Mahogany Research Articles

Mahogany: a historical geography of a lasting commodity of 18th-century enslavement

ABSTRACT It might be assumed that the commodities produced by enslaved labour in the British colonies in the 18th century were consumed long ago. Mahogany wood, however, endures and challenges this assumption. Slave labour was used to cut mahogany trees and prepare the timber for transporting to European and North American markets. When made into fine furniture and fittings this same mahogany has been admired and preserved through to the present day. We explore how mahogany was part of the geography of colonial trade and wealth-making by drawing on research focused on Lancaster in north-west England, the UK’s fourth largest slave trading port. We trace the extended geographies and lines of connection that were produced by the interlinked trades in enslaved African people and mahogany wood, and, through this focus on Lancaster, we provide an example of how colonialism shaped the economy and narrative of places in Britain. Contemporary responses within heritage settings and the implications for the continuing trade in antique mahogany furniture are also considered.

Tannin gradation of living pine (Pinus merkusii) and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) bark

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the tannin gradation extracted from the bark of pine and mahogany tree. Tannin content was analyzed using the permanganometric titration method and was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show that pine and mahogany bark consist of three and four layers, respectively. The secondary phloem of pine locates in the deepest layer, while its periderm locates in the first and second outermost layers. The secondary phloem of mahogany locates in the first and second innermost layers, while its periderm locates in the first and second outermost layers. It is found that higher in vertical position of bark on the tree, the smaller in amount of tannin could be extracted, both on pine and mahogany tree. However, the outer layer of both pine and mahogany barks provides lower tannin content. It could be suggested from this study that tannin from pine bark should be extracted from the layer near the cambium, meanwhile tannin from mahogany bark should be extracted from the middle layer of the bark. Thus, large amounts of tannin from living tree bark could be obtained without damaging the tree's physiology or inhibiting tree growth.

Heavy metals accumulation in lichens Parmeliaceae and mahogany bark as an indicator of air and pollution levels in several locations in Bandung City

Background: Lichens and tree bark are well-known biomonitoring tools for accumulating pollutants in their tissues over an extended period. Objective: This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals accumulated in lichens and tree bark across various locations in Bandung City, analyze the impact of heavy metal accumulation on lichen diversity, and assess the lichen cover area on tree bark. Methods: Lichen and bark samples were collected from mahogany trees using plotless sampling at a height of 100 cm, employing a quadrat size of 20x32 cm² above the ground. A total of 25 sampling stations were distributed across five locations in Bandung City, including city parks, an urban forest park, and a bus station. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to measure the concentration of heavy metals. Results: The results revealed that lichens and bark from Persib City Park (PCP) contained the highest concentration of chromium (Cr), with 17.08 μg/kg in lichens and 30.03 μg/kg in the bark, as well as lead (Pb), with 24.38 μg/kg in lichens and 15.49 μg/kg in the bark. Conversely, lichens and bark from Djuanda Forest Park (DFP) exhibited the lowest concentration of chromium (3.74 μg/kg in lichens and 3.56 μg/kg in the bark) and lead (3.74 μg/kg in lichens and 2.06 μg/kg in the bark). PCA analysis indicated that the accumulation of heavy metals in lichens and bark was associated with environmental factors, such as traffic density and bark pH. Conclusion: The accumulation of heavy metals in lichens and bark exhibited a negative correlation with lichen diversity and the area of lichen cover on the bark.

Leaf-based characterization of intermediate forms between Cuban and Honduran mahogany

The genus Swietenia includes two mahogany species, Swietenia macrophylla (King.), commonly known as Honduran mahogany, and Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq, commonly known as Cuban mahogany. There are reports of morphologically intermediate forms between Cuban and Honduran mahogany that have been localized in some Caribbean islands. The main objective of this research is to distinguish morphologically intermediate forms between the parental species S. mahagoni and S. macrophylla based on leaf morphological characters. Phenotypic data from a total of 357 mahogany trees were collected in the province of Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. Rachis length, petiole length, leaflet length, leaflet width, number of leaflets and number of nerves were evaluated. Morphological descriptor analysis revealed significant differences in the morphometric variables of the evaluated leaves, with rachis length, number of leaflets, leaflet length, petiole length, leaflet width, and number of nerves being significantly higher in S. macrophylla than in S. mahagoni. ANOVA reflected the variance between all leaf morphological parameters evaluated between the two pure species with statistically significant difference. Using the function obtained in the first DC of the two species, the individuals in the mixed stands were classified into 71 morphologically intermediate forms, 45 S. macrophylla and 64 S. mahagoni. In the second DC with the two species and the morphologically intermediate forms, Wilks’ partial lambda indicates that the variable "leaflet length" with 0.67 contributed most to the overall discrimination.

