Mahogany Wood Research Articles

Evaluation of the Extract Obtained from Various Medicinal and Aromatic Plants “Antibacterial and antioxidant” in the Wood Industry

Throughout the history of mankind, various plants (medicinal aromatics etc.) have been used naturally to prevent all diseases, or they have been used in a wide range of fields, especially in the pharmaceutical industry, by cultivating in agriculture/greenhouse areas. However, as a result of the protection and coloring of the wood material by chemically, especially the indoor contamination causes negative effects on human health. The main objective of this study is to use the wooden product in wooden child toys, hospitals, sterile areas, pharmacies, wood-based materials used in the kitchen (fork, knife, serving plates and chopping boards etc.), playgrounds, dining table surfaces, nursery and kindergarten furniture, beehives etc. In addition, it will be recommended to use on all surfaces where there is an antibacterial / antioxidant effect, as well as on the surfaces with collective contact such as door handles, cabinet handles, elevator buttons and cash dispenser keys. In research, extracts of Evelik (Rumex patientia L.) and Çakşır (Ferula comunis L.) herbs (1% concentration) from medicinal aromatic plants were prepared and spruce and mahogany wood were used as wood type. According to ASTM D 143-76 principles, retention and bending resistance properties were determined by impregnation according to the results of the experiment, the highest retention (0.55%) and bending strength (100.20 N/mm2) were determined in Evelik plant and the optimum increase was determined when the results were compared with the control sample.

Pengaruh Variasi Tekanan Terhadap Kerapatan, Kadar Air Dan Laju Pembakaran Pada Biobriket Limbah Kayu Mahoni

Abstract— The use of biomass from mahogany wood waste briquettes as a substitute fuel for oil and gas requires briquette technology. Mahogany wood briquette is able to convert into fuel with a fairly good conversion efficiency, high density and ease of storage and distribution. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pressure variations on the density, moisture content and rate of burning of mahogany wood waste briquettes. The process of making charcoal biobriquettes begins with the carbonization process with a temperature of 400 ̊C, then smoothed and sieved with a size of 80 mesh - 100 to get the same size, and using tapioca adhesive 30% of the weight of the mixture. The mixture is put into a molding machine and then printed with a pressure of 80 kg/cm2, 115 kg/cm2, 150 kg/cm2, and 185 kg/cm2. Charcoal biobriquettes are dried in an oven at 105 ̊C for 1 hour. In this research, the mass density and moisture content of the mahogany wood waste met the Indonesian biobriquette standards, the results of this study obtained the higher density of 0,55 g/cm3at a pressure of 150 kg/cm2. The results lowest water content of 47,2% at a pressure of 185 kg/cm2. The lowest combustion rate is 0,257 g/min at a pressure of 185 kg/cm2. Keywords—: mahoni wood waste; pressure; moisture content; combustion rate.

INFLUENCE OF WOOD SAW DUST AND WASTE GLASS ADMIXTURE ON SELECTED PROPERTIES OF FIRED CLAY BRICKS FOR MASONRY

This study investigated the effect of mahogany wood sawdust (WSD) and waste glass (WG) addition on the properties and cost of producing fired clay bricks for construction of houses. Materials used were clay, WSD and WG. Brick samples were produced in batches and labeled as samples A (with no additives), B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Each sample of B, C, D, E, F, G and H contained 5% fixed amount of WSD, and 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% of WG respectively. Brick samples produced were tested for apparent porosity, bulk density, compressive and flexural strengths, thermal conductivity and wear. Results obtained showed that as waste glass content increased in the samples, bulk density and compressive strength increased due to enhancement of densification and compaction within the samples. Thermal conductivity also increased as waste glass increased due to reduction in porosity and reduced inter-particle distance. The value of flexural strength increased with WG content but at 35% and 40%, the value reduced. This is as a result of an increase in brittleness as waste glass content increased which increased stress concentration in the samples, hence leading to a reduction in flexural strength. Also, it was observed that the increase in the content of the waste glass led to a reduction in the value of apparent porosity and wear depth due to improved cohesion between particles in the bricks. Comparing results obtained with existing standards and considering the cost of production, 5% WSD and 25% WG addition, with apparent porosity of 26.3%, compressive strength of 17.5 MPa, thermal conductivity of 0.32 W/mk and wear depth of 1.72 mm is recommended for construction purposes.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) DALAM PROSES PENILAIAN KINERJA PEMASOK

