications for management and coexistence. Measures that conserve cloud forests and the Puya grasslands, as well as more sustainable and profitable livestock management practices can be prioritized to reduce human-bear conflict in the region.

Factors associated with the quality of conflict management among anesthesia technicians

IntroductionA conflict arises when one or more individuals, groups or organizations disagree, creating internal or external tensions that can cause damage. This is particularly serious in operating theatres, where decisions involving life or death are common. Indeed, in this particular context, the multiplicity of stakeholders, the divergence of opinions and decisions related to patient care, the frequency of critical situations, stress and the limitation of resources are established causes of disagreement and tension.ObjectivesTo identify factors associated with the alteration of conflict management quality among anesthesia and resuscitation technicians (ART).MethodsThis is an observational, multicenter, cross-sectional and analytical study, enrolling all ART exercising at the two teaching hospitals of Sousse (Tunisia) over a two month period(March 1, 2022 to April 30, 2022). Conflict management was assessed using the Conflict Handling Style Scale.ResultsOur study involved 50 participants, only eight of whom reported having had previous training in communication and conflict management. Conflicts in the hospital were rated frequent to very frequent by 58% of participants. Task conflicts were the most reported (74%). The main causes of conflict were lack of leadership (60%), unequal distribution of tasks (42%) and workload (28%). The main repercussions of the conflicts were the delay in patients care (60%), therapeutic errors (42%), and the cancellation or postponement of some acts (34%). The main factors associated with impaired conflict management abilities were age<40 years (p=0,03), tobacco consumption (p=0,001), and number of dependent children<2 p<10-3).ConclusionsIn light of our results, it would be useful and urgent to develop the soft skills of our human resources, particularly in terms of communication and conflict management.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

РОЛЬ ПЕРЕГОВОРІВ У ВИРІШЕННІ КОНФЛІКТІВ СЕРЕД ПЕРСОНАЛУ ДЛЯ ДОСЯГНЕННЯ БІЗНЕС-ЦІЛЕЙ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article explored the role of negotiations in resolving conflicts among personnel to achieve business goals of the enterprise. The main causes of conflicts in the organizational environment were analyzed, including the diversity of personal interests, values, views and goals of employees, as well as structural and external factors that can cause conflicts. The impact of conflicts on labor productivity, corporate culture and the achievement of the organization’s strategic goals was assessed. In particular, it has been shown that constructive conflict can stimulate creativity and improve decision-making processes, while destructive conflict often leads to lower productivity, higher employee turnover and emotional exhaustion. An understanding of the main types of negotiations (cooperation, compromise, dominance, avoidance, concession) and their effectiveness in various conflict situations was formed. The study found that successful negotiations require following certain stages, including preparation, establishing contacts, discussion, reaching an agreement and evaluating the results. Recommendations were also developed to increase the effectiveness of negotiations, in particular, the use of methods of active listening, building trust, flexible choice of tactics depending on the management situation. The main difficulties that managers may face during negotiations were identified, such as psychological barriers, lack of necessary skills and cultural characteristics. The limitations of negotiation effectiveness were assessed depending on the type of conflict, including conflicts of interest, personality, and structural conflicts. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive approach was proposed, including the development of skills, overcoming psychological barriers, taking into account cultural characteristics and the use of external assistance. Thus, negotiations are an important tool for improving the effectiveness of conflict management and ensuring the sustainable development of a modern enterprise. Enterprises capable of effectively resolving internal and external conflicts respond better to changes in the market environment, make strategic decisions faster and optimize their resources.

CONFLICTS IN THE ORGANIZATION: HOW CAN MEDIATION AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION?

Modern organizations in conditions of globalization and high uncertainty have not only a complex development trajectory, but also face a high number of organizational conflicts (both internal and external). For the stable functioning of organizations and the creation of comfortable working conditions for their employees, it is important to implement effective methods of resolving conflict situations, such as mediation, into organizational practice. The aim of the paper is the systematization of the modern approaches to organizational conflicts and assessment of the mediation influence on organizational development on the example of the social and healthcare spheres. Also, research is devoted to identification of the main causes of conflicts in institutions of the social and healthcare, participants in conflicts, methods of their resolution. Empirical research was conducted with the involvement of 88 representatives of social and healthcare institutions from three regions of Ukraine (Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia, and Kharkiv). Within the framework of the research, the frequency and types of conflicts that arise in organizations of the social sphere and healthcare were studied. The causes of conflict situations are considered, the influence of conflicts on the development of modern organizations was determined. The key areas of work on conflict resolution and prevention were identified according to employees. The degree of awareness of employees regarding the mediation procedure was determined and the readiness for its implementation in organizations of the social sphere and healthcare was assessed. Directions for further research into the impact of conflicts and mediation on the development of modern organizations are proposed.