Stochastic modelling of development and biomass allocation: Computation applied to architecture of young mahogany trees (Khaya senegalensis Desr. A. Juss), a native African savannah emblematic agroforestry species

The architectural plasticity forms observed in trees is a result of meristem functioning, which generates new organs and branches, and adjusts growth processes in response to heterogeneous climatic adaptations that affect biomass allocation. Analyzing this plasticity should enable the selection of adapted individuals for optimizing successful cropping systems. Mahogany tree (Khaya senegalensis) is a rhythmically growing indigenous agroforestry tree that is heavily exploited for its multiple uses. Understanding its growth characteristics, as well as the complexity of its structure (randomness, rhythmicity, etc. of Mahogany tree), could facilitate its conservation and sustainable management. This study aims to model the architecture and physiology of young mahogany trees based on field data using an organ-level structural–functional model called 'GreenLab', which is founded on source-sink relationships. Ninety trees aged 6, 12, and 24 months were measured in the field. Development was calculated using a dual-scale automaton based on the Monte Carlo process, while biomass production and its distribution to different plant organs (source and sink) were calibrated using Pressler's law using Markov chains. Meristematic activity laws, combined with organ sinks (D: Demand), photosynthesis (Q: Supply), and organic series (Q/D: Trophic pressure), were employed to simulate individual architecture. The results demonstrate that the model realistically and flexibly describes topological development and replicates biomass production and allocation processes for rhythmically growing trees. This model will enable the identification of mahogany ideotypes suited for enhancing agroforestry cropping systems based on this species and several other threatened species. These findings introduce and thus lay the groundwork for a computational plant model tailored to the needs of agroforestry from a novel perspective, offering new avenues for agronomic and forestry applications in West Africa and Côte d'Ivoire.

Tree Plantation Management in Agriculture Sector

Mahogany stands as a valuable hardwood species with significant ecological and commercial importance. The Mahogany Agro Management system aims to streamline agricultural processes through an integrated platform. This project endeavors to address the imperative for advanced Agro-management practices through the development of an Android app integrated with satellite technology. The app accommodates diverse user roles, ranging from Super Admins to Farmers, and incorporates essential CRUD functionalities. Our primary objectives include optimizing Mahogany tree growth conditions, leveraging real-time satellite data for insights, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, and promoting sustainability in cultivation. The study emphasizes transparency, innovation, and long-term impact. Through a detailed examination of methodologies and results, this project aims to contribute valuable insights to the field of Agroforestry, advocating for the enduring sustainability of Mahogany cultivation. Key Words Integrated Agro Management, Precision Farming, Communication Tools, Agricultural Technology, Soil Testing, Sustainable Agriculture, Nursery Operations, Agronomist Support, Flutter Framework, MySQL Database

Effects of site conditions on regeneration of African mahogany (Khaya anthotheca) in a semi‐deciduous East African tropical rainforest

Restoration of high‐value timber trees in logged tropical forests is indispensable as a conservation strategy and for the enhancement of ecosystem services. Khaya anthotheca is a mahogany tree species of major restoration importance in Uganda. However, the factors affecting the natural regeneration success of this species are poorly understood. We determined the effect of selected site conditions on the abundance of K. anthotheca regeneration in the Budongo Forest Reserve. Two hundred and four 1,000 m2 inventory plots, each nested with four 4 m2 subplots, were systematically established in logged and unlogged sites within the study area. All trees greater than or equal to 10 cm DBH and natural regeneration (<10 cm DBH) were identified and recorded in the plots and subplots, respectively. We characterized plots by the density of conspecifics, light availability, ground cover of undergrowth, litter depth, soil pH, and basal area. Regression models were used to evaluate the variables that influenced regeneration abundance and occurrence. The density of adult conspecifics and soil pH were important. Regeneration abundance and occurrence increased with increasing density of adult conspecifics and decreased with increasing soil pH. Our results highlight that in addition to seed availability, soil pH was important for successful regeneration. This is one of the first K. anthotheca‐specific studies to evaluate more than a few environmental factors influencing the density of its naturally established seedlings in tropical African forests. The abundance and distribution of adult conspecifics in the canopy and soil pH should be considered in K. anthotheca restoration plans.