Supplier performance appraisal is an important decision in a company, because it will increase the company's competitiveness in the face of highly competitive business competition. PT. JQK is currently selecting suppliers who will supply mahogany wood raw materials with five suppliers, namely Manggala Jati, UD. Jati Mukti, “Mukti” Teak Wood Shop, Gunung Hijau, and Indah Sentosa. In this study, the best supplier performance assessment used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. This method is based on the concept of pairwise comparison for each existing hierarchy in the existing hierarchical structure. The criteria used in this selection are 3 criteria and 6 sub-criteria that support each criterion. The criteria that can be used for supplier performance assessment are time, quality, and price. Sub-criteria that can be used in evaluating supplier performance are on time delivery, lead time, specifications of raw materials, quantity of raw materials, purchase price of raw materials, and transportation costs. Based on calculations using the AHP method, the supplier with the best value is the “Indah Sentosa” supplier, whose value is 0.344 or 34.420%.

Effects of density on colour and gloss variability changes of wood induced by heat treatment

AbstractThe influence of heat treatment severity (resulting from temperature) on the colour and gloss distribution changes of mahogany wood, and the effects of wood density on the responses to heat treatment were evaluated. The wood timbers with different densities were treated at 150°C to 200°C with an interval of 10°C and duration of 4 hours for heat treatment schedules. The colour parameters (lightness L*, red‐green axis value a*, yellow‐blue axis value b*) and gloss (parallel and perpendicular to the grain) values of heat‐treated wood were determined. The distributions of colour and gloss were analyzed using a frequency counts method. Results show that heat treatment resulted in the distinct decrease in L* and b*, while almost no change in a* for mahogany wood. The lower gloss values were obtained in the wood after heat treatment. The colour and gloss uniform on the exposed surface of the wood was improved due to heat treatment. Heat‐treatment induced colour and gloss changes were more effective in the samples with lower density. The effects of density on the colour and gloss variability in the original wood were reduced by heat treatment, and this reduction was more distinct at high heat treatment temperature. The total gloss change was found to be highly correlated with the total colour change of heat‐treated wood.

Preparation of Fe–Zn Alloy Biomaterials and Its Effect on Anxiety and Depression of Patients with Coronary Disease After Treatment

Relieving anxiety and depression after coronary heart disease surgery is a difficult challenge, and music electroacupuncture can reduce the negative impact of postoperative anxiety and depression on patients. In the study, first, biodegradable materials are studied, the Fe–Zn alloys with different Zn content are prepared by electroforming, and the composition of the electroforming alloy is controlled by changing the composition of the electroforming solution. Because the plant fiber is cheap, and as a reinforcing material, it can endow the composite material with complete degradation properties, Fe–Zn alloy/fiber composite biomaterials are generated in the study. In the experiment, the tensile modulus of the composite is tested first, mahogany wood is selected as the comparative material of the instrument panel, and the feasibility of the material prepared in this research is tested as a music electroacupuncture, and then it is used in the operation of patients with coronary heart disease. The results show that the content of Zn in the electrocasting solution is very close to that in the alloy, indicating that the composition ratio of electrocasting alloy can be controlled by the content of Zn ions in the electrocasting solution. By comparing the density, tensile modulus, and sound propagation velocity of mahogany wood and Zn–Fe plant fiber composite material, it is found that the sound propagation velocity of composite material is similar to that of mahogany wood perpendicular to the texture. Musical electroacupuncture based on Zn alloy/fiber composite biomaterials can effectively increase the weight of patients with coronary heart disease, make their fasting blood sugar concentration close to the level of normal people, and promote the expression of EAAT3 and GAD65 proteins in the hippocampus of the brain.

