Mahogany Oil Research Articles

Fatliquor for fungus resistant leather-a sustainable ecofriendly approach

Surface-active softening agents, such as Fatliquors, have a significant impact on the leather industry as they enhance the physicochemical properties of leather. This study focuses on analyzing the synthesis, properties, characterization, and sulfonation of Swietenia mahagoni seed oil to determine its potential as a fatliquoring agent for leather. An investigation was conducted to verify the alteration of Swietenia mahagoni oil through the analysis of its properties before and after the sulfonation process. A scientific analysis was carried on the oil using GC-FID, revealing the presence of various unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic, and arachidic acids. This demonstrates the sulfonating capability of this sky fruit seed oil. A fatliquor was created by sulfonating the oil, and the sulfonation was verified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra. The prominent peak observed at 1209 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra indicated the stretching of S=O in both sulfate and sulfonate groups. The newly formed protons (H–C–S or H–C–O) showed signals between δ 4.09 and 4.29 ppm in the 1H NMR spectra, confirming the sulfonation of the fatliquor that was prepared. Moreover, the change in the melting point of sulfonated Mahogany oil from 40.8 °C to 48.1 °C suggests increased saturation levels. The fatliquor's emulsion stability was found to be at a satisfactory level. After conducting tests on the treated leather, the physical strength and morphological structure was analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), the fatliquor improved the lubrication and strengthened the fibrous network structure of the leather, composed of thin and tight collagen fibers. The BOD5/COD ratio of the effluent from the experimental trial was determined to be 0.52, suggesting that the fatliquor developed is a biodegradable product. Finally, the antifungal capabilities of the fatliquor-treated leather were tested against four different fungus species: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium notatum, and Candida albicans, and the treated leather sample shown favorable antifungal activity.

MANAGEMENT OF RED PUMPKIN BEETLE AND FRUIT FLY IN ASH GOURD USING BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES

Ash gourd Benincasa hispida Thumb., a cucurbit vegetable, faces frequent infestation of red pumpkin beetle and cucurbit fruit fly. Farmers in Bangladesh mainly apply conventional synthetic insecticides to protect crops from the attack of these pests. The current study was conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during March 2021 to July 2021 to know the effects of five biorational insecticides, namely Biotrin (matrine), Proclaim (emamectin benzoate), Sunmectin (abamectin), Mahogany oil and Neem oil on the abundance and infestation of red pumpkin beetle and fruit fly infesting ash gourd. The insecticides were applied 3 times maintaining 7 days interval. Results showed significant reduction of the insect population compared to untreated control. Sunmectin (1.55±0.34) treated plot showed the lowest abundance of red pumpkin beetle after the 3rd spray with 65% reduction of population compared to untreated control plot. Biotrin (8.59±1.00%) treated plot showed the lowest leaf and flower infestation by red pumpkin beetle after 3rd spray, with the reduction (69% in both) over control. The lowest fruit infestation was found in Sunmectin treated plot (23.01±8.05%). The highest yield of ash gourd (17.9 T/ha) was recorded from Sunmectin treated plot which showed statistical similarity to Proclaim (16.01 T/ha) and Biotrin (15.90 T/ha) treated plots with 3.5, 2.5 and 2.6 benefit cost ratio, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that Sunmectin, Proclaim and Biotrin were more effective to control the infestation of red pumpkin beetle and fruit fly of ash gourd than the other tested insecticides.

Controls on organic matter variation during deposition of the Mahogany Oil Shale Zone of the Parachute Creek Member, Green River Formation, Utah

