Main Cause Of Dissatisfaction Research Articles

Critiquing Various Antecedents of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance of the Workforce in Schools

Many organizations are faced with lot of challenges that emanate from the state of their workforce. Education departments also encounter these challenges, especially when they have humongous personnel. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of educators’ job satisfaction and whether there is any relationship between job satisfaction and performance. The data were collected using questionnaires that were distributed to 500 respondents from primary and secondary schools, but the response rate stood at 371. A 5-point Likert scale was used to analyse data forming part of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire results indicated that educators job satisfaction has been triggered by several facets such as promotion, pay, and supervision. The other findings are that money is not the only satisfier, but other facets are important in making the teachers happy when at work. Out of the many facets, promotion, supervision, and general working conditions are the main causes of dissatisfaction of teachers. The study has shown that conditions of service for teachers must improve to enhance a conducive culture of teaching in schools.

From degradation to potential urban regeneration? Residents’ perspectives on a historical neighbourhood in Timişoara, Romania

Recent studies have indicated that residents’ perceptions on urban neighbourhoods are a multidimensional indicator that refers to an individual’s perception of their own position in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns in various social contexts. Our article makes theoretical and empirical contributions to discussions on the perceptions of residents of a historic neighbourhood and how they experience changes in the the context of postsocialist period. Using a questionnaire launched to Timişoara residents (N=480), in the historic district of Fabric, the findings of our study indicate that the degradation of historical buildings, the living space and living conditions are the main causes of dissatisfaction on the part of residents. Although the advantages of the Fabric neighbourhood are its historical heritage and the central location in Timisoara, the state of decay of the historical buildings and the lack of safety are among the major problems of the neighbourhood identified in the narratives of the respondents.

Total arthrodesis for non-rheumatoid wrists: Outcomes at 5 and 20 years of follow-up

IntroductionTotal wrist arthrodesis (TWA) aims to obtain a painless wrist with a strong grip. Its main disadvantage is compromised mobility and for many authors it remains a rescue intervention. However, after one or more palliative interventions, TWA confers poorer results. The objective of our study was to evaluate the medium-term results of TWA, and their long-term stability. HypothesisOur hypothesis was that the results are reliable and persistent for pain and strength, without repercussions to other joints. Material and methodsThis was a single-center consecutive series of TWA performed with a dedicated plate, excluding rheumatoid wrists, evaluated at 5.4 and 21.1years of follow-up. ResultsThirty wrists were assessed at the first review and 17 reassessed at the last follow-up. At the mean follow-up of 5.4years, 93% of patients considered themselves “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the TWA surgery. No infectious complications occurred. At the mean follow-up of 21.1years, all were “very satisfied” or “satisfied” and 88% of them considered their result stable or improved compared to the first revision. The average VAS had gone from 8.4/10 preoperatively to 1.8/10 at the first evaluation and to 0.3/10 at the last follow-up. Except for a patient with both wrists operated on for whom comparison was not possible, the strength of the operated side was on average 89.7% of that of the contralateral side (from 45% to 150%). The mean Quick DASH score was 30.3 (4.5 to 61.4) and the mean PRWE score was 32.5 (1 to 77). DiscussionTWA using a plate provides excellent results for both pain control and strength restoration. The clinical results remain stable over time, and arthrodesis at more than 20years of follow-up does not seem to have any impact on the other joints of the upper limb. After wrist surgery, the main complaint of patients is the limited range of motion, but the main cause of dissatisfaction is persistent pain. Arthrodesis can be performed first-line in case of questionable indication of partial arthrodesis on a stiff wrist because the results of TWA are better in the absence of a surgical history. Level of evidenceIV; retrospective study.

Impact of COVID-19 protocols on IEQ and students’ perception within educational buildings in Southern Spain

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the fact that air quality is essential in buildings. In the case of educational buildings, teaching activities were moved to an online format during the 2020/2021 academic year, with only activities such as exams remaining face-to-face. This strategy required the development of protocols to ensure that classrooms were safe spaces. This study assesses the impact of these protocols in the indoor environmental conditions of educational buildings in Southern Spain. For this purpose, a measurement campaign was carried out at the Fuentenueva Campus of the University of Granada. The results show that the protocols have guaranteed effective ventilation. However, other indoor environmental variables have also been affected, including the satisfaction of users during exams due to temperature, relative humidity (RH) and noise. The highest levels of satisfaction were related to indoor lighting, while the highest levels of dissatisfaction were related to the indoor thermal environment. Among the main causes of dissatisfaction were draughts and outdoor noise, directly related to natural ventilation protocols during the pandemic. Based on these findings, current pandemic protocols should be revised and redesigned to minimize the impact on student satisfaction and perceived learning performance from the identified environmental sources in this research.