Laminated mahogany and teak wood as construction materials for fishing vessels

The significant increase of Teak wood price causes the high price of fishing vessels made from intact Teak wood so that it is necessary to replace the Teak wood as the main material in fishing vessels. The traditional construction of fishing vessels has negative impact such as decreasing quality of the material due to heat treatment of wood, so that laminated wood technology with cold treatment is one solution to maintain and strengthen wood material. Mahogany wood is one of the woods that can be used as an alternative material for fishing vessels according to the Indonesian Classification Bureau, but some people assume that Mahogany is not suitable as an alternative for Teak wood due to differences in the durability of wood in seawater, so the research will be conducted on lamination of Mahogany and Teak as a material to build fishing vessel. This study carried out tensile and bending tests in accordance with ASTM standards for laminated material. Based on the results of test, the laminated material of Mahogany and Teak has an average tensile strength of 96.56 MPa, bending strength of 72.38 MPa and specific gravity of 0.82 gr/cm2. According to the regulations of the Indonesian Classification Bureau the laminate material of Mahogany and Teak meets minimum tensile strength and bending strength, equivalent with Strength Group II-III and can be used for the entire construction section of the fishing vessel. From the economic aspect it is estimated that the cost to build a 3 GT fishing vessel around IDR 44,927,656 (USD 3,160).

Improving Fire Resistance of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Wood Impregnated with Mixture of Borax and Boric Acid

The study was aimed to investigate the effects of mixture of borax and boric acid concentration and different level of pressure on absorption, retention quantity, and fire resistance properties of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). A total of 50 samples of 9 x 19 x 1016 mm (ASTM E 69-02) were taken from mahoganylumber and then air-dried. A total of 45 samples were impregnated with aqueous solutions of borax and boric acid in three different concentrations (5, 7, and 9 %) and at three different pressure levels (5, 7.5, and 10 atm) for 2 hours pressure time, while5 samples were liftedas control. Dried impregnated samples and untreated samples were feeding in flame with lid combustion method refers to ASTM E 69-02. Interestingly, the results showed that borax and boric acid effectively improved the fire resistanceproperties(mass losses, ignition temperature, maximum temperature, and smoke and smolder production)of mahogany wood.Mixtures of borax and boric acid at a concentration level of 9% and pressure of 10 atm arerecommended to obtain the best results compare to the other interactions on combustion properties.

Analisis Kualitas Sensori Ikan Asap Berbahan Bakar Briket Campuran (Arang Bonggol Jagung dan Daun Jati) dan Bahan Bakar Kayu

This study aims to analyze the sensory quality of smoked fish using mixed briquette fuel (teak leaves and corncob charcoal) with 5% and 10% adhesives with smoked fish using wood fuel. The wood used for comparison is ruby (soft texture) and mahogany (hard texture). Sensory analysis in this study emphasizes the appearances, colors, smells, tastes and textures of smoked fish. To determine whether there is a significant difference or not of the four treatments on the results of smoking fish,this study use Analysis of Varians (Anova). The results showed that there were significant differences between the four methods of feeding fish using briquette and wood fuel on appearances, colors, smells and textures. The appearance, color and aroma that dominate the specifications of other smoked fish are smoked fish with 10% adhesive briquette fuel treatment. The texture of smoked fish with mahogany wood fuel shows better specifications than asp fish with other treatments. Because there is a significant difference, a further test is carried out using BNJ Test. BNJ Test must be done to find out the distinguishing relationship between samples. Whereas in the taste test, there was no significant difference from the treatments

Analisis Kualitas Sensori Ikan Asap Berbahan Bakar Briket Campuran (Arang Bonggol Jagung dan Daun Jati) dan Bahan Bakar Kayu

This study aims to analyze the sensory quality of smoked fish using mixed briquette fuel (teak leaves and corncob charcoal) with 5% and 10% adhesives with smoked fish using wood fuel. The wood used for comparison is ruby (soft texture) and mahogany (hard texture). Sensory analysis in this study emphasizes the appearances, colors, smells, tastes and textures of smoked fish. To determine whether there is a significant difference or not of the four treatments on the results of smoking fish,this study use Analysis of Varians (Anova). The results showed that there were significant differences between the four methods of feeding fish using briquette and wood fuel on appearances, colors, smells and textures. The appearance, color and aroma that dominate the specifications of other smoked fish are smoked fish with 10% adhesive briquette fuel treatment. The texture of smoked fish with mahogany wood fuel shows better specifications than asp fish with other treatments. Because there is a significant difference, a further test is carried out using BNJ Test. BNJ Test must be done to find out the distinguishing relationship between samples. Whereas in the taste test, there was no significant difference from the treatments