The Green River Formation of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming represents a ~10 million-year early-middle Eocene record of an unusually large, productive lacustrine system composed of several interconnected basins. This system gave rise to one of the largest oil shale deposits in the world, which preserves a rich trove of information about the climate and ecosystems that prevailed during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. This study uses multiple analytical approaches, including both traditional methods and novel proxies, to determine what brought about the accumulation of the unusually-rich oil shales (>40% TOC) of the Mahogany Zone in the Uinta Basin portion of the Green River Formation. The organic-rich mudstones of the Mahogany Zone exhibit strong micro-scale heterogeneity, indicating complex controls on organic matter production and distribution. Petrographic observations indicate highly variable amounts of terrestrial organic matter (spores, wood and plant debris), with the most abundant being amorphous organic material in thin organic-rich laminae. Biomarker ratios indicate that the organic-rich laminae consist of different types of microbially derived organic matter, primarily bituminite and organo-minerallic aggregates of the fluorescent liptinite group. These largely lacustrine-derived laminated deposits are argued to have been produced by large intrato inter-annual algal blooms and other enhanced microbial productivity events paced by longer-term sub-orbital cycle fluctuations, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation or sunspot variations. The Mahogany Zone deposits appear to have sequestered enough carbon (~64.25 Gt estimated) to suggest that, in aggregate, they were large enough to cause a draw-down of terrestrial CO2 and exert a significant negative feedback effect on climatic warming. During the climatic cooling that occurred on the declining limb of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, the sedimentary provenance in the Uinta Basin shifted from southerly sources dominated by large ephemeral fluvial systems, to northerly sources rich in feldspathic and carbonate detritus derived from northern sites in Wyoming. The latter were delivered to the Uinta Basin via a network of interconnected lacustrine basins. Increasing volcaniclastic material delivered from these northerly basins infilled the Uinta Basin from east to west, and their arrival heralded the end of organic-rich deposition, most notably the prolific oil shales for which the Green River Formation is renowned.

Newborn care: A qualitative study of inter-cultural variations and similarities among two ethnic groups in Northeastern Nigeria.

Neonatal mortality remains unacceptably high in most sub-Saharan and Asian communities, where cultural practices and poor antenatal care are common. Newborn care practices play a key role in preventing neonatal deaths. This study aimed to examine similarities and variations in newborn care between two major ethnic groups in northeast Nigeria. Qualitative methods involving narratives, observations, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews were used to collect data from recent mothers (ten per ethnic group) and grandmothers from the Babur/Bura and Kanuri ethnic groups in Borno State, Northeast Nigeria. A snowballing sampling technique was used to select the participants within four communities/villages (two for each ethnic group). Babies were bathed within 30 to 45 minutes after delivery by mothers in both groups, except in case of ill health of the child and/or mother. Various substances were applied to the cord even though hygienic cord-cutting practice was reported. With the exception of early bathing, good thermal care practices were observed in both groups. Both groups applied emollients on the skin of the babies, but Bura preferred the use of shea butter to oils and lotion. Various substances were applied to other parts of the body of the baby, such as the fontanelle (Mahogany oil), anus (Neem oil and Mahogany oil), and circumcision wound (engine oil) more so among the Bura than the Kanuri. None of the substances were deemed to be harmful. Similarities and variations in newborn care exist between the two ethnic groups. There is a need for health education and promotion to encourage and facilitate positive behavioral change from old traditional practices to healthy newborn care practices among the Babur/Bura and Kanuri ethnic groups.

Efficacy of some biopesticides for the management of cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) infesting bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) in Barind tract of Bangladesh

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of different biopesticides against the fruit fly infestation on bottle gourd. All of the treatments were effective compared to control. Among the treatments, Spinosad (Tracer 45 SC) performed the best based on minimum percent fruit infestation on both number and weight basis (30.71% & 32.64%) & highest percent protection of fruit over control (60.86% & 58.94%). Again, the highest marketable fruit yield (60.43 ton/ha) and percent yield increase of marketable fruit (70.46%) were also observed on Spinosad (Tracer 45 SC) treated plot. Based on the same parameters, Neem oil was inferior to Spinosad (Tracer 45 SC), which was followed by the treatment of Abamectin (Ambush 1.8 EC), Allamanda leaf extract and Mahogany oil. Thereby among all the treatments tested, Spinosad (Tracer 45 SC) may be suggested for cucurbit fruit fly management on bottle gourds.

Characterization of Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) from Mahagony (Swietenia macrophylla King) with Variations in H2SO4 Concentration and Sulfonation Duration

