Main Actors Research Articles

Mutations of customary law and state law in the south of Mozambique: paths of hybridisation on gender and family matters

This paper departs from the sociolegal study about the “Norms and Practices of local populations in Conflict Resolution and Access to Law and Justice”. Specifically, we will focus the Chókwè district, in the south of Mozambique, on the social space of the family, namely the paths of hybridisation on gender and family matters, in three main topics: the norms and practices in the family social space, pointing out the tensions between customary law and state law in a context of legal pluralism; the identification and analysis of the norms and practices and the main actors involved on this conflict resolution, by drawing a map of instances and their interactions; and different paths of hybridization between customary law and state law reflected on the practices related in the fieldwork. We argue that Chókwè reflects an emergence of a new Mozambican configuration of legal pluralism in family matters – a composed Local Law.

Social Impacts in the Supply Chain of a Cement Industry

Social impacts have been discussed within the mining supply chain. To research the complexity of the mineral supply chain (SC), which involves the sustainability of mineral resources and related products, the paradox perspective is adequate, as it offers an opportunity to deepen the nature of tensions and how to manage them to advance sustainability. The cement industry is part of the mineral industry and is fundamental to the socioeconomic development of countries. This study investigates: How do the social impacts of the process of closing an operation in the mineral SC occur? To answer this question, we investigate the source of such impacts and their relationship with the tensions and paradoxes of sustainability, from the perspective of the local community. A case study was conducted, with interviews, observation, and document analysis. The results present emerging categories of social impact in the post-closure context. The study presents the interaction between social impact and paradoxical tensions, which highlights the power disparity between agents. In addition, it demonstrates the types of tensions that generate social impact between the main actors: the focal company, the supply chain, the government, and the community.

Power Dynamics of Cross-Border Conflict in Lebanon and Syria

This paper identifies the main conflict actors in cross-border conflict across Lebanon and Syria as being Hezbollah and the Syrian Arab Armed Forces, and highlights the power hierarchies between those actors as well as between them and ordinary people in those border regions. The paper shows that in those two countries, both state and non-state actors (de factor authorities) are the main conflict actors who are invested in the conflict status quo that they profiteer from—the state is therefore also part of the problem. The paper additionally argues that there is a need to understand hierarchies of power among conflict actors and how they position local communities at the bottom of the conflict economy pyramid. The paper shows that local communities end up entangled in the conflict economy for the sake of economic coping and survival. Often, both conflict actors and local communities act pragmatically rather than ideologically for the sake of economic survival or gain, but conflict actors trap local communities in the coping economy by removing alternatives, cultivating relationships of dependency by coping communities on major conflict actors. The paper uses these conclusions to present recommendations for conflict response policies. The paper is published as part of the Cross-Border Conflict, Policy and Trends (XCEPT) research programme funded by UK International Development.

Plan de manejo basado en ecosistemas para el santuario Chenkan, Campeche

The objective of this work was to design an ecosystem-based management plan for the Chenkan Beach Sanctuary, located in the municipality of Champoton, state of Campeche, using as methodology the twelve principles of the ecosystem approach mentioned by Shepherd (2006) grouped into the following steps: determination of the main actors, characterization of the structure and function of the ecosystem, identification of the relevant economic aspects that will affect the ecosystems and their inhabitants, determination of the probable impact of the ecosystem on adjacent ecosystems and decision of long-term goals and flexible mechanisms to achieve them. The results obtained indicate that the Chenkan Beach Sanctuary was named a protected natural area due to the great variety of species that are at risk, which are registered in the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 and because it is a nesting site for the hawksbill turtle and the green turtle. It was found that the place has erosion problems that put the nesting sites at risk and that various anthropogenic activities have altered the ecosystems causing the turtles to have to migrate to find a new suitable site to nest. Based on all these problems, proposals are put forward to help mitigate the existing problems in the area. Keywords: Chenkan Beach, environmental problems, ecosystem services, ecosystem approach.