Effect of zeolite on the catalytic cracking of tar yields mahogany wood pyrolysis

In this study, the effects of zeolite were observed to investigate the formation of a pyrolysis product, which is tar yield. Tar yields receive the most attention because of their potential as a bio-oil and chemical feedstocks. For this reason, efforts to increase tar yield were made, one of which was by adding zeolite to the pyrolysis process. The role of zeolite here was a pyrolysis catalyst. This is a study that uses mahogany wood as the feedstock for a real, pilot plant pyrolysis reactor. Moreover, 0-50% of the feedstock's mass worth of zeolite was also introduced during the pyrolytic process. The temperatures set in this pyrolysis were 250 °C, 500 °C, and 800 °C. The test results were measured in terms of the tar yield's volume and mass. The volume of tar yields produced increased as the temperature increased due to more biomass decomposed. Then, the chemical composition of tar yield was tested using a Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to measure the percentage of its chemical constituent compounds. Then, the formation mechanism of tar compounds from pyrolysis was described by using HyperChem simulation. The results showed that an increase in zeolite catalyst percentage would generate more volume of tar yields. It was due to the breaking of biomass hydrocarbon chains, increasing the production of tar yields. Zeolite also affected the formation of hydrocarbon chains in tar yields where the chains became shorter as the percentage of zeolite catalyst rose. The mechanism of increasing tar product was due to the role of zeolite as a catalyst in the catalytic cracking process which is almost similar to acid-base reactions of Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis. This reaction took place when the pyrolysis yields moved through the pores of zeolite, breaking the long hydrocarbon chains into shorter ones which were dominated by alkenes, aromatic, and acidic compounds formation. In addition, acidic compounds represented by acetic acid function as a flammable matter possess the potential of becoming oil-fuel.

Particleboard characterization using sawdust from sengon wood, mahogany wood, bayur wood, and rice husk ash as composite fillers

Banten Province, Indonesia, has abundant natural resources. Waste from processing natural resources has not been utilized maximally. Several types of wood and plants used in this study were sengon (albizia Chinensis), bayur (pterspermum javanicum), mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) and rice husk ash as filler. The reference particleboard characteristics used are Indonesian Standard, SNI 03-2105-2006. The characteristics observed were pore diameter, hardness, impact toughness, flexural strength, and thickness development. The particleboard composition is 50% filler, 15% oil palm empty fruit bunches, 20% polyvinyl acetate adhesive, and 15% epoxy resin. The length of fiber used is 5 mm. This research shows that particleboard with mahogany filler has optimum characteristics, namely pore diameter 2.0288 nm, hardness 43 N/mm2, flexural strength 641.65 N/mm2, toughness 3.54 kJ/m2, and thickness swelling 1.20%.

WOODEN MASK MAKING TECHNIQUES WITH 3 AXIS CNC ROUTER MACHINE

This study aims to determine the technique of making wooden masks with a 3-axis CNC Router machine and to compare the time and quality of the results of making masks manually. This research method uses cangkring wood, mahoni wood and pule wood. The design process with the help of the CorelDraw software, Aspire vectric. Manufacturing process with the mach-3 software. The machining process of a 3 Axis CNC Router with a variety of machining roughing and finishing with a variety of tool paths, step over, step down, spindle rotation, plugrate, feederate, and machining time. The results showed making wooden masks with a CNC Router machine has a faster time, uniform shape and size than manual making. Pule wood material provides a faster yield, smoother surface, and machineable than cangkring wood and mahoni wood. The machining time of the CNC router for making one wooden mask is 2 hours-20 minutes for cangkring wood, 3 hours-06 minutes for mahogany wood, and 2 hours-07 minutes for pule wood.

