Main Botanical Garden Research Articles

Susceptibility of Different Aesculus Species to the Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Moth: Chemical Composition and Morphological Features of Leaves

The susceptibility of seven species of chestnuts to the horse chestnut leaf miner was studied in the arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), taking into account their interspecific characteristics. Using pheromone delta traps, the highest number of Cameraria ohridella moths was shown for Aesculus hippocastanum and the lowest for Aesculus chinensis. A number of anatomical parameters of leaves were investigated, such as the thickness of the epidermal cell wall and the thickness of the palisade and spongy parenchyma layers. As a result, it was shown that the most infected chestnut species had a greater thickness of the nutritious parenchyma tissue. No dependence was found between the degree of susceptibility to the horse chestnut leaf miner and such indicators as the content of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids in the leaves of seven species of chestnuts. Nevertheless, resistance of different species of the genus Aesculus to Cameraria ohridella under increased tannin content in leaves has been shown. Evaluation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids has not established their reliable role as repellents. The high levels of carbohydrates found during the study contributed to increased susceptibility to the horse chestnut leaf miner.

Assessment of breeding and genetic parameters of milk productivity indicators of zebu cows-a prominent type of black-and-white breed

The article presents the results of an evaluation of the breeding and genetic parameters of milk productivity and breeding qualities of zeboid-type black-and-white cows. The level of coefficient of variability, interrelation and coefficient of heritability of indicators of dairy productivity of cows for the first, third and highest lactation in the herd of the Experimental station “Snegiri” — a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science “N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Istra district, Moscow region) has been established. Currently, the herd at the experimental station consists of hybrid cattle created by crossbreeding black-and-white cattle with various zeboid subspecies (New Zealand, Indian, Azerbaijani, and Cuban), as well as with purebred Holstein-Friesians. As a result of extensive breeding work involving distant hybridization, unique animals have been developed that exhibit increased disease resistance, significant adaptive potential, and are undemanding in terms of feed and housing conditions under intensive milk production technology. Generally, the milk from zeboidtype black-and-white cattle is characterized by a comparatively higher concentration of nutrients — fats, proteins, milk sugar, and essential amino acids. The high nutritional value of the milk, combined with the enhanced adaptive abilities, characterizes the zeboid-type black-and-white cattle as potentially valuable animals, making breeding work with them justifiably highly relevant. The evaluation of breeding and genetic parameters will help uncover the potential for milk productivity, determine the directions for breeding work, and adjust selection methods to further enhance production and improve the breeding qualities of this type of dairy cattle.

Development of parasite complexes in the ecosystem of the rose garden of the main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The article reports on studies (2011-2022) monitoring harmful organisms in the ecosystem of the rose garden of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The studies yielded data on the detection of pathogens and pests, as well as the phenotypic manifestation of pathologies and lesions. A total of 21 species of pathogens and 16 species of phytophages were identified. The species composition of harmful organisms in the ecosystem of the rose garden was defined. It is shown that at the initial stage (2011- 2013) of ecosystem establishment, no external signs of viral diseases were observed, and a low level of fungal infections was noted. The development of such harmful pathogens as Peronospora sparsa Jacz., Sphaerotheca pannosa Lev., Phragmidium disciflorum James, and Ph. tuberculatum Mull. was controlled by culling plants of susceptible varieties. The predominant pathogens included Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Died., Phyllosticta rosae Desm., and Septoria rosae Desm., and the susceptibility of specific varieties to these pathogens was established. The populations of pathogens causing spot anthracnose (Sphaceloma rosarum Pass.), ascochyta leaf spot (Ascochyta rosicola Sacc.), and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora rosicola Pass.) were slightly less common. A wide range of signs of viral infections was identified. Nine viruses belonging to five genera were detected. The frequency of their occurrence was analyzed, and the most common viruses were identified: Prunus necrotic ring spot ilarvirus, Apple mosaic ilarvirus, Tobacco ring spot nepovirus, and Arabis mosaic nepovirus. The species diversity of phytophages was noted: leaf beetles, snout beetles, leafroller moths, sawflies, blossom weevils, earwigs, moths, leafhoppers, aphids, and true bugs. It was found that damage to plants by a range of pests reached only an average level, except for individual varieties (Red Blanket and Prosperity). In general, the phytosanitary assessment of the rose gene pool of the garden according to the phytosanitary monitoring and integrated detection revealed a wide range of parasite complexes: fourteen types of pathogenic complexes, four types of entomological complexes, and five types of entomopathogenic complexes. The tactical and basic directions for control of harmful organisms in the ecosystem of the rose garden are discussed.