Sustainable urban development policies and practices in the United States

Sustainability approaches have a special significance in terms of ensuring a long-term and balanced multi-dimensional urban development. The purpose of the study is to reveal and describe the main features of sustainable urban development in the United States in terms of urban policymaking and practical implementation. In the theoretical part of the paper, various interpretations of sustainable urban development and sustainable cities were discussed and summarized. Meanwhile, a brief description of the current state of global urbanization processes was given. Through secondary data analysis (governmental reports, descriptions of missions and target activities, legislative acts, etc.), comparison and generalization, the main actors (governmental bodies at federal level) and priorities of the U.S. urban policy with a special focus on sustainability were identified and discussed. In addition, the framework of the U.S. sustainable urban development policymaking was suggested and generalized. Different city rankings (based on sustainable development goals, green development, etc.) reveal the leading role of Pacific Coast urban areas, Washington D.C., Boston and New York City in terms of urban sustainability practices. Various urban innovations are implemented in the same and other urban areas, promoting the further development of smart sustainable city concept in the United States.

Phosphorous metabolism and manipulation in chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a syndrome commonly observed in subjects with impaired renal function. Phosphate metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CKD-MBD and according to the phosphorocentric hypothesis may be the key player in the pathogenesis of these abnormalities. As phosphorous is an essential component for life, absorption from the bowel, accumulation and release from the bones, and elimination through the kidneys are all homeostatic mechanisms that maintain phosphate balance through very sophisticated feedback mechanisms, which comprise as main actors: vitamin D (VD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calciproteins particles (CPPs), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and other phosphatonins and klotho. Indeed, as the renal function declines, factors such as FGF-23 and PTH prevent phosphate accumulation and hyperphosphatemia. However, these factors per se may be responsible for the organ damages associated with CKD-MBD, such as bone osteodystrophy and vascular calcification. We herein review the current understanding of the CKD-MBD focusing on phosphorous metabolism and the impact of phosphate manipulation on surrogate and hard outcomes.

Public debate about the model change in Hungarian higher education: The representation of radical changes in university governance in Hungary in politically opposing online newspapers between 2019 and 2021

The Hungarian higher education (HE) system went through a transformation, the so-called “model change” in the last years. During this process, the majority of public HE institutions were transformed into institutions maintained by private foundations. This paper focuses on the media representation of this transformation by analysing all relevant articles about the transformation (169 in total), published between 2019 and 2021 from two of the most active online journals on the topic representing the main opposite political sides (mno.hu and hvg.hu). Our analysis reveals the main actors as well as the arguments for and against the model change. The media representation in the Hungarian context is particularly important because there was not any governmental White Paper about the process. Therefore, Hungarian media served as the primary source of information to the public about the goals (and later the critiques) of the model change. However, the inner structures of the pros and cons expose how the two sides talk at cross-purposes, with minimal reactions to the arguments of the ‘other side’. This resulted in „monologizing” instead of any real dialogue.

The Role of Public Figures amidst Indonesia’s Early Social Restrictions Policy on Twitter (X): A Social Network Analysis

The Government of Indonesia implemented large-scale social restrictions (Indonesian: Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, abbreviated as PSBB) following the first confirmed cases of COVID-19. Due to social media role in information propagation, this decision quickly became a trending topic on Twitter. This study investigates the main actors and the dynamics of these discussions surrounding PSBB. Utilizing RStudio software, tweets containing the keyword „psbb“ and the hashtag #psbb were mined as of May 6, 2020. The data were analyzed and compared with research conducted during May 2020. Key findings include the significant role of the musician Fiersa Besari in shaping discussions about social restrictions, the emergence of seven major opinion leaders, and the prominence of online news outlets like detikcom and CNN Indonesia in the conversation. Additionally, the study highlights critical commentary from actors affiliated with the Democratic Faction of the Indonesian House of Representatives regarding the government‘s social restrictions policies. These findings provide insights into the network dynamics and public opinion on social restrictions during the early social restrictions policy in Indonesia.