Methyl ester sulfonate derived from mahogany (<em>Swietenia macrophylla</em> K.) oil has been characterized. The research began by synthesizing mahogany methyl ester (ME) in 4 stages: pressing, degumming, esterification, and transesterification. The next process was synthesizing methyl ester sulfonate (MES) also in four stages: sulfonation, bleaching, neutralization, and drying. The reactant for MES synthesis in this study was H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> with a mole ratio of 1:6 and variations in the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, and 90%) as well as variations in the duration of sulfonation (45, 60, 75, 70, and 105 minutes) to determine the characteristics of the synthesized MES including density, acid number, and emulsion stability. The effect of the combination of treatment variations was analyzed using the two-way ANOVA test and the least significant difference (LSD) test. This research showed that MES from mahogany seed oil from a combination of variations in treatment has a density ranging from 0.91 to 0.97 g/mL where the LSD test at α = 0.05 produces three different MES density groups due to variations in the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> namely A (70 % and 75%), B (80% and 85%), and C (90%). The resulting MES acid numbers ranged from 4.69 ‒ 17.74 mgKOH/g sample with three different groups of MES acid numbers due to variations in the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, namely A (85 and 90%), B (75% and 80%), and C (70%). The stability of mahogany oil-based MES emulsion ranged from 0.000 ‒ 0.975 and two different MES emulsion stability groups were obtained due to variations in the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, namely A (80% and 85%) and B (70%, 75%, and 90%). FTIR spectrophotometer showed the presence of S=O groups at wavenumber 1172 cm<sup>-1</sup> and S‒O groups at wavenumbers 972.12 cm<sup>-1</sup> and 879.54 cm<sup>-1</sup> proved that MES was successfully synthesized.

Synthesis of Methyl Ester Nitrate from Mahogany Seed Oil (Swietenia mahagoni Linn)

Nitration of methyl ester from mahogany oil (Swietenia mahagoniLinn) can be produced by Methyl Ester Nitrate (MEN), an additive that is useful for increasing Cetane Numbers in diesel fuel. This study aims to determine the yield of MEN that can be produced from mahogany seed oil after esterification, trans-esterification, and nitration and to identify the MEN compounds produced. Mahogany oil is obtained by pressing mahogany seeds and then degumming to remove the gum. Mahogany oil-free gum is esterified using methanol with the mole ratio of oil: methanol (1: 6), then trans-esterified, also using methanol with mole ratio (1:15) and a methyl ester is obtained. Then the methyl ester was nitrated with HNO3, sulfuric acid, and acetic anhydride to obtain a translucent reddish colored MEN product with a yield of 24.99%. The success of the synthesis was shown by the FTIR spectrophotometer in the presence of absorption at 1550 cm-1 which indicated the presence of the C-ONO2 group, the absorption at 1365 cm-1 indicated the presence of the NO2 group, and at 1118 cm-1 indicated the presence of the C-N group. The reaction mechanism that occurs during the predicted nitration reaction is an electrophilic substitution reaction and nucleophilic addition.

Biorational Management of Pulse Bettle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) on Chickpea Seeds

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major insect pest in stored pulse (i.e. Chickpea seeds) causing 40-50% losses of pulses in storage. Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some selected biorational insecticides on mortality of beetle, weight loss of seeds, fecundity and hatchability of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition. Among the different botanicals, Neem oil (89.00%) was found the most effective in case of mortality of pulse beetle in direct method followed by Mahogany oil (78.00%) and Karanja oil (62.00%). Among different microbial derivatives, Spinosad was found most effective considering mortality followed by Emamectin benzoate and Abamectin. Among botanicals the highest percentage of weight reduction was observed in Karanja oil (30.18%) and the lowest (22.43%) was in Neem oil while among microbial derivatives the lowest percentage of seed weight reduction was obtained from Spinosad (11.15%) and the highest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Abamectin (20.37%). No. of eggs laid per female was recorded highest in Karanja oil (24.00) and lowest in Spinosad (19.33). The hatchability percentage was highest in Karanza oil (21.73%) and lowest in Neem (12.89%) and in case of chemical treatment lowest in spinosad (6.05%) and highest in Ebamectin (14.42%). Neem oil and Spinosad were found effective against pulse beetle in storage condition. Therefore, Neem oil and Spinosad might be included in the development of IPM packages for the management of pulse beetle in the storage.

Exploration of a biological control agent and evaluation of conventional control measures to manage cucumber moth, an emerging pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables in Bangladesh

Cucumber moth, Diaphania indica (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) is a serious pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables in many countries. This pest has also been reported in Bangladesh. However, no proper effort has been made to manage it successfully. Inappropriate control measures may increase the management costs as well as detrimental to the environment and non-target organisms. Larvae of D. indica, larvae were collected from the field and reared in the lab to find out natural control agents. About 41% larvae were found parasitized by a natural parasitoid, Apanteles taragamae. On an average, 16 parasitoid adults were developed from a single parasitized larva. Efficacy of commonly used control measures (such as neem oil, mahogany oil, handpicking, deltamethrin insecticide and cypermethrin insecticides) were evaluated against D. indica in the field on snake gourd and ridge gourd. All control measures produced significant differences to reduce per cent leaf infestations and the number of larvae per plants comparing to the untreated control plants. Among the treatments, neem oil and deltamethrin were found highly effective. Mahogany oil and cypermethrin were found as moderately effective and handpicking was found as least effective among the treatments. Neem oil-cum-deltamethrin approach can be recommended to control D. indica. Use of A. taragamae will give sustainable management of D. indica if commercial release is available.