Discovery of the malacopathogenic nematode Pellioditis akhaldaba from the Caucasus in alien slugs in the Main Botanical Garden in Moscow

Summary A member of the genus Pellioditis Dougherty, 1953 (syn. Phasmarhabditis Andrássy, 1976) was detected in three introduced gastropod species in Moscow for the first time. Both the nematode and its gastropod hosts were found to have originated from the Caucasus region. No native gastropod species as well as the alien invasive slug Arion vulgaris were infected by P. akhaldaba. The Moscow strain of P. akhaldaba is very close to P. akhaldaba from Georgia in the ITS rDNA (7 bp difference) but they differ significantly in the sequences of COI mtDNA (50 bp difference). However, phylogenetic analysis of both loci showed that these two strains were the closest relative to all other species and strains of the genus Pellioditis studied.

Некоторые закономерности накопления микроэлементов в листьях липы (Tilia cordata Mill.) и берёзы (Betula alba L.)

The purpose of the work: to study the patterns of background accumulation of trace elements during the spring-summer-autumn season in the vegetative organs (leaves) of the heart-shaped linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and white birch (Betula alba L.). Samples were taken on the territory of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences during one season of 2018 from the same tree with an interval of 10–12 days, starting from the opening of the bud (end of April) right up to the time of leaf fall. Soil samples were also taken from birch and linden growing areas. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory of Chemical analytical methods of the GIN RAS using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INАA) and atomic absorption spectrometry of cold vapor (AA). The concentration of trace elements in the selected soil samples corresponds to the concept of “background” contents. Two types of trace elements’ distribution in linden and birch leaves during the season have been revealed. The first type is a uniform accumulation of trace elements with a maximum at the end of the season (Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Br, Sb, La). The second type of distribution is characterized by a maximum concentration of trace elements in the middle of the season with a decrease in concentration by the time of leaf fall (K, As, Zn, Cd, Pb). It should be noted that the range of changes in the concentration of trace elements during the season in both cases can reach 10–15 times. We recommend to take samples of vegetation (leaves) as soon as possible in the middle of the summer season, and to use samples taken at the same time in the same area as “background”.

Preservation of ex-situ gene pool of rare medicinal plant species in Kazakhstan

The approved “List of Medicinal Plants” consists of 278 medicinal plants used in official or traditional medicine. At the same time, 65 species have been listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. In the experimental medicinal plant collections located in the foothills of Zailiyskiy Alatau (in the Main Botanical Garden, Almaty), a total of 48 (74%) are indigenous medicinal herbs of Kazakhstan’s flora were grown over different years. A significant number of rare medicinal plant species of Kazakhstan (37 species), which is more than half of all tested ones, can be successfully grown. Eight of them are blooming and bearing fruit regularly and tree crops give real yields. Thirteen species of trees and shrubs have high adaptive abilities and were introduced at the expositions of the botanical garden. Sixteen species could bloom but not all of them produced seeds consistently. Introduction of 13 species are very difficult or unsuccessful, 17 species (26%) of the medicinal flora have not been tested in culture, mainly due to the known futility of cultivation in the open ground.