Primary Products from Fast Co-Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell and Sawdust.

Co-pyrolysis is one possible method to handle different biomass leftovers. The success of the implementation depends on several factors, of which the quality of the produced bio-oil is of the highest importance, together with the throughput and constraints of the feedstock. In this study, the fast co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) and woody biomass was conducted in a micro-pyrolyser connected to a Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer/Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-MS/FID) at 600 °C and 5 s. Different blend ratios were studied to reveal interactions on the primary products formed from the co-pyrolysis, specifically PKS and two woody biomasses. A comparison of the experimental and predicted yields showed that the co-pyrolysis of the binary blends in equal proportions, PKS with mahogany (MAH) or iroko (IRO) sawdust, resulted in a decrease in the relative yield of the phenols by 19%, while HAA was promoted by 43% for the PKS:IRO-1:1 pyrolysis blend, and the saccharides were strongly inhibited for the PKS:MAH-1:1 pyrolysis blend. However, no difference was observed in the yields for the different groups of compounds when the two woody biomasses (MAH:IRO-1:1) were co-pyrolysed. In contrast to the binary blend, the pyrolysis of the ternary blends showed that the yield of the saccharides was promoted to a large extent, while the acids were inhibited for the PKS:MAH:IRO-1:1:1 pyrolysis blend. However, the relative yield of the saccharides was inhibited to a large extent for the PKS:MAH:IRO-1:2:2 pyrolysis blend, while no major difference was observed in the yields across the different groups of compounds when PKS and the woody biomass were blended in equal amounts and pyrolysed (PKS:MAH:IRO-2:1:1). This study showed evidence of a synergistic interaction when co-pyrolysing different biomasses. It also shows that it is possible to enhance the production of a valuable group of compounds with the right biomass composition and blend ratio.

Characteristics Of Attacus atlas Cocon Collected from Tree of Mahoghony (Swietenia mahagoni) in Kembaran District

Attacus atlas is a wild silk type from the non-mulberry group, representing various fagara silkworms that produce cocoons. The produced cocoons have high economic value when utilized for commercial silk production. The distinctive characteristic of A. atlas silk fibers differs from Bombyx mori (mulberry) silk as the resulting fibers have a natural brown color without dyeing processes. The characteristics of cocoons significantly impact the resulting thread production. This study aims to obtain data on the characteristics and morphometrics of A. atlas cocoons located on mahogany trees providing road shade in Kembaran District. Observed characteristics include the weight of the intact cocoon skin, the weight of cocoon skin without floss, the weight of floss, cocoon diameter, cocoon circumference, cocoon length, and cocoon color. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive analysis. The research shows that A.atlas cocoon skin characteristics vary greatly, demonstrated by the weight of the intact Cocoon Skin (0.66-2.35 g), the weight of Cocoon Skin without Floss (0.46-1.93 g), the weight of Floss (0.1-0.54 g), Cocoon Length (5.2-8.1 cm), Anterior Diameter (2.10-3.0 cm), Medial Diameter (2.30-3.4 cm), Posterior Diameter (2.20-3.1 cm), Anterior Circumference (6.20-9.50 cm), Medial Circumference (7.70-10.50 cm), Posterior Circumference (6.10-9.10 cm), and cocoon color classification into light (17 cocoons/15.9%), medium (66 cocoons/61.7%), and dark (24 cocoons/22.4%). The temperature, cocooning location, and gender of the cocoon are unknown, resulting in weight and morphometric value variations.