Comparing Colon Capsule Endoscopy to colonoscopy; a symptomatic patient\u2019s perspective

BackgroundColon Capsule Endoscopy (CCE) has proven efficacy in a variety of gastrointestinal diseases. Few studies have assessed patient-reported outcomes and preference between colonoscopy and CCE.MethodsPatients from our centre who had both a CCE and colonoscopy within a 12-month period were identified. We performed over-the-phone interviews focused on satisfaction, comfort, and overall preference with a 10-point Likert scale. Electronic records were reviewed; reported Modified-Gloucester-Comfort-Scale (GCS) score, sedation, bowel preparation and endoscopist grade were documented. Data was compared between procedures. A Fishers exact test was used to compare proportions and a Student t-test was used to compare means, a p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsIn all, 40 patients were identified, 57.5% (23/40) were female and the mean age was 48 years (24–78). All patients were referred for investigation of lower gastrointestinal symptoms as part of an ongoing study [Endosc Int Open. 2021;09(06):E965–70]. There was a significance difference in mean comfort (9.2 vs 6.7, p < 0.0001, 95% CI − 3.51 to − 1.44) but not satisfaction (8.3 vs 7.7, p = 0.2, 95% CI − 1.48 to 0.33) between CCE and colonoscopy. Main cause of dissatisfaction with CCE was bowel preparation and for colonoscopy was discomfort. Age and gender were not found to be variables. The correlation between GCS and patient reported values was weak (R = − 0.28). Overall, 77.5% (31/40) of patients would prefer a CCE if they required further bowel investigation. Of these, 77.4% (24/31) preferred a CCE despite the potential need for follow-up colonoscopy.ConclusionsCCE has a high satisfaction rating (8.3 vs 7.7) and has a higher patient reported comfort rating (9.2 vs 6.7) than colonoscopy. Studies have confirmed CCE and colonoscopy have equivalent diagnostic yields. The majority of patients in our cohort prefer CCE to colonoscopy. CCE should be considered as an alternative to colonoscopy in selected individuals.

Women's dissatisfaction with inappropriate behavior by health care workers during childbirth care in France: A survey study.

Quality care during childbirth requires that health care providers have not only excellent skills but also appropriate and considerate attitudes and behavior. Few studies have examined the proportion of women in Western countries expressing dissatisfaction with such inappropriate or inconsiderate behavior. This study evaluated this proportion in a sample presumably representative of French maternity units. This prospective multicenter study, using data from a selfadministered questionnaire, took place in 25 French maternity units during one week in September 2018. The primary outcome measure was mothers' self-reported dissatisfaction with blatantly inappropriate behavior (ie, inappropriate attitude, inadequate respect for privacy, insufficient gentleness of care, and/or inappropriate language) by health care workers in the delivery room. The secondary outcome was their self-reported dissatisfaction with these workers' inconsiderate behavior (ie, unclear and inappropriate information, insufficient participation in decision-making, or deficient consideration of pain). Of 803 potentially eligible women, 627 completed the questionnaire after childbirth; 5.62% (35/623, 95% CI: 3.94-7.73) reported dissatisfaction with blatantly inappropriate behaviors and 9.79% (61/623, 95% CI: 7.57-12.40) with inconsiderate behaviors. The main causes of dissatisfaction reported by women in this survey were the inadequate consideration of their pain and the failure to share decision-making. Most of the women were satisfied with how health care workers behaved towards them in the delivery room. Nonetheless, health care staff must be aware of women's demands for greater consideration of their expressions of pain and of their voice in decisions.

The medical specialists' evaluation of actual status of ultrasound diagnostic in pediatric practice

The survey of 196 medical specialists in ultrasound diagnostics was carried out using questionnaire that included questions on evaluation of functioning of corresponding medical organizations, ultrasound diagnostics included, satisfaction with their work and means of improving ultrasound service. The majority of respondents were satisfied with their activities, functioning of ultrasound diagnostics their medical organizations in whole and in ultrasound diagnostics in particular. The main cause of dissatisfaction was condition of material and technical base. According to respondents, equipping medical organizations with devices of ultrasound diagnostics within the framework of implementation of program of health care modernization made no due contribution into increasing efficiency of functioning of ultrasound diagnostics service. Considering the high level of professional training, the responses of respondents are competent and permit to identify shortcomings, reserves and means of improving their professional activities.