Plantas herbáceas com coloração foliar variegada, promissoras para paisagismo urbano

Abstract The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of a sample of variegate herbaceous species and cultivars (36 names) from the collection fund of the Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences. In the Poaceae Barnhart, Asteraceae Giseke, Lamiaceae Martinov and Saxifragaceae Juss. families have been found the largest number of genera containing species, which include forms with this leaf color. The analysis of data from long-term field experiments allowed us to assume the presence of a multidirectional influence of adaptive characteristics on the stability in the culture of different groups of introduced plants with variegate leaf color. Variegate plants are the most widely represented in the modern collection fund of the Laboratory of Ornamental Plants. For them, differences in stability in culture were revealed depending on the ratio of the differently colored parts of the leaf blade. Variegate plants have been studied according to their belonging to ecological groups, donor regions, life forms and the systematic status of natural ancestral species.

History of formation and analytical review of collection funds of the main botanical garden (Almaty)

History of formation and analytical review of collection funds of the main botanical garden (Almaty)

Morphobiological characteristics and essential oil of Rosmarinus Officinalis l. introduced in Absheron

During the study, Rosmarinus officinalis L., which was brought from the Crimean Main Botanical Garden and introduced, which is important as an essential oil medicinal plant, has been cultivated in Absheron conditions and the stages of ontogenesis have been monitored. Differences and common aspects in the growth and development of medicinal rosemary in age and period stages have been determined. At the same time, the amount of essential oil and its component composition have been clarified. The composition of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts (flowers and leaves) of Rozmarinus officinalis L. species is 18,468% α-pinene, 2,357% sabinene, 4,161% ß-pinene, 1,340% myrcene, 0,140% carene, 3,094% α-terpinene, 41,357% 1,8 cineol, 1,638 ß ocimene, 0,289% μ-terpinene,0,488% terpinolene, 2,646% linaol, 0,062%, nerol, 0,106% heraniol, 0,037% myrtenyl acetate, 0,227% citronellal butyrate, 0,077% α-terpinyl acetate, 0,181% neryl acetate, 0,055% 2phenylethyltiglate substances have been detected. As a result of the introduction work, Rozmarinus officinalis L, an endemic plant of the Mediterranean countries, has multiplied in the conditions of Absheron, and the adaptability of the species has been very high.

Biology and ecology of <i>Forestiera neo-mexicana</i> A. Gray and prospects for use in the Lower Volga region

The issues of expanding the assortment of tree and shrub forest plantations in afforestation of arid regions are studied. Forestiera neo-mexicana A. Gray is an introduced and under-recognized exotic tropical plant in the agroforestry of the Volgograd region. The study site was the collection plots of the Volgograd breeding and seed production complex in the Kirovsky district forestry of Volgograd where Forestiera neo-mexicana grows. Bioecological assessment of the use of Forestiera neo-mexicana A. Gray shrub in landscaping and protective afforestation of the Lower Volga region was carried out. Using the methodology of phenological observations developed by the staff of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), the total seed weight, morphometric indices of fruits and the dynamics of the physiological state of the shrub were determined. The bio-ecological properties were evaluated according to five traits: drought resistance (six-point scale of Pyatnitsky S.S.), winter hardiness (seven-point scale of the MBG RAS), evaluation of flowering and fruiting intensity by the method of V.G. Kapper (five-point scale), vitality (three-point scale). According to phenological observations, Forestiera neo-mexicana A. Gray passes all phenological phases in climatic conditions of the Volgograd region. In bioecological evaluation of the Forrestiera properties for five traits, the plant has a high score for flowering and fruiting intensity (5 points), vitality (5 points). The plant is winter hardy (1 point) and drought tolerant (1 point). Forestiera neo-mexicana A. Gray can be cultivated on the areas unsuitable for general land use, on pasture lands and can be used in protective forestry.

Introduction and breeding of shadbush in Russia and abroad

Shadbush is one of the underutilized berry crops. Originally, it was an ornamental crop, but now it is increasingly used as a food crop. Numerous species of shadbush belong to the genus Amelanchier Medik.; wild species grow in North America, Europe, as well as in Western and Eastern Asia, and each region has different species composition. The year of 1590 marked the beginning of introduction of wild shadbush species with the most valuable features to other countries. In the 19th century, the introduction of shadbush became most popular. In 1800, shadbush breeding was launched in Canada, and then in the USA. In 1937, the production of commercial varieties was established. At present, in Russia, the most productive work on introduction and breeding of shadbush is carried out in Michurinsk (All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture named after I.V. Michurin), Novosibirsk (Central Siberian Botanical Garden of SB RAS), and Moscow (N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden). Unfortunately, the assortment of shadbush varieties in Russia is still quite limited and is represented by only two varieties. In recent years, the development of methods of shadbush clonal micropropagation has been underway, which makes it possible to obtain planting material on an industrial scale and accelerate the reproduction of rare varieties.

