Main Causation Research Articles

Structural Isomeric Effect on Spin Transport in Molecular Semiconductors.

Molecular semiconductor (MSC) is a promising candidate for spintronic applications benefiting from its long spin lifetime caused by light elemental-composition essence and thus weak spin-orbit coupling (SOC). According to current knowledge, the SOC effect, normally dominated by the elemental composition, is the main spin-relaxation causation in MSCs, and thus the molecular structure-induced SOC change is one of the most concerned issues. In theoretical study, molecular isomerism, a most prototype phenomenon, has long been considered to possess little difference on spin transport previously, since elemental compositions of isomers are totally the same. However, here in this study, quite different spin-transport performances are demonstrated in ITIC and its structural isomers BDTIC experimentally, for the first time, though the charge transport and molecular stacking of the two films are very similar. By further experiments of electron-paramagnetic resonance and density-functional-theory calculations, it is revealed that noncovalent-conformational locks (NCLs) formed in BDTIC can lead to enhancement of SOC and thus decrease the spin lifetime. Hence, this study suggests the influences from the structural-isomeric effect must be considered for developing highly efficient spin-transport MSCs, which also provides a reliable theoretical basis for solving the great challenge of quantificational measurement of NCLs in films in the future.

문화 · 관광부문 타당성조사를 위한 중력모형의 개선방안

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the gravity model commonly used for demand forecasting upon the implementation of new tourist facilities and analyze the main causation of forecasting errors to provide a suggestion on how to improve. Design/methodology/approach - This study first measured the errors in predicted values derived from past feasibility study reports by examining the cases of five national science museums. Next, to improve the predictive accuracy of the gravity model, the study identified the five most likely issues contributing to errors, applied modified values, and recalculated. The potential for improvement was then evaluated through a comparison of forecasting errors. Findings - First, among the five science museums with very similar characteristics, there was no clear indication of a decrease in the number of visitors to existing facilities due to the introduction of new facilities. Second, representing the attractiveness of tourist facilities using the facility size ratio can lead to significant prediction errors. Third, the impact of distance on demand can vary depending on the characteristics of the facility and the conditions of the area where the facility is located. Fourth, if the distance value is below 1, it is necessary to limit the range of that value to avoid having an excessively small value. Fifth, depending on the type of population data used, prediction results may vary, so it is necessary to use population data suitable for each latent market instead of simply using overall population data. Finally, if a clear trend is anticipated in a certain type of tourist behavior, incorporating this trend into the predicted values could help reduce prediction errors. Research implications or Originality - This study identified the key factors causing prediction errors by using national science museums as cases and proposed directions for improvement. Additionally, suggestions were made to apply the model more flexibly to enhance predictive accuracy. Since reducing prediction errors contributes to increased reliability of analytical results, the findings of this study are expected to contribute to policy decisions handled with more accurate information when running feasibility analyses.

Human Interaction Understanding with Consistency-Aware Learning.

Compared with the progress made on human activity classification, much less success has been achieved on human interaction understanding (HIU). Apart from the latter task is much more challenging, the main causation is that recent approaches learn human interactive relations via shallow graphical representations, which are inadequate to model complicated human interactive-relations. This paper proposes a deep consistency-aware framework aiming at tackling the grouping and labelling inconsistencies in HIU. This framework consists of three components, including a backbone CNN to extract image features, a factor graph network to implicitly learn higher-order consistencies among labelling and grouping variables, and a consistency-aware reasoning module to explicitly enforcing consistencies. The last module is inspired by our key observation that the consistency-aware reasoning bias can be embedded into an energy function or a particular loss function, minimizing which delivers consistent predictions. An efficient mean-field inference algorithm is proposed, such that all modules of our network could be trained in an end-to-end fashion. Experimental results demonstrate that the two proposed consistency-learning modules complement each other, and both make considerable contributions in achieving leading performance on three benchmarks of HIU. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is further validated by experiments on detecting human-object interactions.