Development of Science Diplomacy in the MENA Region: Priorities and Prospects for Cooperation with Russia on the Example of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates

Introduction. The development of science diplomacy is aimed at promotion of a state’s interests in the international arena. Russia is striving to strengthen cooperation in the field of scientific and technological development, humanitarian exchange with such MENA countries as Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are of significant interest to Russia due to the long-standing forms of cooperation with them. The main purpose of this study is to identify science diplomacy actors, visually present them taking into consideration the process of science development in these countries and determine prospects of cooperation with Russia. Materials and Methods. In their study, the authors used data from open sources, Russian Federal State Statistics Service reports, UNESCO Science reports, World Bank database. The analysis of development of international science and technology cooperation in the three MENA countries was carried out. The authors used the descriptive method to present the main actors of science diplomacy and visually provide the science diplomacy systems. The developed models of science diplomacy of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates enable Russia to identify the priorities in the field of science diplomacy in the context of geopolitical challenges. Results. The study identified the potential partners of Russia in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt to strengthen international science and technology cooperation. The prospects for cooperation with these countries are fixed in the mutual agreements with Russia. The authors studied the policy of these countries in the field of international scientific and technical cooperation, considered strategic directions for the development of science diplomacy. The created models of science diplomacy reflect the main actors of science diplomacy, as well as the current interrelationship between the three MENA countries and Russia in the field of science and technology. The value of this research lies in the preparation of an extensive analytical base that helps to identify potential partners for Russia among the MENA countries, as well as identify key strategies and directions to stimulate the growth of cooperation and knowledge exchange. Discussion and Conclusion. The research has shown that in the studied Arab countries, there is an active development of scientific diplomacy. The governments of these countries are increasingly turning to science to solve political problems. The MENA region has extensive resources and scientific potential, which makes it attractive for scientific cooperation. The analysis of cooperation with these countries made it possible to identify key strategies and priorities to stimulate the growth of cooperation and knowledge exchange between the MENA countries and Russia.

ANALISIS PERBEDAAN SISTEM PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN PADA MASA SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KABUPATEN MALANG

The agricultural extension system is a whole series of development of abilities, knowledge, skills and attitudes of main actors and business actors through extension. The agricultural extension system in Indonesia has experienced quite dynamic ups and downs since the COVID-19 pandemic hit this country. The extension system has changed in line with the policies taken by the government in response to Covid-19. This research aims to determine the effect of differences in agricultural extension systems before and during COVID-19 in the Malang Regency. This research method is descriptive qualitative with data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling. The research analysis results show significant differences in the agricultural extension system before and during COVID-19 in Malang Regency. During the pandemic, there have been significant changes in agricultural extension methods. Online methods and information technology are increasingly dominant, while face-to-face meetings have decreased drastically. Even though online methods are increasing, there are challenges in information accessibility for some farmers, especially farmers who live in rural areas with limited technological infrastructure. Farmer participation in extension activities tends to decrease during the pandemic. Factors such as technological limitations, unstable internet connections, and difficulty understanding online material are the main causes. The Covid-19 pandemic has also had a significant economic impact on farmers. The main challenges faced by farmers during the pandemic are limited market access, increasing prices of agricultural inputs, and decreasing selling prices for agricultural products.

Political Economy of Skill Formation and Gender Bias in Skills and Employment in Hierarchical Market Economies: The Case of Thailand

Abstract Skills are, in large part, the product of deliberate investment by various actors, including employers and states, rather than something coming into being spontaneously through individual choices and endeavors alone. The divergent political economy of skill formation has been rigorously examined, focusing mainly on advanced capitalist economies. However, both theoretical and empirical research on the political economy of skill formation of developing economies is surprisingly scarce. Examining the skill formation system of an emerging economy, Thailand, the author finds that the main actors, power distribution, and their dynamics for skill formation and governance are distinct from the economies outlined before but can be explained through the framework of the hierarchical market economy (hme) model. Drawing on recent studies highlighting gendered perspectives on skill regimes, this paper further examines whether and how Thailand’s hme-type skill formation system affects gender bias in skills and employment. The analysis shows that the dominance of conglomerates and multinationals intensifies the prioritization of general skills. The author claims that Thailand’s focus on promoting general skills that are portable and less vulnerable to intermittent labor market participation contributes to less occupational segregation by gender.