Development Of Samia Silkworms, Cassava Leaves And Sissy Plants With Medicinal Properties In Yard Intensification With Simple Agroforestry Patterns For The Younger Generation In The Widodomartani Community, Ngemplak, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta

The Widodomartani community has practiced land management in their yard with simple agroforestry as a form of intensification. For the younger generation to understand the practice of agroforestry from an early age, it is necessary to introduce it so that they are motivated to practice it as part of the family income. There are 4 forms of agroforestry, namely trees planted regularly with non-tree plants, there are 2 compositions, namely sengon trees with kimpul, Japanese papaya, sissy. Trees were planted around the land and non-tree trees, such as mahogany, cassava, sweet potato, chili, papaya, ginger, turmeric, galangal, and sissy were planted inside. Mixed trees with 2 trees, namely the composition of mahogany trees, coffee, and mahogany trees, wadang, melinjo, coffee, sissy. Mixed trees next to it are land planted with non-tree 1 composition of mahogany, melinjo, ketapang, johar and the land next to it is banana, papaya, moringa, ginger, chili, spinach, tomato, eggplant, sissy. 2 plants are trying to be more popularized, namely the Sissy plant and Cassava or Cassava. The sissy plant is popularized because it is easy to grow in various conditions, can help treat intestinal and digestive disorders, and is easy to consume like spinach. Cassava or cassava plants for added value, one of which is used to develop Samia silkworm silk.

Illegal markets and contemporary slavery: Evidence from the mahogany trade in the Amazon

Modern slavery is a major global concern, with an estimated 49.7 million people enslaved in 2022. This paper explores the impact of illegal markets on this phenomenon, focusing on the complete shutdown of the mahogany market in the late 90s in Brazil. Utilizing a quasi-experimental research design that exploits the natural variation in the occurrence of mahogany trees in Brazilian municipalities, we employ novel administrative data on labor inspections to assess the effects of this shutdown on modern slavery. Our results indicate that the mahogany market shutdown significantly increased the probability of labor inspections discovering slave labor in affected municipalities. The outcomes are not influenced by coordinated police efforts targeting locations following the alteration in the law. We validate our findings with several robustness exercises.

Exploring the potential of mahogany extract as a natural dye for the coloration of jute fabric

The use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry is mostly non-degradable, which are carcinogenic and pollute the environment severely. Natural dyes have gained significant attention recently due to their potential to mitigate the environmental challenges associated with synthetic colorants. This investigation is centered around the extraction of natural dyes sourced from mahogany trees and the exploration of environmentally friendly techniques for coloring jute fabric. The derived dyes were procured from distinct segments of the mahogany tree: namely, the bark, fruits, and wood remnants. Employing an aqueous extraction methodology, inherent coloring agents were meticulously separated and subsequently applied to jute fabric subsequent to appropriate mordanting employing a variety of mordant categories. An exhaustive assessment encompassing wash, light, rubbing, and perspiration resistance was conducted on jute fabric that was subjected to dyeing using three distinct variants of mahogany tree-derived dyes. Notably, jute fabric treated with wood wastage-sourced dye exhibited commendable to exceptional resistance properties. The efficacy of this dyeing process was further substantiated through diverse characterization techniques, inclusive of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which unequivocally affirmed the successful bonding of mahogany-derived dyes onto the surface of the jute fabric. The textile industry, particularly dyeing operations that use large, designed colors and synthetic chemicals, is wreaking havoc on the sea-going environment by dumping emissions directly into bodies of water. Synthetic colors are commonly used to dye jute fabric, which has major health and environmental consequences. Therefore, concerning the environmental challenges, the dyeing of jute fabric using naturally extracted dyes from mahogany trees can be a suitable alternative to synthetic dyes in the textile industry.

Effects of tree species diversity and conspecific seedling density on insect herbivory and pathogen infection on big‐leaf mahogany seedlings