The Contador Peace Process in Central America

This article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the Contadora Peace Process in Central America. The research covers key aspects such as the main causes of conflicts, the course of the process, the interests of the participants, and the final outcomes of the peace initiatives. Special attention is given to the role of the United States of America in the context of their support or sabotage of the Central American states' efforts towards independent peaceful resolution of regional conflicts. The author analyzes factors that contributed to the failure of the Contadora Process, including its gradual transition to other regional mechanisms of settlement. The findings of the study indicate that the process did not achieve its initial goals, particularly due to the intervention of the USA, which considered Central America as its strategic sphere of influence. In the context of the modern resurgence of geopolitical tension, similar to the Cold War period, the study of the Contadora Peace Process gains particular relevance.

Reticulate evolution of the tertiary relict Osmanthus.

When interspecific gene flow is common, species relationships are more accurately represented by a phylogenetic network than by a bifurcating tree. This study aimed to uncover the role of introgression in the evolution of Osmanthus, the only genus of the subtribe Oleinae (Oleaceae) with its distribution center in East Asia. We built species trees, detected introgression, and constructed networks using multiple kinds of sequencing data (whole genome resequencing, transcriptome sequencing, and Sanger sequencing of nrDNA) combined with concatenation and coalescence approaches. Then, based on well-understood species relationships, historical biogeographic analyses and diversification rate estimates were employed to reveal the history of Osmanthus. Osmanthus originated in mid-Miocene Europe and dispersed to the eastern Tibetan Plateau in the late Miocene. Thereafter, it continued to spread eastwards. Phylogenetic conflict is common within the 'Core Osmanthus' clade and is seen at both early and late stages of diversification, leading to hypotheses of net-like species relationships. Incomplete lineage sorting proved ineffective in explaining phylogenetic conflicts and thus supported introgression as the main cause of conflicts. This study elucidates the diversification history of a relict genus in the subtropical regions of eastern Asia and reveals that introgression had profound effects on its evolutionary history.

KONFLIK PEMERINTAH ADAT DAN PEMERINTAH NAGARI DALAM PENGELOLAAN PASAR TRADISIONAL DI NAGARI DUO KOTO

Conflict is one of the social phenomena that occurs in market development. Conflicts can occur as a result of revitalization, development or rejuvenation carried out by the government or market managers. Such a conflict occurred between the Nagari Duo Koto Government and the Traditional Government (KAN Duo Koto) regarding the construction of an acaic market in Nagari Duo Koto. The researcher chose to conduct this research because the hegemony of power between the traditional government and the nagari government in market management has caused conflict, thereby hampering the implementation of market development. The problem in this research is what forms of conflict issues and behavior and the causes of conflict between the Traditional Government and the Nagari Government. Apart from that, this research problem also explains how to resolve conflicts between these two equal institutions. To look at this problem, researchers used Ralph Dahrendorf's conflict theory which explains that conflict between power holders shows the existence of unequal power and a malfunction of the rescue valve.
 The method used is a qualitative method which is descriptive analysis with two data collection techniques, namely in-depth interviews and supported by data documentation. From the results of the analysis, it was concluded that conflict issues emerged and developed related to market development programs not being implemented, and power holders disagreeing in understanding the applicable laws. The causes of the conflict between KAN and the Nagari Government are the existence of interest factors in the implementation of market development, the failure of the rescue valve in the conflict that occurs, gaps in structure or understanding of information, and the mismatch between formal and informal environments which are also causes of conflict. The conclusion from the results of this research is that Ideas and notions that contain various interests in the implementation of village funds in market development are the main cause of conflict.