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tenun Nari-Nari Melalui Pewarnaan Benang Menggunakan Ekstrak Kayu Kuning Dan Kayu Mahoni

The "Nari-Nari" Weaving Village in Rabadompu Timur Village, Bima City, is a community group engaged in the weaving industry which has been carried on for generations. During this time, Bima woven fabric products use yarn raw material that has been colored using synthetic dyes. Yarn with synthetic dyes has a more diverse color, the fabric coloring process is easier and the cost is cheap, but synthetic dyes are carcinogenic and harmful to the environment. The solution to the problems faced by using natural dyes obtained from plants. This activity aims to train the Nari-Nari weaving group in yarn coloring using natural dyes. The method used is training through several stages of the activity namely the stage of socialization of activities; the training stage of yarn dyeing and woven fabric production. The dyes used are yellow wood extract and mahogany wood. The results obtained in this activity are the colored yarn has a different color based on the extract of the dye and fixation material. In yellow wood obtained with a maroon red color on alum, black on tunjung and reddish beige on lime. In mahogany wood is obtained beige on alum, black gray on tunjung and beige on lime. 

Effect of Sanding Processes on the Surface Properties of Modified Poplar Coated by Primer Compared with Mahogany

The surface roughness, static and dynamic liquid wettability of modified poplar wood were measured by different surface treatment of brushing primer and sanding. With the increase of the number of grinding paper, the depth parameters Ra, Ry, Rz and Rp of surface roughness of modified poplar decreased, and the density parameter Sm (the average spacing of micro unevenness of contour) decreased at first and then increased. With the increase of number of the grinding paper, the contact angle of water and glycerol for modified poplar wood decreased at first and then increased. After the modified poplar wood was brushed with the primer and sanded with 240# sandpaper, the density parameter Sm was 0.307, the equilibrium contact angle of distilled water was 34.88, and the equilibrium contact angle of glycerin was 36.46, all of which were the lowest number. At this time, the surface roughness was improved, and the modified poplar has the good wettability that is greater than the mahogany wood wettability. Compared with mahogany, the rough depth parameters of the modified poplar are smaller to those of mahogany, but the Sm of modified poplar wood is greater than that of the mahogany. After the same surface pretreatment, the wetting speed of glycerol on the surface of mahogany is higher than that of the modified poplar.

Reduction of Nutrient Leaching Potential in Coarse-Textured Soil by Using Biochar

Background: Loss of nutrients and organic carbon (OC) through leaching or erosion may degrade soil and water quality, which in turn could lead to food insecurity. Adding biochar to soil can effectively improve soil stability, therefore, evaluating the effects of biochar on OC and nutrient retention and leaching is critical. Methods: We conducted a 42-day column leaching experiment by using sandy loam soil samples mixed with 2% of biochar pyrolyzed from Honduran mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) wood sawdust at 300 °C (WB300) and 600 °C (WB600) and a control sample. Leaching was achieved by flushing the soil column on day 4 and every week during the 42-day experiment and adding a water volume for each flushing equivalent to the field water capacity. Results: Biochar application increased the final soil pH and OC, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, available P concentrations but not exchangeable K concentrations. In particular, WB600 exhibited superior performance in alleviating soil acidification; WB300 engendered high NO3−-N concentrations. Biochar application effectively retained water in soil and inhibited the leaching of the aforementioned nutrients and dissolved OC. WB300 reduced NH4+-N and K leaching by 30%, and WB600 reduced P leaching by 68%. Conclusions: Biochar application can improve nutrient retention and reduce the leaching potential of soils and connected water bodies.