Calculation method to predict postoperative limb length in patients undergoing THA following developmental dysplasia of hips

BackgroundLimb length discrepancy (LLD) is one of the main cause of dissatisfaction after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The teardrop-lesser trochanter method can accurately predict and analyze LLD for healthy people. However, for patients with preoperative LLD, no method for predicting postoperative LLD is currently available, and these patients are highly susceptible to more severe LLD after THA. Accordingly, this study proposed a calculation method to predict postoperative limb length for these patients.MethodsEighty patients who underwent THA between May 2016 and October 2018 due to unilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) were evaluated. Relevant parameters were measured from radiographs of full-length lower limbs, e.g. the distance between the rotation center of the hip and the midpoint of the tibial plafond and the distance between the point which was marked at the same height as the lesser trochanter on the anatomical long axis of the femur and the midpoint of the tibial plafond. Then, a mathematical model was established by simplifying the structure from the hip to the ankle. The relationship between the placement position of the prosthesis and the LLD value was calculated by Law of Sines and Iterative Calculation.ResultsThe preoperatively predicted LLD values and the postoperatively measured LLD values were compared, yielding a mean absolute difference of 3.7 (range, 0.1 to 8.6) mm. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the two parameters exhibited strong reliability (ICC = 0.911, 95%CI, 0.795 to 0.955). The Bland-Altman plot also showed good conformity between the two parameters.ConclusionsThe proposed calculation method effectively predicted the postoperative LLD using preoperative parameters. Despite the complexity of the method, it can go a long way towards reducing the occurrence of severe postoperative LLD in DDH-THA.

Types and aesthetic evaluation of nail deformities after Bilhaut-Clouquet procedure in the treatment of polydactyly deformity

Objective To summarize retrospectively the manifestation types of nail deformities after Bilhaut-Cloquet (BC) procedure for polydactyly deformityand its influence on aesthetic evaluation. Methods From January 2005 to December 2015, 84 patients (88 thumbs) were treated with BC. According to the Wassel classification, 3 case was typeⅠ, 20 were type Ⅱ, 12 were type Ⅲ, 33 were type Ⅳ, 6 were type Ⅵ, 10 were type Ⅶ. The shape, width, flatness, semilunar and fold shape of reconstructed nails were observed and classified after the operation. The aesthetic effect of the reconstructed nails was evaluated by the modified Wang-Gao score. Results The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 128 months, with an average of 34.4 months. Among them, abnormal flatness of the reconstructed nails occurred in 51 thumbs (57.95%), nail semilunar deformity in 27 fingers (30.68%), nail fold deformity in 22 fingers (25.00%), abnormal nail width in 16 fingers (18.18%) and abnormal nail shape in 7 fingers (7.95%). According to the modified Wang-Gao score, the score was 2 to 12 points with an average of 9.18 points. Among them, the results were rated as excellent in 58 fingers, good in 23 fingers, fair 5 fingers and poor in 2 fingers, with the excellent and good rate being 92.05%. Conclusion The application of BC procedure for correction of polydactyly deformity has a definite effect on the improvement of finger volume and nail width. The deformities may occur in all the nail structural units requiring reconstruction, and manifestations are diverse, mainly mild deformities. More than three structural unit deformities are the main cause of dissatisfaction of patients or their families, but the incidence is not high. Therefore, BC procedure is still an option for dysplastic polydactyly deformity. Key words: Hand deformities,congenital; Treatment outcome; Bilhaut-Clouquet procedure; Nail deformity

Identity, Couple and Intergroup Dynamics in Intercultural Families: Implications on Life Satisfaction of Partners.