The Janzen–Connell hypothesis (JCH) predicts that attack by specialist enemies on seedlings increases with conspecific seedling density, but studies have rarely experimentally tested for the contingency of such effects on the tree community context (e.g. diversity, composition) ormeasured responses by different enemies (e.g. herbivores, pathogens). We conducted a field study in a large‐scale system evaluating tree species diversity and conspecific density effects on leaf damage on mahogany Swietenia macrophylla seedlings. We established quadrats of eight levels of seedling density across mahogany tree monocultures and tree species polycultures including mahogany, and recorded percent leaf damage by insects and percent leaf necrosis by a pathogenic fungus on mahogany seedlings. We found contrasting effects of tree species diversity on insects and pathogens. Whereas tree diversity did not affect leaf damage by insects, it had a significant negative effect on leaf necrosis by pathogens whereby, on average, percent leaf necrosis on mahogany seedlings in polyculture was half of that observed in monoculture. We discuss the potential influences of changes in mahogany tree density versus frequency (relative to other tree species) driving this diversity effect. Unexpectedly, we found no effect of seedling conspecific density on either leaf insect or pathogen damage (i.e. density‐independent attack). Likewise, we found no significant tree diversity by seedling density interaction, indicating that plant enemies were consistently unresponsive to variation in seedling density acrosslevels of tree diversity. Overall, this study provides a unique test of the JCH by experimentally evaluating seedling density and tree diversity effects on contrasting plant enemies and, in turn, the controls they exert over plant recruitment.

Data System Management in Mahogany Tree Seedlings (Swietenia mahagoni) Based on Website.

Mahogany tree nurseries or similar tree nurseries require a long process to develop in the furniture industry. The management system used so far is still done manually, namely using some bookkeeping and even imagining the process of growing the tree. Farmers who breed selectively felled trees such as mahogany trees really need an information system that supports systematic and easy data processing. For this reason, the author is trying to make a Final Project using a web-based system regarding processing nursery data, which until now has not been computerized. This web-based system was written to simplify the process of managing nursery data so that the plant process is transferred to make it more effective and efficient in supporting activities. The author designed a web-based sales application information system using the PHP, HTML and JavaScript programming languages. The method used in designing software for sales applications is the waterfall method, data collection techniques, observations and interviews. This information system design is the best solution to solve the problems that exist in this company. A computerized system is better than a conventional system, because a computerized system can run more safely than the system used previously.

Effect of Acid Pretreatment on the Primary Products of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis

A high load of inorganics in raw lignocellulosic biomass is known to inhibit the yield of bio-oil and alter the chemical reactions during fast pyrolysis of biomass. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS), an agricultural residue from palm oil production, and two other woody biomass samples (mahogany (MAH) sawdust and iroko (IRO) sawdust) were pretreated with distilled water or an acidic solution (either acetic, formic, hydrochloric (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4)) before fast pyrolysis in order to investigate its effect on the primary products and pyrolysis reaction pathways. The raw and pretreated PKS, MAH and IRO were pyrolysed at 600 °C and 5 s with a micro-pyrolyser connected to a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer/flame ionisation detector (GC-MS/FID). Of the leaching solutions, HCl was the most effective in removing inorganics from the biomass and enhancing the primary pyrolysis product formed compared to the organic acids (acetic and formic acid). The production of levoglucosan was greatly improved for all pretreated biomasses when compared to the original biomass but especially after HCl pretreatment. Additionally, the relative content of the saccharides was maximised after pretreatment with H2SO4, which was due to the increased production of levoglucosenone. The relative content of the saccharides increased by over 70%. This increase may have occurred due to a possible reaction catalysed by the remaining acid in the biomass. The production of furans, especially furfural, was increased for all pretreatments but most noticeable when H2SO4 was used. However, the relative content of acids and ketones was generally reduced for PKS, MAH and IRO across all leaching solutions. The relative content of the phenol-type compound decreased to a large extent during pyrolysis after acid pretreatment, which may be attributed to dehydration and demethoxylation reactions. This study shows that the production of valuable chemicals could be promoted by pretreatment with different acid solutions.

PENANAMAN BIBIT POHON SEBAGAI BENTUK KEPEDULIAN TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN DI TWA (TAMAN WISATA ALAM) PANTAI PANJANG BENGKULU

One of the steps taken to increase a sense of concern for the environment is to plant tree seeds. The planting was carried out at the Long Beach Bengkulu Nature Park (TWA). The choice of location was based on the condition of the area which was damaged by human activity, including the amount of scattered garbage and the surrounding area which was barren due to community activities which of course had a negative impact on the surrounding environment. The activity which was carried out on October 15 2022 involved the STIA Bengkulu Academic Community and the Bengkulu Natural Resources Conservation Agency (KSDA) by planting Agathis, Durian, Rambutan and Mahogany tree species, which in total totaled 200 tree seeds. The responsibility for the maintenance of this plant is a shared responsibility between MAPALA agra Buana STIA Bengkulu and the Bengkulu KSDA Center. This activity is expected to increase the awareness of the people of Bengkulu City on the importance of protecting and preserving forests, especially in the Nature Tourism Park area.