Religion as a Means of Political Conformity and Obedience: From Critias to Thomas Hobbes

This study identifies common perceptions between Thomas Hobbes’ approach to religion with that of Critias the sophist. Despite the distance that separates the social environments within which each of these authors lived and wrote, in their political philosophy we can spot a shared set of concerns, whose importance transcend the historical and political contexts in which the authors lived and wrote: in the state of nature, where no organized commonwealth (or civil society) exists, capable of repressing the innate greed of men and women, savagery and conflict reign supreme; life is threatened by violence and extreme aggression. It is only the state of society that guarantees stability and good life. For both thinkers, belief in immaterial spirits protects the state of society; belief in God promotes obedience to civil law and guarantees human co-existence. In Critias’ mind, religion is a necessary means to avert aggression, even when the State’s executive powers are unable to punish offenders, using all necessary tools to prevent hostility and conflict. While civil law is the hallmark of peace and stability, belief in a transcendent entity that influences collective and individual modes of living, is an important addition to the pursuit of social peace. A few centuries later, Hobbes (influenced by the misery of the English Civil War) developed viewpoints that also highlight the role of religion in defending social peace. Nonetheless, in Hobbes’ mind religion could safeguard stability only (A) when ecclesiastical authorities submit to the judgment of an omnipotent Sovereign and (B) when the coercive mechanisms of the State supress religious pluralism, prohibiting different interpretations of the Bible, which Hobbes himself considered one of the main causes of conflict.

An Investigation of the Causes of Conflicts between Teaching Staff and Principals in Public Secondary Schools in Rachuonyo South Sub-County, Kenya

Communication is the nervous system of an organisation, and its success depends very much upon the coordinated efforts of people working at different levels to achieve a common goal. Conflict, on the other hand, is an expression of hostility, antagonism and misunderstanding between the staff members. Most of these conflicts occur in secondary schools, middle-level colleges, and tertiary institutions MOE (2002). The Ministry of Education report indicates that in spite of the government policies put in place, there has been an upsurge of unrest in schools, together with strikes by teachers and high rates of transfers of principals and teachers in the recent past. This paper investigates the causes of conflicts between teaching staff and principals in public secondary schools in Kenya. This study was carried out in Rachuonyo South Sub County in Homabay County, Kenya. The objective of the study was to investigate the causes of conflicts between teaching staff and principals in public secondary schools in Rachuonyo South Sub-County in Homabay County. A mixed methods approach consisting of a survey questionnaire and interview schedules involving 62 survey participants and 4 in-depth interviews with the principals and teachers was adopted. Quantitative data was sought using questionnaires and were analysed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences, while qualitative data from interviews with the principals were analysed by narrative analysis. The findings of the study revealed that Poor communication and competition for limited resources were the main causes of conflicts between teaching staff and principals. It was revealed further that the conflicts were purely work-related. Based on this, it is recommended that there is a need to offer training to both teachers and principals on the use of the best communication strategies for conflict management so as to help in the management of conflict in schools. In addition, there is a need to take teachers and principals for workshops and seminars on professionalism in order to minimise work-related conflicts.

The Information as a Source of Power and a Cause of Conflict Discourse Occurrence

Key words: post-industrial society, control, information flows, conflict, ontological transformations, knowledge This article discusses one of the main reasons for the emergence of the conflict discourse in modern reality. Power or a desire to establish power have been the main causes of conflict at every stage of the development of society. The first part of the article provides a brief overview of the basic concepts of establishing power. Besides, it also undertakes a philosophical and historical analysis of the approaches, viewpoints of thinkers and scholars, in which this issue is highlighted in details. Thereafter, the period of post-industrial society along with its features, manifested in the socio-economic and political spheres, is discussed. The old forms of acquiring power, i.e. wealth and money, are not actual any more, and now the time has come for knowledge and information. However, the so-called consumer thinking, characteristic of the postmodern stage, gradually makes people live easier and more meaningless. An ontological transformation is taking place: the interest and importance attributed to knowledge is gradually decreasing, since it requires more and more mental concentration and time resources from a person, which s/he is no longer predisposed to provide. Instead, the internet provides access to the excessive amount of information with no special efforts to acquire. At the end of the second part of the article, it has been concluded that a modern conception of power has emerged in the new world order. In the context of a clear exaggeration of the role and importance of information, it is mostly considered a source of power. Establishing control over information is perceived as equivalent to the possession of power. And since the struggle for power has always been assumed as the emergence of various conflicts, it turns out that in the modern world, conflicts arise and develop precisely due to information overload. In terms of the prevalence of social networks and the constant access of people to the often unverified and scientifically unproven information flows, is considered reliable and quite acceptable, just because it is simply talked and written about too much.