The current study analyzed how identity, couple, and intergroup dynamics are related to life satisfaction among 210 intercultural partners living in Italy. Three levels of analysis were considered: a micro level, taking into account the identity aspect of each partner in terms of self- or hetero-ethnic identification; a meso level, examining the passion, commitment, and intimacy of the couple sphere of the partners; a macro level investigating the discrimination that partners can perceive by the community as an effect of the relationship between dominant and minority groups. The results show that for both partners, foreign and Italian, the variables that have a predictive value on life satisfaction bring into play the couple and the intergroup dynamics, leaving out the identitary one. Specifically, increased perceived discrimination as a member of a mixed couple leads to decreased life satisfaction by partners. In turn, we can see that a strong intimacy between partners enhances their life satisfaction. These results introduce a reflection on the role of the differences about the ethnic identity, considered erroneously the main cause of dissatisfaction in the mixed couple. The implications of the study are described and suggestions for future research discussed.

A literature review on the satisfaction of oral health care and health care professionals in dental colleges in India

This literature review was aimed to assess the quality of oral health care provided by dental professionals and the satisfaction of dental undergraduates, graduates, and postgraduates in their profession. Most of the dental students and graduate staff members are satisfied in their profession and are interested in pursuing masters in dental surgery. A significant number of dental professionals are satisfied in their profession. Their main cause of dissatisfaction was low salary. Main causes of satisfaction on standards of oral health care were found to be willingness to listen to dental problems and cleanliness of the treatment area. The main cause of dissatisfaction was significantly slow management of dental problems.

The Organization of Specialized and High-Tech Cardiologic Care in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article presents the results of analysis of indices of morbidity and mortality of diseases of blood circulation system of population of the Southern Kazakhstan oblast in 2004-2015. The analysis was applied to annual activities reports of the Regional cardiologic Center in 2013-2016. Thus, in 2016 the Center accepted 4237 patients and 80.7% out of them in emergence order. In overall, treatment in the Regional cardiologic Center was applied to 59.4% of respondents. All respondents were residents of municipal center an only 25.4% resided in rural area that is related to lower accessibility of cardiologic and cardio-surgery care for them. During analyzed period, increasing of rate of renunciation of hospitalization up to 15.8% was established. In 2016, the leading causes of renunciation were absence of indications for emergency hospitalization and common hospitalization, non-profile patients and self-repudiation. The article presents the results of sociological survey of 784 patients with diseases of blood circulation system addressing medical organizations of the Southern Kazakhstan oblast. It is established that main causes of dissatisfaction with medical care in the Regional cardiologic Center are long-term waiting for one's turn, inconsiderate attitude of personnel, low accessibility of planned hospital treatment, inadequate effectiveness of treatment, and poor free medications support.

Kajian Kepuasan Pengguna Rumah Bantuan Cinta Kasih Panteriek Banda Aceh

Post-disaster earthquake and tsunami December 26, 2004 Aceh region suffered a devastation in the field of infrastructure is quite wide, especially housing that amounted to ± 123,000 units. The construction of relief housing for disaster victims by relocating one of them is located in the village of Panteriek Lueng Bata district of Banda Aceh under the name of Cinta Kasih Housing built by Tzu Chi volunteers (Yayasan Budha Tzu Chi Indonesia) of 716 houses. This study aims to determine the level of satisfaction of the people who use Rumah Cinta Kasih Panteriek assistance and analyze the dominant factors of satisfaction level from the location, building design, product quality, facilities and infrastructure. Determination of this research sample using slovin formula obtained 83 house units as a sample of 486 housing units that have not changed shape. Methods used mix methods between qualitative and quantitative where in the primary data collection using cluster sampling technique, then the data is analyzed by index frequency. This research begins with a pre-survey process where tested the questionnaire to determine the level of validity and reliability on each item question tested to 10 respondents. Pre-survey results show that the validity value of 0,31 – 0,70greater than 0.3 while the reliability value 0,86 greater than 0,6 with the sense that the questionnaire is feasible used in this study. The results showed that as many as 16% of respondents answered very satisfied and 28% answered satisfied; 21% answered quite satisfied; 15% answered not satisfied; and 20% of respondents answered very dissatisfied with the Cinta Kasih Panteriek. The dominant factor causing dissatisfaction of the householder is clean water (PDAM or drilled well) with value FI = 0,28; (FI = 0,36), land area (FI = 0,38), and house size (FI = 0,38). While the most dominant factor of the satisfaction of home users is access to the highway with the value of FI = 0,80. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the main cause of dissatisfaction of people in Cinta Kasih Panteriek caused by inadequate network of water supply as basic human needs in carrying out its activities.