Biorational Management of Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) in Gram Seed

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major pests in stored pulse causes 40-50% losses of pulses in storage. Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some selected biorational insecticides on percent mortality of beetle, percent weight loss of seeds, no. of eggs laid per female, percent hatchability, larval duration, pupal period and adult longevity of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition. Among the different botanicals, neem oil (77%) was found the most effective showing 78% mortality of pulse beetle in direct method followed by Mahogany oil (69%) and karanja oil (62%). In case of indirect method, the highest percent mortality was recorded from karanja oil (37%) which was followed by Neem oil (33%) and Mahogany oil (33%). Among different microbial derivatives, Libsen was found most effective considering mortality followed by Suspend 5SG and Ambush 1.8EC. The highest percentage of weight reduction was observed in Karanja oil (15%) and the lowest (14%) was in Mahogany oil. The highest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Ambush 1.8EC (16%) and the lowest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Suspend 5SG (13%). No. of eggs laid per female was the highest in mahogany oil (24) and lowest in Libsen (19). Percent of hatchability was highest in mahogany oil (21%) and lowest in Libsen (16%). Larval duration was the highest in mahogany oil (16 days) and the lowest was in Suspend 5SG(13days). Pupal period highest in neem oil (7 days) and the lowest was in (6 days). The highest adult longevity (22 days) from the seeds treated with karanja oil. The lowest adult longevity (18 days) from seeds treated with Libson. Thus, Karanja, Neem and Mahogany oil, Libsen, Ambush 1.8EC and Suspend 5SG were found effective against pulse beetle in storage. Therefore, these biorationals might be included in the development of IPM packages for the management of pulse beetle in the storage.

Comparative study on microbial and botanical pesticides as biorational control of mango hopper

Mango hopper is considered as one of the most destructive pests of mango in Bangladesh which can be effectively controlled by using bio-agents and botanical pesticides. An experiment was conducted at the IPM Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to study the comparative performance of three botanicals (Neem, Mahogany and Karanja oils) and a microbial pesticides (Beauveria bassiana) for the management of mango hopper (Idioscopus clypealis). The experiment was designed following completely randomized design (CRD) using 39 petridishes of 12 cm in diameter. Four insecticides each with 3 different doses (1%, 2% and 3%) were evaluated for their effectiveness. The data on the number of hopper killed were collected every day of a week. Results showed that all the three doses of Beauveria bassiana effectively controlled mango hopper. All the treatments influenced significantly in the management of mango hopper in comparison to the control. Among the botanicals 3% Neem oil was the most effective best but relatively lower performance was observed in case of 1% Mahogany oil. Observation on the effect of a microbial pesticide (Beauveria bassiana) and some botanicals on the infestation of mango hopper at different stages showed that hopper population at pea-shaped after prior to the second spray was maximum in 1% Mahogany oil (13.87) and minimum number of hopper was found in 3% Beauveria bassiana (7.33). Overall results suggested that Beauveria bassiana as a microbial pesticide performed better than botanicals in controlling mango hopper and resulting in higher yield.
 Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(4): 330-335

Effectiveness of Botanical Insecticides for the Management of Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata F. in Yard Long Bean