The compressive strength behavior of mahogany wood connections with bolt-ring connectors

The connection systems of wood structures, which are often observed in Indonesia, mainly utilize bolts or nails, whereas a similar system with bolt-ring connectors is quite rare. In fact, in other countries like U.S., Netherlands, etc., such a system is commonly implemented, especially for the constructions of wood buildings which require a large capacity or a relatively large building. To show that the system also potentially excels when used for wood materials in Indonesia, especially in comparison with the ordinary bolt connection system, several empirical tests of the connection systems with materials from Mahogany wood (Swietenia spp.) were conducted. This experiment implemented six connection systems under compressive tests in order to investigate the compressive strength behavior of bolt-ring connections compared with the bolt connections. From this study, it can be concluded that the bolt-ring connection system yields better compressive strength behavior and performance than the bolt connection system. However, if used in connections with single ring, it is necessary to be careful when they are subjected to compressive loads. It is due to the connection system which may undergo rotations which can cause the system to be unstable. If stability can be safely maintained by adding some steel plate holder; then, the system will become more superior to the simple bolt connection system, in terms of compressive strength, stiffness, and ductility.

Biochar Dari Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Mahoni Termodifikasi Magnetite (Fe3O4) Untuk Menurunan Kadar Logam Kromium Dalam Limbah Batik

Penelitian ini akan menyoroti potensi biochar kayu Mahoni sebagai adsorben Cr(VI) pada limbah cair Batik. Adsorpsi adalah metode yang baik untuk pengolahan beberapa jenis limbah. Salah satu adsorben yang menjanjikan dalam proses adsorpsi adalah karbon aktif. Karbon aktif dapat dibuat dari bahan yang mengandung senyawa organik berbasis karbon tinggi seperti selulosa dan hemisselulosa. Kayu mahoni mengandung banyak kandungan seperti selulosa, holoselulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin masing-masing 47,26%, 74,63%, 23,37% dan 25,82%. Senyawa organik yang kaya akan karbon merupakan bahan baku yang baik untuk pembuatan biochar. Biochar adalah zat arang kayu yang berpori (porous). Biochar magnetik merupakan kandidat adsorben untuk menurunkan kadar logam Cr(VI) dari limbah cair Batik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kayu mahoni memiliki karakteristik yang hampir sama dengan kayu lainnya, sehingga memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku biochar untuk adsorpsi Cr (VI) dari limbah batik.

Feasibility study on the utilization of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) wood as a raw material in the bio-oil production

The liquid fuels from biomass produced through fast pyrolysis is very promising due to their high energy density and carbon neutral properties. Therefore, the pyrolysis of Indonesian mahogany wood at various temperatures (450-600°C) was carried out in this study. A fixed-bed reactor was used in the pyrolysis experiments. The produced bio-oil, bio-char, and gaseous product were recovered and quantified. This study showed that the higher the temperature, the higher the yield of the bio-oil (39.40 wt% at 550°C). However, the pyrolysis at a temperature higher than 550°C produced a lower yield of bio-oil, possibly due to severe cracking resulting in more gaseous products. The produced bio-oils showed good characteristics, i.e. density of c.a. 1,17 g/mL, viscosity of 3.93-5.67 poise, total acid number of 0.66-0.79 mg-KOH/g, and calorific value of 16-18 MJ/kg. The water and volatile (acetic acid, furfural, phenol, and stearic acid) contents of the produced bio-oils were also quantified by using a gas chromatograph. The bio-oils with a low water content (13.46-15.90 wt%) and volatiles (0.1-2.9 wt%) were obtained, indicating high energy density and production of heavy molecules, respectively. The high acid number was likely from the heavy acids that could not be detected by the gas chromatograph.

Penurunan Kadar Lignin pada Fermentasi Limbah Kayu Mahoni Menggunakan Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Mahogany wood waste is a type of hard wood agricultural waste containing lignocellulose which is quite high. In mahogany wood waste also contains lignin which is quite high, so the level of lignin must be reduced so that the cellulose can be used as glucose. Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a type of mold that is able to degrade lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation time and the addition of mahogany wood waste to the reduction of lignin content in the fermentation of mahogany wood waste using Phanerochaete chrysosporium molds. The study was conducted by drying and reducing the size of mahogany wood waste, then fermentation of mahogany wood waste with Phanerochaete chrysosporium with a span of 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 days, and the addition of mahogany wood waste 5, 6 and 7%. Before and after the fermentation process, lignin levels were analyzed. The best results from this study were obtained at 17 days of fermentation and the addition of 5% mahogany wood powder, obtained a decrease in lignin content of 85,33 %.