Measurement, Distribution Characteristics, and Convergent Analysis of China’s Green Development Level

In order to carry out the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, a multi-level national green development evaluation index system referenced to the relevant data of the provinces and a measurable model were constructed, and the green development level of each province in China was measured as an example. Meanwhile, the distribution and form characteristics and the regional differences between the green development levels of each province were estimated and analyzed through the nuclear density function and dagum Gini coefficient. The results indicate that some provinces and cities in China are concentrated at the backward level in the green development level and its sub-evaluation dimension, and a few first-line provinces and cities are developed; The largest contribution rate of regional differences is the main causation of regional differences, the comprehensive evaluation score of green development level in the whole country and the eastern region is σ-convergent, while there is no σ-convergence in the central and western region; The green development level of the whole country and the three parts of the east, central and western China is β-convergent and converges at the same steady-state level respectively.

Causation analysis of crashes and near crashes using naturalistic driving data

Understanding crash causation to the extent needed for applying countermeasures has always been a focus as well as a difficulty in the field of traffic safety. Previous research has been limited by insufficient crash data and analysis methods more suitable to single crashes. The use of crashes and near crashes (CNCs) and naturalistic driving studies can help solve the data problem, and use of pre-crash scenarios can identify the high-prevalence causes across multiple crashes of a given scenario. This study therefore proposes a two-stage crash causation analysis method based on pre-crash scenarios and a crash causation derivation framework that systematically categorizes and analyzes contributing factors. From the Shanghai Naturalistic Driving Study (SH-NDS), 536 CNCs were extracted, and were grouped into 23 different pre-crash scenarios based on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) pre-crash scenario typology. In-depth investigations were conducted, and CNCs sharing the same scenario were analyzed using the proposed framework, which identifies causation patterns based on the interaction of the framework’s road user, vehicle, roadway infrastructure, and roadway environment subsystems. Through statistical analysis, the causation patterns and their contributing factors were compared for three common pre-crash scenarios of highest incidence: rear-end, lane change, and vehicle-pedalcyclist. Braking error in low-speed car following, following too closely, and non-driving-related distraction were important causes of rear-end scenarios. In lane change scenarios, the main causation patterns included illegal use of turn signals and dangerous lane changes as critical factors. Pedalcyclist scenarios were particularly impacted by visual obstructions, inadequate lanes for non-motorized vehicles, and pedalcyclists violating traffic regulations. Based on the identified causation patterns and their contributing factors, countermeasures for the three common scenarios are suggested, which provide support for safety improvement projects and the development of advanced driver assistance systems.

Causation Identification and Control Measures of Deformation by Integrated Dewatering-Excavation Process Simulation of a T-Shaped Deep Foundation Pit

Construction of subway line intersection stations will become more and more popular in the future. Research on the deformation characteristics in the construction process is the best way to ensure the safety of the foundation pit itself, the surrounding buildings, and adjacent subway stations. In this paper, the deformation characteristics of a T-shaped subway foundation pit during construction are studied by an integrated dewatering-excavation three-dimensional numerical simulation method. The results show that the main causation of the surface settlement around the foundation pit is the stratum compression caused by dewatering, and the main causation of the deformation of the diaphragm wall and the existing subway station is the soil deformation caused by excavation unloading. It is suggested that constructing a high-quality diaphragm wall, controlling the water level within the excavation foundation pit, strengthening the monitoring, and timely cement pouring of the bottom plate are key countermeasures to reduce the deformation. The research results of this paper have reference significance for similar projects.

Exploring European Heavy Goods Vehicle Crashes Using a Three-Level Analysis of Crash Data.

Heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are involved in 4.5% of police-reported road crashes in Europe and 14.2% of fatal road crashes. Active and passive safety systems can help to prevent crashes or mitigate the consequences but need detailed scenarios based on analysis of region-specific data to be designed effectively; however, a sufficiently detailed overview focusing on long-haul trucks is not available for Europe. The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of crashes in the European Union that involve HGVs weighing 16 tons or more (16 t+). The identification of the most critical scenarios and their characteristics is based on a three-level analysis, as follows. Crash statistics based on data from the Community Database on Accidents on the Roads in Europe (CARE) provide a general overview of crashes involving HGVs. These results are complemented by a more detailed characterization of crashes involving 16 t+ trucks based on national road crash data from Italy, Spain, and Sweden. This analysis is further refined by a detailed study of crashes involving 16 t+ trucks in the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS), including a crash causation analysis. The results show that most European HGV crashes occur in clear weather, during daylight, on dry roads, outside city limits, and on nonhighway roads. Three main scenarios for 16 t+ trucks are characterized in-depth: rear-end crashes in which the truck is the striking partner, conflicts during right turn maneuvers of the truck with a cyclist riding alongside, and pedestrians crossing the road in front of the truck. Among truck-related crash causes, information admission failures (e.g., distraction) were the main crash causation factor in 72% of cases in the rear-end striking scenario while information access problems (e.g., blind spots) were present for 72% of cases in the cyclist scenario and 75% of cases in the pedestrian scenario. The three levels of data analysis used in this paper give a deeper understanding of European HGV crashes, in terms of the most common crash characteristics on EU level and very detailed descriptions of both kinematic parameters and crash causation factors for the above scenarios. The results thereby provide both a global overview and sufficient depth of analysis of the most relevant cases and aid safety system development.

An integrated analysis of enterprise economy security

With the complication of the business environment of commercial economic activity, competition intensifies, which threatens the bankruptcy of enterprises, the prevention of which requires quality monitoring and timely identification of crises using methods of comprehensive assessment and analysis of economic security. This research is aimed at conducting component-by-component and, as a result, integrated assessment of the state of economic security of the enterprise. Methodological research tools include analysis of the main components, causation and vector regression modeling. A resource-functional security model is developed (which consists of partial indicators and components of economic security of business) and a resource-functional approach to calculations is also applied. Using the data of the expert survey, the values of indicators of structural components of economic security of the enterprise are determined. Using the resource-functional approach, the integrated values of sub-indices and the integral values of the general level of economic security of the enterprise are calculated. According to the results of the assessment, it is established that the integrated level of economic security of the enterprise is 7.04 (sufficient level of security). However, the components of economic security identified critically low values, namely - the financial component (0.452), the information component (0.554), the institutional and legal component (0.647). The results of the study are of practical value for the development of technological schemes - algorithms for strengthening the financial, informational and institutional and legal security of the enterprise, making sound (using economic and mathematical tools) management decisions to ensure the trajectory of sustainable economic development.

Human reliability analysis of high-temperature molten metal operation based on fuzzy CREAM and Bayesian network.

Human errors are considered to be the main causation factors of high-temperature molten metal accidents in metallurgical enterprises. The complex working environment of high- temperature molten metal in metallurgical enterprises has an important influence on the reliability of human behavior. A review of current human reliability techniques confirms that there is a lack of quantitative analysis of human errors in high-temperature molten metal operating environments. In this paper, a model was proposed to support the human reliability analysis of high-temperature molten metal operation in the metallurgy industry based on cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM), fuzzy logic theory, and Bayesian network (BN). The comprehensive rules of common performance conditions in conventional CREAM approach were provided to evaluate various conditions for high-temperature molten metal operation in the metallurgy industry. This study adopted fuzzy CREAM to consider the uncertainties and used the BN to determine the control mode and calculate human error probability (HEP). The HEP for workers involved in high-temperature melting in steelmaking production process was calculated in a case with 13 operators being engaged in different high-temperature molten metal operations. The human error probability of two operators with different control modes was compared with the calculation result of basic CREAM, and the result showed that the method proposed in this paper is validated. This paper quantified point values of human error probability in high-temperature molten metal operation for the first time, which can be used as input in the risk evaluation of metallurgical industry.