Main causes of parents dissatisfaction by the accessibility and quality of ambulatory-polyclinic care for children

One of the main tasks of the national healthcare is to increase the accessibility and quality of medical care to the population. One way of assessing the quality of care is to study patient satisfaction with medical care through sociological research. The degree of patient satisfaction reflects not only the social effectiveness of medical organizations, but also the work of all health systems. The bulk of medical care a child receives in the conditions of the polyclinic. Parents, being legal representatives of the child, can objectively assess the quality of medical care provided to them in the children's polyclinic, and, if necessary, protect his legitimate interests. With a view to identifying the main causes of the dissatisfaction of the child population of Saint Petersburg by the accessibility and quality of ambulatory-polyclinic care, the anonymous questionnaire of 1488 parents of children receiving the medical care in outpatient polyclinics was conducted. It found that in children's polyclinics parents often face difficulties when calling the doctor home, visiting a pediatrician and subspecialties doctor, passing medical examinations and procedures. Parents were not always satisfied with the preventive activities and sanitary and hygienic condition of the polyclinic. There are cases of inattentive and mistreatment by medical personnel. In General, over half (53.2%) parents have remained completely unsatisfied or not fully satisfied by the quality of provided ambulatory-polyclinic care.

Relationship between user satisfaction with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and bleeding patterns.

Satisfaction with a contraceptive method constitutes an important factor in its acceptance and long-term use. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between user satisfaction with the 20-μg/day levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the bleeding patterns reported at two different time-points during follow-up. A total of 251 LNG-IUS users aged 18-45 years were invited to answer a questionnaire on their return to the clinic for a routine follow-up visit and again 1 year later. Data were collected face-to-face. Twenty women discontinued prematurely; therefore, the analysis was performed on 231 women. Most users were either highly satisfied (66.6% and 66.2% at the first and second interviews, respectively) or satisfied (26.4% and 26.4% at the first and second interviews, respectively) with the LNG-IUS. Satisfaction was related to amenorrhea (P < 0.001) and duration of use (P < 0.001). Prolonged bleeding and spotting were the main causes of dissatisfaction with the device. Most LNG-IUS users in this sample were satisfied with the device. The only two factors associated with satisfaction were amenorrhea and duration of use, while prolonged bleeding and spotting were the main causes of dissatisfaction. These findings could be useful for health-care professionals and policy-makers when developing information material for women. The study provides insight into the profile of satisfied LNG-IUS users; however, this information is not suitable for counseling women who are considering using an LNG-IUS.

KETIDAKPUASAN KERJA PEKERJA WANITA INDUSTRI KERAJINAN TANGAN TENUN SONGKET PEKANBARU RIAU

&lt;p&gt;Workers as human resouce contribute significantly to productivity in an organization. Their contribution is big even when technology has replaced some of their rules and functions. However, workers are not free from facing problems at the work place related to the work that they do, the work place itself, other wokers etc. Research conducted at a Songket handicraft industry X is to identify sources of dissatisfaction face by their workers at the work place. The study also intends to see how the workers express their feelings of dissatisfaction and to understand workers attitude towards their place of work. This is an empirical study using questionnaire and interview as tha main techniques in a survey for gathering data. A total of 20 respondents were met. The SPSS program was used to analyze the quantitative data. The fundings show that the main cause of dissatisfaction among the workers is the wages they receive. Other extrinsic (such as management style, work burden and depression from other workers)) and intrinsic factors (such as appreciation and respect) also contribute to the dissatisfaction among workers. Besides that, problem at work place continues because the workers are not concern about their right and welfare. As such it can be said that workers need to be managed well and their well being looked after. Otherwise, it could be a cause of dissatisfaction among the workers and without proper channels to help address it could lead the workers to express them in the informal and negative ways.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Key words : human resource, songket, handy craft&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Integración de la realidad virtual inmersiva en los Grados de Comunicación

El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior fomenta integrar las nuevas tecnologías en las metodologías docentes y mejorar la adquisición de competencias, cuestiones demandadas por los alumnos de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, todos hoy con un perfil de nativo digital o “millennial”. El artículo realiza un estudio sobre la implantación de la realidad virtual inmersiva en la parte práctica de las asignaturas de comunicación empresarial, específicamente en Comunicación de Crisis. La metodología se ha basado en encuestas y “focus group” a alumnos y profesores. Las conclusiones permiten afirmar que la realidad virtual inmersiva mejora las expectativas y el interés de los estudiantes y supone un incremento en las competencias adquiridas, permitiendo mejorar los niveles de empleabilidad, una de sus principales causas de insatisfacción. El uso consolidado de la telefonía móvil aconseja la elección de equipos de realidad virtual para estos dispositivos en vez de “cuevas” (C.A.V.E.) o equipos para videoconsolas.