Изучение фенотипических характеристик ретросортов Hemerocallis х hybrida hort. для их использования в образовательных и просветительских целях

This article presents the results of studying the variability of some phenotypic characteristics of retro cultivars of Hemerocallis x hybrida hort. under the influence of selective selection. The sample is formed from the collection fund of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the Main Botanical Garden RAS and includes cultivars created in different countries in the period from the middle of the XIX century to the early 1960s of the XX century. In the course of research, it was found that the most variable — in the composition of the studied morphometric signs of generative shoot — is the number of flowers on the peduncle. Its limits of variability are: 7 pc. (cultivar ‘Summer Pride’) and 23 pc. (cultivar ‘Frans Hals’), and the coefficient of variation is 30 %. At the same time, the number of simultaneously opened flowers on the peduncle changes insignificantly. The height of the generative shoot is also characterized by a significant amplitude of variability. The coefficient of variation is 21 %, the minimum and maximum sampling limits are 74,3 cm (cultivar ‘Frans Hals’) and 150,2 cm (cultivar ‘Autumn Red’). A high level of variability was also noted for the distance between the leaf level and the lower flower in the inflorescence: min = 2,7 (cultivar ‘Autumn Red’), max = 50,3 (cultivar ‘Kwanso’), the coefficient of variation is 63 %. Within the framework of the studied sample of retro cultivars H. x hybrida, the absence of a relationship between the height of the generative shoot and the size of the flowers (r = –0,11 for the length of the flower, (r = 0,03 for its width), as well as the distance between the leaf level and the lower flower in the inflorescence (r = 0,17) was revealed. In the course of studying the variability of the linear dimensions of the pericarp in the diameter of the flower, the presence of multidirectional breeding selection was noted, a tendency to its gradual decrease was revealed in the width of the flower. To realize the potential possibilities of using the studied sample of retro cultivars H. x hybrida for educational and educational purposes, options for their placement on the main territory of the Main Botanical Garden are proposed.

The experience of the primary introduction of Fritillaria karelinii in the Main botanical garden of Almaty

Botanical gardens play an important role in the study and conservation of plant genetic resources where the biological features and adaptive capabilities of the biomorphological diversity of the involved plant species are studied for the subsequent prediction of the success of their introduction. The object of research was the early flowering bulbous ephemeroid of the desert territories of southern Russia, Central and Central Asia Fritillaria karelinii (Fisch. ex D. Don) Baker (syn. Rhinopetalum karelinii Fisch. ex D. Don). Due to hard harvesting of the species in the territory of Kazakhstan, exported to China where Fritillaria karelinii bulbs are used in Chinese medicine, there was a real need to study the features and methods of growing this species in culture. In carrying out the research, generally accepted methods of introducing herbaceous plants were used. An analysis of literary sources showed the availability of limited information on the cultivation of the species in Russia and neighboring countries. We studied the introduction populations of Fritillaria karelinii attracted in different years from places of natural growth in the south-east of Kazakhstan. When introduced in the Main Botanical Garden of the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction (Almaty), the regrowth of the species begins in early March, 1-3 days after the snow cover melts. Flowering of the species in different years and in different populations begins in the first half of April, approximately 20 days after regrowth. The capsule is formed immediately after the flowering of the flower, the seeds ripen 40-50 days after flowering. The duration of the growing season of the species is 60-70 days. Attempts at seed propagation of Fritillaria karelinii undertaken by seeds from natural populations in autumn and spring did not give positive results. There is a clear trend towards a decrease in the total number and generative function of the introductory population as early as 2-3 years after its formation. The survival rate of the material depends both on the quality of the planted bulbs and the timing of their digging in natural populations.