Heartwood formation and its relationship with basic density and green moisture content of young small-leaf mahogany trees

Swietenia mahogani (L.) Jacq. is one of Indonesia’s commercially valuable timbers. We investigated the time or age at which heartwood formation begins, and observed and determined whether the occurrence of heartwood formation was affected by age or diameter. The presence of heartwood from the bottom to the top (at various axial positions) of the stem was observed, and the basic density (BD) and green moisture content (GMC) were measured. The area of heartwood and sapwood was determined based on the colour differences in the cross-section. The results showed that the formation of the heartwood begins when the tree is four years old. In the axial position, the heartwood can be found in up to 65% of the tree height. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed that heartwood proportion was determined more by diameter than by age. Therefore this can be a consideration for tree breeding programmes to select trees with larger diameters. Harvesting of young, fast-growing mahogany trees with large diameters from tree breeding can be expected to produce wood with good beauty and durability. Furthermore, BD in the heartwood was lower than in the sapwood, although there was a positive correlation between the proportion of heartwood and BD.

Construction of a pergola and flower garden as a selfie spot for prospective new tourist destination bukit mahoni, Bangun Rejo, Kutai Kartanegara

Bukit Mahoni is located in Bangun Rejo Village, becoming a candidate for a new tourist destination in Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Capitalizing on the natural potential in the form of a hill overgrown with Mahogany trees, it is encouraging for the local Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) to be promoted as a new tourist spot. This program was carried out in collaboration with the Pokdarwis Mentari Bangun Rejo with the aim of providing support for the readiness of new tourism objects in Bangun Rejo. All activities are carried out by accommodating the needs of tourism infrastructure so as to build appropriate outputs, namely Pergola and Flower Garden. Through this Community Service it is hoped that residents can utilize, maintain and care for the facilities that have been builded.

Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems as a Mitigation Strategy of Climate Change: A Case Study from Dinajpur, Bangladesh

The study was carried out in three different locations in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh，to observe soil carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems as a mitigation strategy for climate change. A total of 108 composite soil samples were collected at 0-30 cm in different study area sites. The total number of samples comprised three agroforestry systems (cropland agroforestry, homestead agroforestry, and orchard agroforestry)， where 36 samples were collected from each agroforestry system. Three adjacent soil samples were collected from each agroforestry system and mixed to get composite soil samples. The outcomes revealed that the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic matter (SOM) changes over the age of the orchard. Moreover, the results indicated that there are significant differences among the systems. The highest SOC (1.60%) was found in Eucalyptus woodlot-based agroforestry system，and the lowest SOC (0.29%) was found in the Mahogany woodlot-based agroforestry system although both organic carbon and organic matter are deficient compared to the optimum level. Furthermore, in the case of soil pH, the highest value (5.45) was recorded under the Mango tree，while the lowest value (5.12) was recorded under the Mahogany tree. Based on the findings, the study determined that all the collected samples were acidic. The investigation concluded that most species of homestead agroforestry systems provide maximum SOC and SOM as compared to cropland and orchard. The present study provides significant recommendations for soil carbon enrichment and environmental safety practices in the agroforestry systems to mitigate climate change through soil carbon management.

MAINTAIN BALANCE BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND SALUTATION MOVEMENT WITHIN THE DULUPI DISTRICT TO SUPPORT THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SDGs VILLAGE CARE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

The villages of Dulupi and Tabongo are located in Dulupi, Boalemo Regency, Gorontalo Province. This village is one of the Thematic Community Services Plan Villages in the Building Period II 2021. The objective of this activity is to support the village in reaching the village's SDGs. The method of activity is carried out in five stages, namely the preparation stage, the site survey stage, the reforestation movement stage, the tree planting stage and the maintenance stage. Mangrove planting was carried out in the village of Tabongo on the island of Langala by planting 200 mangrove seedlings. In Dulupi Village, 300 mahogany trees and 300 fruit trees were planted. It is expected that this activity will maintain the balance of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and reduce the risk of flooding, strong winds and waves.