Built to Sustain: The Effect of Entrepreneurial Decision-Making Logic on New Venture Sustainability

How entrepreneurs make entrepreneurial decisions to improve entrepreneurial performance is a popular concern in both theoretical and practical circles. Existing studies mostly analyze the effect of entrepreneurial decision-making logic on the survival and growth of new ventures from the perspective of financial performance, but few studies focus on new venture sustainability. Based on datasets from the first two survey rounds of CPSED (Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics), this paper selects a group of 259 entrepreneurs as a sample and uses logistic regression analysis as a research method. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of entrepreneurial decision-making logic on new venture sustainability. There are two main entrepreneurial logics, namely effectuation and causation. The paper discusses causation in terms of four dimensions, namely goal orientation, expected returns, competitive analysis, and avoiding contingencies. It examines effectuation in terms of the dimensions of means orientation, affordable loss, partnerships, and leveraging contingencies. The empirical results show that goal orientation plays a negative role in promoting new venture sustainability, while avoiding contingencies has a positive influence on it. Partnerships are conducive to new venture sustainability, while means orientation and leveraging contingencies have a negative effect.

TFEB: A Emerging Regulator in Lipid Homeostasis for Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis, predominantly characterized by the disturbance of lipid homeostasis, has become the main causation of various cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement to explore efficacious targets that act as lipid modulators for atherosclerosis. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), whose activity depends on post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, etc., is significant for normal cell physiology. Recently, increasing evidence implicates a role of TFEB in lipid homeostasis, via its functionality of promoting lipid degradation and efflux through mediating lipophagy, lipolysis, and lipid metabolism-related genes. Furthermore, a regulatory effect on lipid transporters and lipid mediators by TFEB is emerging. Notably, TFEB makes a possible therapeutic target of atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism. This review recapitulates the update and current advances on TFEB mediating lipid metabolism to focus on two intracellular activities: a) how cells perceive external stimuli and initiate transcription programs to modulate TFEB function, and b) how TFEB restores lipid homeostasis in the atherosclerotic process. In-depth research is warranted to develop potent agents against TFEB to alleviate or reverse the progression of atherosclerosis.

Faktor Penyebab Ketidaklengkapan Rekam Medis Rawat Inap di RSUD dr. Saiful Anwar Malang

One of efforts to improve the quality of healthcare facilities is to improve the quality of medical record services including completeness, speed and accuracy in providing information for health care needs. A complete and accurate medical record can be used as a reference to health services, legal bases, supporting information to improve medical quality, medical research and be used as a basis to assess the performance of hospitals. The purpose of this research identifies the factors causing the incompleteness of the replenishment of inpatient medical record in the RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. The type of research used is qualitative. Data collection techniques by way of document study, interviews and observation. Document studies are conducted on 100 inpatient medical record documents that have not been conducted assembling, while the interview is conducted to the IRNA 2 medical record officer to determine the factors causing the incompleteness of medical record documents. Observation is done to complete the interview data. The results of the analysis on 100 inpatient medical record files were obtained that the incomplete number of medical records was 79%, with the most incompleteness presentation on the responsibilities of the doctor which includes medical resumes, casemix sheets, and surgery reports. The interview and observation results show that the main causation factor for the filing of an inpatient medical record of a surgical ward is from the doctor's awareness and discipline in filling in the medical record documents. As a solution to improve the completeness of medical record filling is by spur motivation and increase the discipline of doctors in filling medical record documents by providing reward and punishment and to repair SOP filling medical record of hospitalizatio.

Unravelling why some kids are more at risk of sports injuries and what we can do about it

For this presentation I will be addressing the issue of injuries which occur in youth athletes and discuss some strategies which may help the medical practitioners and coaches deal with these complex problems. The literature regarding injuries in youth athletes can be described as sparse. The main bulk of the literature is for soccer and covers mainly the U16-U18 year age-groups, very little covers athletes younger than this. There is little information regarding injuries occurring in young athletes involved in Olympic sports. The presentation will explore different injuries specific to immature athletes and how these problems can have an effect on their general sporting development. There are a number of factors which are thought to have contributing influences in the occurrence of injury in youth athletes. These include growth and maturation, training load and the recruitment process. It is unlikely that any one of these factors is the main causation of injury but more a combination of them all, in different ways, for specific individuals or different sports.