Effect of Sun Exposure of the Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) on the Occurrence and Number of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The study of the leafmining moth of the chestnut miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dymić, 1986) was carried out through the planting of the common horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The effect of various degrees of insolation of horse chestnut plants on leaf morphology and the composition of secondary metabolites, as well as the relationship of these parameters with the number and density of C. ohridella populations during the growing season, was studied. The solar influence, it was noted, had a significant impact. Thus, the largest number of the pests was recorded on the leaves of the sunlit side of the tree crown, and the smallest on the leaves of the shady part of the crown. The low content of polyphenols in the pool of secondary metabolites in the tissues of the A. hippocastanum leaves did not deter C. ohridella and poorly protected the plants from this miner, while the significant content of carbohydrates in the leaves reduced the resistance of chestnut plants to damage by the Ohrid leaf miner.

Invasive Potential of Caucasian Plants Cultivated in the Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Invasive Potential of Caucasian Plants Cultivated in the Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Features of development of invasive species assessment and control protocols for different groups of plant communities

The study of invasive alien species is carried out on a large scale because the economic and ecological damage caused by biological invasions is enormous. However, no unified approach to describing invasive populations has been developed so far. In the framework of alien plant inventory in Russia, the authors have developed the “Invasive Species Assessment Protocol”, which is a tool for assessing, categorizing and including in the “black”-lists any invasive alien plant species according to its impact on native species and natural biodiversity over a large geographic area. “The Protocol” contains five basic elements of the inventory: 1) taxonomic affiliation, life form, and natural range of species; 2) ecological impact; 3) current distribution and population size; 4) trends in abundance of populations or its size; and 5) ability to control alien species dissemination. “Protocol” is presented as the special blank for description of local invasive population. The description is very brief but, if necessary, additional information about the process of invasion of each alien species can be added to it. Specific additions to the protocol for some national economic objects: railroads, introduction institutions, Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPNA) are offered. Examples of using the Protocol during the inventory of invasive species on the Trans-Siberian Railway, in the NV Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, and in the some Protected Natural Areas are given.

Рост туи западной (Thuja occidentalis L.) в дендрарии Главного ботанического сада им. Н.В. Цицина РАН по данным дендрохронологического анализа

The study materials of the White сedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) radial growth (the width of the annual ring) variability in the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden arboretum of the Russian Academy of Sciences are presented. The main patterns of short-term and long-term variability of radial growth are established, the influence peculiarities of meteorological parameters on the growth figures are revealed, a yield table of tree growth by trunk diameter is compiled. Based on the results of dendroclimatic analysis, recommendations for the care of plants are given. The results of dendroclimatic analysis were compared with the results of similar studies of White Cedar growth in the Mytishchi branch of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University arboretum.

Pavel Alexandrovich Baranov. A life for science and the motherland

The year 2022 marks the 130th anniversary of the birth and the 60th anniversary of the death of one of the most remarkable directors of a large number of botanical scientific institutions, Pavel Aleksandrovich Baranov. His life was devoted to the creation and development of the Central Asian State University (SAGU), the Botanical Institute of SAGU, the Pamir Biological Station and the Pamir Botanical Garden in Khorog, the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Central Asian Branch of the All-Union Institute of Plant Industry, etc. He has been a passionate fighter against Lysenkoism and propagandized advances in genetics.