FROM THE A.M. GORKII ALL-UNION INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE TO THE IDEA OF ORGANIZATION OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF THE USSR (1932-1942)

Te idea of establishment of the USSR Academy of medical sciences was advanced by I.V. Stalin in 1932 as alternative to organization of the All-Union institute of experimental medicine. However, instead of the USSR Academy of medical sciences the All-Union institute of experimental medicine was established as the USSR highest research institution in the field of medical and biological sciences. The All-Union institute of experimental medicine, initially organized for resolving theoretical and practical problems of medicine, with time ceased to cope with its assignment. The main cause of dissatisfaction on part of the USSR government became its isolation from practical medicine, functioning of the USSR people's commissariat of health care and subordinated research institutes. The definitive loss of scientific authority of the All-Union institute of experimental medicine occurred after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War during its evacuation from Moscow in 1941 and re-evacuation in 1942. As a result, in the USSR government was developed concept of establishment of the Academy of medical sciences as an independent structure similar to the All-Union Academy of agricultural sciences, assigned to unify theoretical and applied medical science under single supervision. This issue together with fate of the All-Union institute of experimental medicine was considered in December 1942 at two sessions of the Board of the USSR people's commissariat of health care. Thereupon, the establishment of the USSR Academy of medical sciences was entrusted to the USSR people's commissariat of health care under consultative collaboration of administration of the All-Union institute of experimental medicine.

Satysfakcja personelu medycznego z wykonywanej pracy, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pielęgniarek

Introduction. The higher the doctors’ and nurses’ work satisfaction rates are, the better the quality of patient care. There are many factors influencing job satisfaction. Low salaries, working environment, relations with superiors, working hours and low prestige, especially of the nursing job is the main causes of dissatisfaction. Measuring the nurses’ professional satisfaction and constant improvements in this field are necessary. Aim. The aim of the work was to assess the level of job satisfaction among the medical staff. Material and methods. The research was conducted on a group of health care employees of different hospitals in Lublin, Warszawa and Tarnobrzeg – 73 people selected at random. A diagnostic survey using the authors’ own questionnaires was applied. Results. The vast majority (83.5%) of the medical staff likes their job. Among those respondents, some 84.9%, take satisfaction from their work. Practically every respondent is dissatisfied with the salaries they receive – 94.5%. Working conditions at the place of employment are usually satisfactory. The vast majority (89%) of the respondents declared that the work they do makes them tired. More than a half of the respondents have determined their job as dangerous. Fifty six per cent of them were likely to recommend a medical profession as a career choice to the next generation of students. Conclusions. Medical staff declare that they like their work and feel satisfied with it. The vast majority of medical staff is not satisfied with their salary. There is a relationship between relations with the superior and the fact that an employee likes their work.

Stress and job satisfaction among pharmacists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Objective: The aim of the study was to measure job satisfaction and stress levels among pharmacists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to explore the main causes of dissatisfaction and stress-related factors. Materials and Methods: A self-administered survey was hand-distributed using a cluster area sampling technique. Data were entered into a statistical analysis system database with a significance level of P Results: The setting of a pharmacy was found to significantly affect the job satisfaction of pharmacists. 48% of independent community pharmacists were satisfied with their job compared with 62% of dispensary pharmacists and 74% of chain community pharmacists. Marital status and years of experience significantly affected job satisfaction, and married pharmacists had lower levels of satisfaction than their unmarried counterparts. Pharmacists who dispensed a higher number of prescriptions had higher levels of satisfaction. Furthermore, job-related stress factors, such as the setting of the pharmacy and years of experience, had a significant effect on the stress level related to the responsibility of patient care. Participants also reported other job stressors: Long working hours, difficulty in obtaining casual or sick leave, and low salaries. Conclusion: Independent community pharmacists in Riyadh had lower levels of job satisfaction than their counterparts in dispensaries and chain pharmacies. Primarily, efforts should be made to raise the levels of job satisfaction for pharmacists in order to improve their motivation and competence. Failure to reduce stress among workers puts both pharmacists and patients at risk.