Analysis of current situation and influencing factor of medical disputes among different levels of medical institutions based on the game theory in Xiamen of China: A cross-sectional survey.

With continuous development of the Chinese health care system, the doctor–patient relationship is increasingly tense in recent years. China has witnessed a surge in medical disputes, including many widely reported violent riots, attacks, and protests in hospitals. This study aimed to help to theorize the doctor–patient relationship based on the game theory, and analyze the current situation and influencing factors for medical disputes among different hospitalsA total of 17 hospitals were randomly selected in Xiamen city, including 8 tertiary hospitals and 9 secondary hospitals. All medical dispute cases, between 2012 and 2014, were collected through questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with medical disputes.In total, 896 medical dispute cases happened in 2012 to 2014, 733 (81.8%) of which occurred in tertiary hospitals. Medical disputes mainly were reported in the departments of obstetrics and gynecology (24.9%). The main causation of medical disputes was improper communication (24.0%) in tertiary hospitals and lower therapeutic skills (43.7%) in secondary hospitals, respectively. The negotiated rate (91.4%) in secondary hospitals was significantly higher than the tertiary hospitals (54.8%). The patients’ age, occupation and the doctor's medical location, professional title were the main risk factors for the occurrence of medical violence.Relationships between doctors and patients have become worse increasingly, whereas doctor–patient disputes or conflicts and their compensation have aggrandized year by year. The game relationship of doctor–patient is noncooperation, dynamic, and incomplete information game, and the advantages of cooperation are far greater than the competition between doctors and patients. Therefore, we need to take targeted measures to prevent and control the medical disputes by establishing a harmonious doctor–patient relationship in different levels of medical institutions.

Modern approaches to the diagnosis and management of gastric and duodenal ulcer at the primary level of medical care

The article presents the main causation factors, diagnostic criteria and management of patients with peptic and duodenal ulcer in the primary care medicine. The algorithm of primary care physician’s actions in the management of patients with peptic and duodenal ulcer is formulated. The main directions of primary and secondary prevention of this pathology by family doctor are given.

How to Treat Metal Hypersensitive Alopecia Areata and Atopic Alopecia

Metal allergy was found with severe types of alopecia areata (AA) at the rate of 69.9% and the elimination of metal allergens from dental metals, cooking instruments lead to satisfactory hair regrowth and prevention of severe relapse of AA for the period of in average four years and four months at the rate of 75.5%. The cooperation of dentists for analysis of dental metals, removing allergic alloys and replacing to ceramics were needed. Another causation of AA was type I and IV allergy to house dust mite (HDM). This type has been called atopic alopecia historically. There is enough evidence that HDM is the main causation of atopic dermatitis (AD). Severe and intractable AD could be cured by the mite fauna investigation by methylene blue agar (MBA) method, followed by environmental improvement to decrease mites to less than 50/m2 everywhere in the home. The same solution was applied to treat severe atopic alopecia cases, which were cured at the rate of 58.3%, and the longest record of confirmed period of cure was five years. When six years or more elapsed after the onset of AA, any kind of treatment was not successful, because biopsy of the scalp revealed the disappearance of hair follicles, which was replaced by dermal fibrosis. Therefore, the treatment of AA should start quickly, investigating allergy to metals and HDM.