Reconceptualizing coastal fisheries conflicts: a Swedish case study

Fisheries conflicts have often been interpreted as arising from disputes over access to fish. Competition for fishing stocks among resource users (human and non-human) and fisheries managers’ attempts to control access to fish are depicted as main causes of conflicts. From this perspective, rampant environmental degradation, climate change, and a growing human population will only exacerbate tensions in fisheries. Yet is it only competition for fish that drives conflicts? Research on coastal and small-scale fishers has shown that they fish not only to achieve economic (material) goals but also to fulfill social and immaterial needs. Drawing on Burton’s theory of human needs, in this exploratory study, we consider how attention to coastal fishers’ material and immaterial needs might illuminate aspects of fisheries disagreements that are missed when conflicts are theorized solely in terms of material interests. Our data comes from 46 voluntary written statements provided at the end of a self-administered survey on the fishing sector sent to all holders of a Swedish commercial fishing license in June 2019. Results suggest that coastal fisheries conflicts are not solely about access to fish but also about social and emotional needs for respect, identity, belongingness, and status. In particular, fishers’ demands for actions to boost the number of coastal fishers – and subsequently the number of potential competitors – challenges the narrowly emphasis on materiality. We argue that an overemphasis on material needs may divert attention away from other causes of tension and thus prevent actions that could alleviate or mitigate fisheries conflicts.

Social License Effects on Conflict Management and Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Social License to operate is an important tool for achieving successful oil operations in any community. Conflicts are constant happenings in the Niger Delta. These conflicts sometimes, get so severe occasioning destruction of property and avoidable killings. Conflicts between oil companies and host communities are mainly due to lack of Social License to operate This paper examined the impact of Social License on conflict management and oil pollution in the Niger Delta. The study was conducted in six communities, two each from Delta, Rivers and Bayelsa States respectively. These states have the highest incidence of oil pollution in the region. A simple random sampling technique was used to select households for the study. The sample size was 157. Structured Interview schedule constituted the instrument for data collection. The study identified low community involvement as the highest factor, amongst the main causes of conflict in the Niger Delta region, indicating that a high-level community involvement by way of Social License ensures a peaceful co-existence between oil companies and communities. The study also identified that though artisanal crude oil refining impacts negatively on the environment and livelihoods in the Niger Delta, host community members do not react violently or oppose its operations due to high level community involvement. This signifies Social License. It was thus recommended that operating oil companies in the Niger Delta region should have high level community involvement in their actions to avoid conflicts.

Alluvial gold mining, conflicts, and state intervention in Peru's southern Amazonia

Artisanal and small-scale mining is one of the most degrading activities in the southern Peruvian Amazonia and its uncontrolled expansion has sparked conflicts over its exploitation, the distribution of profits, and their impacts. To analyze how State actions and other factors have triggered its misgovernment, conflicts, and environmental degradation, we constructed a chronology of events related to territorial occupation, gold exploitation, conflict evolution, and state intervention. The overlapping rights that the government assigns to the territory is one of the most controversial actions. For this reason the spatial distribution of mining, forestry, conservation, and property rights was analyzed using QGIS software. As results, we identified places with up to four rights or uses assigned by government institutions and state interventions that compound informality and chaos in the area. We conclude that the main causes of conflicts and misrule stem from weak state, evidenced by deficient services provided, the concession of incompatible usage rights over a single territory, and the enactment of regulations for purposes other than the public good. Finally, mining formalization has not been successful, because formality does not offer major advantages to the miners, being costly and bureaucratic, while informality is not an inconvenience for miners.

Exploring the Conflict Management Strategies Used by Administrators: A Case Study of Selected Mission Schools in Monze District, Zambia

This study investigated the way in which administrators at selected mission schools in the Monze district in the Southern Province of Zambia manage conflicts. A case study design was utilised to execute the research purpose. The total sample size used in this study was 22 administrators comprising the school leadership. The participants in this study were purposively sampled and the instruments used to collect data included a focus group discussion guide, a one-on-one interview guide and a documentary review. The results of the study indicated that fighting for promotion, jealousy, favouritism, selfishness and the personalisation of the institution were the main causes of conflict found in the selected mission schools. It was also evident that in conflict resolution in these schools, dialogue was the most common strategy utilised, followed by mediation and then arbitration. The study also found that head teachers had in the recent past reported a reduction in disruptive and violent behaviours, chronic school absenteeism, disciplinary referrals and suspensions at many schools. This indicates the positive steps mission schools have taken towards conflict resolution and the importance with which this is regarded in order to create an enabling and conflict-free environment for both learners and teachers.