The determinants of data use practice for instructional practice in higher education

PurposeAn evidence-based approach to improving instructional practices and student outcomes in data use. It is a systematic process of evaluating and analysing learning problems, collecting and transforming various types of data into instructional decisions, and implementing informed actions to improve instruction and student learning. Since teachers are the main actors in instructional practices, this article reports on a study aimed at predicting the influence of various teachers’ characteristics on the degree of data use practices for instructional purposes.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, we conducted a survey in a developing country to gather primary data. The collected data were analysed using a supervised machine learning approach, focussing on decision tree analysis, to determine the influential factors.FindingsOur investigation identifies pedagogical knowledge, data literacy, content knowledge, knowledge of English for teaching and attitudes towards data as crucial determinants in predicting the intensity of such data use practices. Notably, pedagogical knowledge emerges as the most potent predictor, emphasising its pivotal role in shaping teachers’ frequency of instructional data use practices. Surprisingly, English proficiency does not exhibit a significant influence in this predictive model.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings may not be generalisable to a wider context since this study relied on a relatively small teacher self-reported sample collected through surveys, and, as this study used perception data, this may or may not reflect teachers’ actual knowledge and skills.Practical implicationsBy spotlighting the nuanced interplay between teacher individual characteristics and the practice of data use for instructional improvement, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the factors shaping teachers’ engagement with data. Ultimately, it provides a foundation for targeted interventions and strategies aimed at fostering a culture of evidence-based practices to improve instruction and consequently student learning outcomes within educational settings.Social implicationsThis insight holds significant implications for policymakers, educational practitioners and providers of professional development programmes seeking to facilitate effective data use practices for instructional improvement.Originality/valueBy spotlighting the nuanced interplay between teacher individual characteristics and the practice of data use for instructional purposes, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the factors shaping teachers’ engagement with data. This study represents an empirical examination of such factors by employing a quantitative approach: a flexible decision tree analysis. This contributes to a growing body of research on factors related to teacher characteristics and much of the research in the field of data use has been done using a qualitative approach.

Enhanced Transcription of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and TRIM28 Downregulation in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes patients affected by Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. IBD is thought to be a chronic immune-mediated disease, but its origin remains elusive, and this limits new therapeutic approaches. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) originate from ancestral infections and represent 8% of the human genome. HERVs are no longer infectious, but some retroviral sequences can be activated, and their aberrant expressions have been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. HERV transcription is regulated by TRIM28 and SETDB1, which are also directly involved in epigenetic processes and modulation of the immune response. Using a PCR real-time Taqman amplification assay, we assessed, for the first time, the transcription levels of pol genes of HERV-H, -K, and -W families of env genes of syncytin 1 (SYN1), SYN2, and HERV-W, as well as of TRIM28 and SETDB1 in the whole blood of 48 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 20 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and in healthy controls (HC) of comparable age. The transcriptional levels of HERV-H-pol (p = 0.0003) and HERV-K-pol (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in IBD patients compared with HC, with no differences between patients with CD and UC. No significant differences were found for the remaining HERVs between IBD patients and HC. The transcript levels of TRIM28 were significantly downregulated in IBD patients (p < 0.001), without differences between CD and UC, while the SETDB1 levels were preserved. The enhanced transcription of HERV-H-pol and HERV-K-pol, as well as the impaired activation of TRIM28, were not influenced by clinical disease activity and type of treatment. The overexpression of HERVs and impaired transcription of TRIM28 in patients affected by CD or UC suggest that they might be the main actors in the pathophysiology of IBD, opening the way to innovative targeted interventions.

Only reflecting the industry or critical reporting? News coverage about sustainable finance in Germany

With the increasing need to channel financial capital to reach the sustainable development goals, various actors (political, financial and NGOs) are trying to place their perspectives in the public sphere. Previous research has mainly focused on the coverage of climate change in the news media, whereas the financial aspect of transitioning our society to a net-zero future has often been overseen. This study manually content-analysed 479 news articles in Germany to find out about the main topics, actors and representation of sustainable finance (SF) in the news media. Findings show that media coverage has steadily increased since 2019, with a strong focus on European politics and political actors in Germany. Whereas differences across news outlets were identified, SF was overall mainly presented in a positive tone with advantageous characteristics, pointing out the positive performance of sustainable investments. The findings imply a predominance of neo-capitalistic representations of SF in the news that forego a more critical, differentiated and diversified discussion of the role of finance and the economy in transforming our society towards carbon-neutrality.