Nationwide web survey of pediatric scalds: Prevalence and the relationship with household vacuum flasks

ObjectiveTo explore the prevalence of pediatric (0–72 months old) scalds, and to clarify its relationship with household vacuum flasks. MethodsA cross sectional online survey based on the largest social media in China. Online questionnaire was pushed twice a day to our target respondents for successive seven days. We were authorized to gain, analyze and publish the information related to this research by the Sina & Weibo data center. ResultsPrevalence of pediatric scalds was 5.5%. Gender ratio (boy to girl) was 1.96:1. Toddlers (12–36 months old) were the most susceptible age group (54.5%). Non-intentional water spill was the main causation (77.3%). An extremely low percent (7.1%) of the parents performed first-aid as described by the “RRICH” rule: water rinse — clothes remove — water immersion — clean cover — hospital. Scars developed in 52.7% patients and 14.7% of them underwent reconstructive surgery. There were 75.5% Chinese families using vacuum flasks in daily life, but only 6.1% families used the fastening device to avoid burns. ConclusionPrevalence of pediatric scalds (0–72 months old) was rather high, which might be related to the extensive insecure usage of household vacuum flasks.

A Review on Injury Mechanism of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Vehicle Accidents.

Intracerebral hemorrhage is one of the most common injuries in vehicle accidents. The aim of this paper is to survey the injury mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage in vehicle accidents, including contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), subdural hematoma (SDH) and diffuse axonal injury (DAI). A condensed overview is given based on the published studies in biomechanical studies on intracerebral hemorrhage. Animal tests, cadaver tests, accident investigations and numerical simulation are the main method used for the mechanism studies. Angular velocity and acceleration can be used to predict these injuries and they are the main causation of DAI. Intracranial pressure is the main causation of coup/contrecoup contusion. Shear stress and strain contribute to the rupture of bridging veins that result in SDH, SAH. Injury mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage in vehicle accidents is complicated that with multiple causations. In-depth works need to be carried out in mechanism studies especially for child head injuries.

Contributing factors and severity of serious single-passenger vehicle collisions in Beijing

ABSTRACTSingle-vehicle collision is a typical traffic collision, which usually causes heavy casualties and property losses. This study uses crash data during the last five years to obtain the characteristics of injury severity and contributing factors, and further provides some important insights for crash prevention and vehicle safety. Based on the investigation and in-depth data analysis of traffic collisions, 100 serious single-passenger vehicle collisions in Beijing, China, from 2009 to 2013 are collected. Main characteristics of occupant, vehicle, fixed objects, road, environment and their correlations with severity are analysed, respectively. The results demonstrate that time of occurrence, type of date, number of occupants and speed of vehicles are the significant factors related to the severity. And for the total crashes, chi-square test reveals that night time travelling, common weekday, single occupant in vehicle and over 80 km/h vehicle speed are significant related to nonfatal/fatal crashes. A logic regression model shows that driving solo and impacting trees increased the crash severity. Further, this paper discusses the main causation and related safety countermeasures on the serious single-vehicle collisions.

Employing preheating- and cooling-assisted technologies in machining of Inconel 718 with ceramic cutting tools: towards reducing tool wear and improving surface integrity

This paper is motivated by the fact that machining of Inconel 718 involves rapid tool wear and poor surface integrity. We investigate the performance of ceramic cutting inserts in turning of Inconel 718 by virtue of two different assisted machining conditions, plasma preheating- and cryogenic cooling-assisted technologies. The plasma nozzle placed in front of the cutting zone is used to soften the materials before machining. The liquid nitrogen flow located in the cutting area is used to reduce the cutting temperatures in the contact area. The cutting experiments are set for reducing tool wear and improving surface integrity, including surface roughness and micro-hardness beneath workpiece surface. With these two assisted techniques, the tool wear including flank wear and notch wear and the surface microstructure including surface roughness and micro-hardness are assessed and compared with conventional machining. Tool wear reduction and surface integrity improvement can be obtained with these two assisted technologies in turning of Inconel 718 with ceramic cutting inserts. The main causation of notch wear of the ceramic cutting inserts may be the hardened layer beneath the surface. By comparing these two assisted cutting techniques with opposite effects on the cutting tool and workpiece, it has been found that the surface roughness is reduced by 50 %, the micro-hardness is smaller, and the tool life is extended up to more than 40 % over conventional machining.