Introduction, cultivar study and cultivar assessment of large-cupped and small-cupped narcissus in the conditions of the middle Volga Region

The article summarized the results of six-year (2016-2021) comprehensive introduction study of 21 cultivars of the Narcissus x hybridus hort. collection of Cheboksary Branch of the MBG RAS in order to determine the most promising for cultivation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Volga region. During the research, we were guided by the methodological recommendations of the Floriculture Department of the Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin RAS. According to the unified international classification of cultivated varieties of narcissus, the studied cultivars belong to two groups – large-cupped (17 cultivars) and small-cupped (4 cultivars). Records and observations have established that the majority of collection cultivars (16) bloom in the middle term (28.IV10.V), 3 cultivars in the late (11-21.V). The ‘Binkie’ cultivar is classified as mid-early (26.IV-4.V), the ‘Blaris’ cultivar is classified as mid-late (5-14.V). It was revealed that the cultivars – ‘Binkie’, ‘Home Fires’ and ‘Hyperion’ have a short flowering period – 8-12, 7-13 days. The longest flowering periods (more than 2 weeks) were noted of cultivars – ‘Pink Fancy’ (1517 days), ‘Daydream’ (15-19), ‘Agathon’ (15-20). The data of decorative and economic and biological indicators of collection cultivars are determined. The decorative qualities of the introduced cultivars were evaluated on a 100-point scale, while taking into account the color, size and shape of the flower, the length and strength of the peduncle, productivity and duration of flowering, aroma, originality, condition of plants. As a result of the conducted research, 9 cultivars with high decorative qualities and total scores of more than 90 points were identified – ‘Amor’ (94 points), ‘Ice Follies’ (94), ‘Snow Princess’ (94), ‘Mercato’ (93), ‘Passionale’ (93), ‘Hyperion’ (92), ‘Daydream’ (91), ‘Florissant’ (91), ‘White Plume’ (91). The economic and biological characteristics of Narcissus x hybridus hort. cultivars were evaluated on a 50-point scale, taking into account their reproductive ability, resistance to diseases and pests, unfavourable climatic factors. With the exception of two cultivars ‘Home Fires’ (35 points) and ‘Curly’ (37), all other samples scored a total of more than 40 points, which indicates their high economic and biological characteristics. According to the sum of the assessments for decorative and economic and biological signs, promising cultivars with complex scores of more than 135 points were established: large-cupped – ‘Binkie’, ‘Florissant’, ‘Ice Follies’, ‘Mercato’, ‘Passionale’, ‘Tinker’, ‘White Plume’; small-cupped – ‘Amor’, ‘Snow Princess’. These cultivars are distinguished by large, beautifully shaped flowers with original coloring, pleasant aroma, resistant to lodging peduncles, equalized plantings, simultaneous and prolonged flowering, resistance to diseases and pests, adverse environmental factors, high flowering productivity and reproductive ability and are recommended for use in landscaping in the Middle Volga region.

Перспективы промышленного плантационного выращивания древогубцев (Celastrus L., Celastraceae ) как источников лекарственного сырья и биологически активных веществ

Natural biologically active substances from plants are promising stimulants or inhibitors of various physiological conditions in animals and humans. Bittersweet (Celastrus L.) is a large liana that produces a significant amount of leaves, a rapidly growing renewable source of raw materials. The medicinal properties of Celastrus are currently poorly understood, and its medical use is limited to traditional use in Asia and North America. Data on agronomic techniques for the cultivation of the plants are very fragmentary and need to be generalised for the further possibility of their plantation cultivation as valuable medicinal plants. In order to select cultivars, the presence of Celastrus species in botanical gardens in the European part of Central Russia was surveyed and the most promising species were selected. Six Celastrus taxa are recommended as the most stable and best studied for possible plantation cultivation: C. rugosus, C. flagellaris, C. scandens, C. strigillosus, C. orbiculatus and C. orbiculatus var. punctatus. The results of phenological observations of the species in the arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden of the RAS were summarized and original observations were made. It was shown that leaf growth follows a sigmoid curve. Leaf growth is rapid until mid-May and then slows down for about a month. By early June the leaves are close to their final size and by the second decade of June leaf growth is complete. Flowering was found to begin in most taxa in the third decade of May and end in the second decade of June, with fruit ripening in plants of all taxa in mid-October. Plant propagation can be either vegetative, by green stem cuttings or root cuttings, or by seed with pre-stratification. On the basis of literature data on the cultivation of Celastrus species and woody lianas in general, as well as original observations of the plants, a flow chart for the cultivation of Celastrus has been compiled.