Computational Analysis of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Workflow: From T-Cell Isolation to Bioinformatics Analysis.

The T-cell receptor (TCR) is the key molecule involved in the adaptive immune response. It is generated by the V(D)J recombination, responsible of the enormous diversity of the TCR repertoire, a crucial feature determining the individual capability to response to antigens and to build immunological memory. A pivotal role in the recognition of antigen is played by the hypervariable complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the V-beta chain of TCR. Investigating the CDR3 supports the understanding of the adaptive immune system dynamics in physiological processes, such as immune aging, and in disease, especially autoimmune disorders in which T cells are main actors. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) paved the way for a great progress in the investigation of TCR repertoire, enhancing the read depth in the process of library generation of sequencing and the number of samples that can be analyzed simultaneously. Therefore, the leverage of big datasets stressed the need to develop computational approach, by bioinformatics, to unravel the characteristics of the TCR repertoire.

Assessment of Garcinia kola Heckl value chain and its contribution to the livelihoods of local populations in Eastern Cameroon

The value chain analyses of a product can provide vital information for improving the production, value addition, market organization and boost the contribution of the product to the income of the stakeholders involved. Hence, this study was carried out on the Garcinia kola value chain in Belabo, Cameroon. Twenty-three focus group discussions were held, and semi-structured surveys were administered to 135 stakeholders engaged in the G. kola value chain in the Belabo municipality. The results reveal that nuts, barks, and roots are the main parts collected. The nuts are marketed without processing while the barks and roots are consumed directly, marketed or processed into powder before consumption and marketing. G. kola value chain in Belabo has two levels of structuring, rural and urban. Nuts are sold by the unit or in buckets corresponding to the kilogram, with the price per nut ranging from 0.4 to 1.70 USD, depending on whether you're in the rural or urban market. It also varies according to production season and nut size. Barks and roots are sold all year round, generally in piled strips weighing approximately 100 g, with prices ranging from 0.17 to 1.75 USD on the rural and urban markets, respectively. The main stakeholders involved in the value chain are collectors/harvesters, local traders, retailers and wholesalers. Marketing provides more income to wholesalers and retailers, contributing over 35 % and 20 % to their annual income and less than 30 % and 15 %, respectively, to those of collectors and local traders. The major problems the G. kola value chain in this locality is facing are the attack of the product by weevils (24 % of citation), poor storage facilities and deforestation (14 %), price fluctuation, and lack of market (13.33 and 11.85 %). In Belabo, the marketing of G. kola is not profitable for the collectors, who are the main actors in the production chain characterized by rudimentary processing, poor storage and preservation techniques high marketing. The organization of the different stakeholder into association would help to better structuring the G. kola value in Belabo are the two main opportunities for improving the G. kola value chain with the potential of increase its contribution to the livelihoods of the different main stakeholders involved. In addition, policymakers should consider initiating innovations to boost production, support conservation, processing and price regulation to scale up economic and environmental benefits from G. kola.

UP-CLOSE AND SOCIAL RISKS IN DISTANCE HIGHER EDUCATION: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF EMERGENCY REMOTE TEACHING EXPERIENCES

Education is both an institutional process and a set of conscious actions. Since its institutionalization, education has been viewed not only as an act of acquiring knowledge, but also as a socialization process. The traditional understanding of education, which views socialization as the its main purpose in addition to acquiring knowledge and shapes education policies accordingly, has emerged as a multi-dimensional sphere of discussion within “distance education”, which has become almost mandatory today with Covid-19. This study aims to examine the problem areas of distance education experienced with Covid-19 by using an interdisciplinary approach in a psychological, sociological, and socio-psychological framework. To examine the subject in-depth and make analytical generalisations, the research reflects the opinions of the main actors, students, and faculty members, as well as the researchers’ observations, in addition to the experts on the subject. The data analysis was conducted through the subjective evaluation of the researchers’ own experiences and the content analysis of teacher and student opinions. The results reflect that education is not only an activity of acquiring knowledge but also a socialization process, the educational bureaucracy and environment make a significant contribution to the socialization of students, and that distance education can only be used as a supportive model. Education isolated from real life that does not contribute to the socialization processes of students may bring important psychological and social problems.