Analysis of perceived causes of conflicts among yam farmers in cross river state nigeria

This study assessed the causes of conflicts among yam farmers in Cross River State. The major objectives of the study were to; identify the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, identify the type of conflicts prevalent in the study area and assessed the causes of conflicts among yam farmers in the study area. A well structured questionnaire was used to elicit data from respondents. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to obtain information for the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to analyse data obtained from respondents. The results of the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents revealed that a large number of the respondents had formal education, were married (58.0%), were aged between 20 to 40 years (49.0%), had household size 1-7 (75.0%) and were mostly farmers (60.0%). It was equally observed that conflicts were of many types across the zone namely; intergroup conflicts (͞X-2.04), family conflict (͞X=2.02), communal conflicts (͞X-2.05) and Tribal conflicts (͞X-1.99) among many others. The main causes of conflict among yam farmers were; land encroachment (͞X=2.83), Disagreement among family members on land issues (͞X=2.75), straying of cattle into yam farms (͞X=2.66) and land disagreement among traditional authorities (͞X=2.62) among very many others. The study recommend that land boundaries should be properly delineated and garsseted from time to time by traditional rulers in conjunction with the government of the day. This will help curb some cases of land conflicts in the study area.

Human-Wild Animals Conflict in and around Amba Forest, Ezha District, Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The conflicts between humans and wild animals with the same resources are common but seldom reported in Ethiopia. This study was carried out to assess the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies of the local communities with human-wild animal conflict (HWC) in and around Amba forest of Ezha District, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia: implications for wildlife conservation. Cross-sectional study design was applied, and data were collected from November 2019 to July 2020 through a semistructured questionnaire, focus group discussion (FGD), and field observation. A total of 53 respondents were randomly selected. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, and the results were presented using tables, graphs, charts, and text. The study result revealed that human-wild animal conflict exists, and it was seriously occurring at various places, time, and seasons. Papio anubis, Potamochoerus larvatus, Cercopithecus aethiops, Hystrix cristata, and Crocuta crocuta were the main conflicting wild animals, respectively. Abundance of wild animals, presence of forest, crop raiding, expansion of agriculture, and livestock predation were the main causes of conflict in the study area. There was a statistically significant relation between conflict and the cause of conflict (χ2(5) = 17.075, p = 0.004 ). Psychological and economic impacts were the main impacts encountered. Most of the respondents (86.8%) had applied conflict mitigation strategies, but it was ineffective, although the trend of conflict was increasing. Many of the respondents (41.5%) had a negative attitude toward wild animals, but 58.5% encouraged wild animals’ conservation. HWC had increasing trends of conflict, and thus, a negative attitude was developed by the communities on wild animal coexistence and conservation. Therefore, awareness creation, training, and promoting coexistence mechanisms between humans and wild animals are necessary in the study area.

Sources of conflict among tourism stakeholders in historical cities

ABSTRACT Cities, in particular those of historical value, are popular destinations for mass tourism. The urban space is often the main cause of conflicts, at the heart of which lie conflicting interests, attitudes and needs relating to the way this space is utilized. The aim of the research described in this article is to identify the intensity of conflicts between residents, tourists and the tourism sector. The research was conducted in 2020. The statistical analysis of the obtained data included questionnaires from 386 respondents. Analysis was conducted of the conflicts that arose among tourism sector players, who were classified into groups – tourist entrepreneurs, residents, and local authorities. Respondents often indicated conflict arising between tourists and residents, and between tourist sector entrepreneurs and residents. In the opinion of respondents, conflicts were the result of result of varying structures in the hierarchy of values and of differences in attitudes towards the city.

WATER RESOURCES AS A GEO-ECONOMIC TOOL FOR STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMIC POWER OF STATES

Competition over the use of water resources is growing worldwide and causes a lot of conflict between countries or regions. But hydro political issues and their implications for trans boundary and regional conflicts, which affect water distribution, are undervalued. The main causes of conflicts in this direction are presented in the context of water scarcity. However, water scarcity does not necessarily lead to trans boundary water conflicts; Instead, the main reason may be a geo-economics factor such as power asymmetry. The article presents water resources as an element of geo-economics and a tool in the context of strengthening the power of countries and describes the nature of water conflict and cooperation. The article also discusses how “water conflicts” can be resolved and outlines future directions that can be taken to resolve trans boundary water conflicts.