Spatial patterns of electoral support in the 2023 general election in Poland

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This article focuses on identifying the spatial patterns of electoral support for the main political actors, and searching for adequate determinants that explain this distribution of support, based on the results of the 2023 general election in Poland. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Is there a relationship between the basic morphological features of the voting space in Poland and the hierarchy of the settlement structure, along with the arrangement of regions associated with the country’s historical and political heritage? The methods used in the study include analysis of descriptive statistics, estimation of spatial autocorrelation, discriminant analysis, and cartographic methods. PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The research process involves a two-stage procedure: 1) identifying a general picture of spatial variation in electoral support for selected groupings, and basic clustering patterns of electoral support; and 2) estimating links between the observed patterns of support and their presumed determinants; that is, the country’s settlement hierarchy and historical-political divisions. RESEARCH RESULTS: The spatial variability of the support indicators is characterised by a distinctive territorial distribution, based on the units of the settlement system and the boundaries of former historical divisions. The nature of this linkage indicates the changing layout of the voting space, associated with the increasing polarisation of citizens’ political preferences. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The current pattern of urban-rural differentiation is related to the different preferences of metropolitan (over 20,000 inhabitants) and rural or small-town (up to 20,000 inhabitants) communities. The east-west heterogeneity of Poland’s voting space is increasing due to similarities of preferences among the inhabitants of former Austrian and Russian Poland, on the one hand, and Prussian Poland and the Recovered Territories, on the other.

Categorising inclusive education and disability narratives, actors and expertise on Instagram, YouTube and Twitter

Social networks play a relevant role in the construction of narratives on disability and inclusive education. This paper categorises the themes of the most viral publications on Instagram, YouTube and Twitter X, with a twofold objective: to identify the social actors associated with them and to comparatively analyse the value of thematic use for the three digital platforms. Social listening techniques developed using the Twitter X API and web scraping techniques for Instagram and YouTube are applied to store the publications with the keywords education, inclusion and/or disability in Spanish and English. The database consists of 100,091 posts captured from October 2021 to September 2022, a full year. Subsequently, the 100 most viral publications from each social network are selected and a content analysis is applied. The results show a tendency towards thematic specialisation: Instagram defines the demand for rights and disseminates empathetic attitudes; YouTube collects experiences of good practices in informal contexts with a reflective function; Twitter X disseminates reports on the barriers and prejudices experienced by people with disabilities with a critical tone. The main social actors are diverse and varied with different profiles, therapists, politicians and parents with children with disabilities, among others. The impact of the narratives to face the new educational challenges that require an understanding of the network to establish long-term strategies for building a critical digital citizenship is discussed.

From Policy Advisors to Transfer Agents: Understanding the Role of Policy Advisors in the Circulation of Good Governance Principles in the Global South

By the moment policy advisory system (PAS) gains field as a scientific object in public policy; different studies on the subject explore its importance in political systems. They reveal that PAS provides a significant support to public policy decision for central and local governments, thereby highlighting its impact in decision and policy-making process within these systems. While agreeing with this evidence, the present paper focuses on the role of Policy Advice Actors (PAA) in the diffusion and transfer of good governance principles at the international level. The aim of this paper is therefore to contribute to the debate on the multiple facets of policy advisory system in Africa by analyzing the dynamics of policy advisors in policy decision. It eventually tries to link PAS to policy diffusion and highlights how the PAS is being used by these actors to crystallize their knowledge and ideas into different political systems. The present paper is a qualitative analysis based on empirical evidence and the existing literature on the issue in Africa and particularly in Cameroon. Henceforth, it is argued that policy transfer especially diffusion is an important mechanism of PAS in the global south, of course as external policy advice is concerned, international organizations that constitute the main actors of this system are engaged into providing global solution for southern countries rather than policy innovation. Despite this evidence these actors may somehow be confronted to different degrees of complexity into the local context.