A research was conducted in the field of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during rabi season 2016-17 to evaluate the efficacy of some botanicals viz. BioNeem plus, Mahogany oil, Karanja oil, Castor oil, Tobacco leaf extract, Urmoi fruit extract and Garlic clove extract and Nitro 505EC as positive control along with an untreated control for the management of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata F. The experiment was designed as randomized complete block design with three replications of each treatment. The botanicals were evaluated based on the effectiveness on percentage reduction of flower and pod and increase of yield and pod yield. Among the botanical insecticides BioNeem plus (Azadirachtin) 1% @ 1.0 ml/L at 7 days intervals on the yard long bean showed the best performance in respect of reduction of flower and pod damage of 59.94 and 66.10 percent, respectively with significantly higher pod yield of 51.91 percent. Moderate efficacy was found from the Mahogany oil and Karanja oil @ 4 ml/L of water in case of flower (45.47 & 36.65%, respectively) and pod damage (50.36 & 41.27%, respectively) and yield increase (31.57 & 31.05%, respectively). It was also mentioned that BioNeem plus was better in different studied parameters than the chemical insecticides Nitro 505EC. The highest BCR was calculated from the BioNeem plus (1.39). Therefore, BioNeem plus might be used to successfully manage bean pod borer singly or in IPM packages. Key words: Yard long bean, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, Azadirachtin

Screening of jute varieties against jute apion (Apion corchori Marshall) and its management using chemical and botanical pesticides

The experiment was conducted in the field laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh on the screening of resistant variety against jute apion, Apion corchori (Marshall) and its management by using some chemical and botanical pesticides during April to August 2014. Eleven jute varieties were selected to conduct varietal preference and tested against jute apion in field condition. Among the eleven varieties, O-9897 showed the higher leaf infestation than others showing statistically similar result with O-72 and O-795. Mean percent of leaf infestation was 55.64 in O-9897 while 28.07 in BJRI Deshi pat-5, 24.89 in CVL-1, 22.11 in BJRI Deshi pat-7, 29.64 in CC-45, 24.08 in BJRI Deshi pat-8, 27.99 in D-154, 51.42 in O-795, 26.37 in BJRI Deshi pat-6, 55.53 in O-72 and 39.45 in CVE-3. The lowest leaf infestation was found in BJRI Deshi pat-7 (22.11%) which was statistically similar to BJRI Deshi pat-8 (24.08%). The same trend of results was observed in case of the number of knot plant-1 and the highest knot was recorded in O-795 followed by O-72. Data revealed that the variety O-9897 was highly susceptible to jute apion followed by O-72 and O-795 whereas BJRI Deshi pat -7 had the resistant potentiality against jute apion followed by BJRI Deshi pat-8 and CVL-1. The overall preference rank of the varieties based on their resistance against jute apion was in the following order: BJRI Deshi pat-7>BJRI Deshi pat-8>CVL-1 > BJRI Deshi pat-6> D-154>BJRI Deshi pat-5> CC-45>CVE-3>O-795>O-72>O-9897. In the management study, two synthetic insecticides viz., Limper 10EC, Diginol 60EC and two botanicals viz., Neem oil and Mahogany oil were evaluated. Considering different parameters, comparatively less leaf infestation percent, number of hole leaf-1 and number of knot plant-1 was found with Diginol 60EC treated plot followed by Limper 10EC treated plot. The highest infestation was found in the control plot followed by Mahogany oil applied plot. The rank of the efficacy of the treatments was Diginol>Limper>Neem oil>Mahogany oil>control. It could be concluded that BJRI Deshi pat-7, BJRI Deshi pat-8 and CVL-1 was comparatively more resistant variety considering both leaf damage and number of knot plant-1 and local variety O-9897 followed by O-72 and O-795 was highly susceptible to Jute apion. This finding would be helpful to motivate the people to use botanical insecticides i.e., Neem oil for the management of jute apion in environmentally safe condition.
 J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 274–280, 2019

Efficacy of different management practices against tomato fruit borer, helicoverpa armigera hubner

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different management practices to control tomato fruit borer (TFB) under field condition. The field experiment was carried out with eight treatments, namely Neem oil, Mahogany oil, Fish and Fermented Gur (brown sugar), Netting, Chlorpyriphos, Emamectin Benzoate and Cartap along with untreated control in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and each treatment was replicated thrice. The study was under taken during the period from 25 October, 2017 to 06 April 2018. Data were collected on number and weight of total fruits plot-1, number and weight of total healthy fruits plot-1, number and weight of total infested fruits plot-1, fruits infestation (%) in number and weight, infestation reduction over control for number and weight, number of holes, and larvae plot-1, total yield plot-1 and marketable yield plot-1. Among the different management practices, netting provided the highest infestation reduction over control. The percent fruit infestation reduction over control (number basis) was the highest in Netting treated plot resulting 61.87%, 73.27%, 84.68% and 92.70% at four different harvests, respectively. The percent fruit infestation reduction over control (weight basis) was the highest with the same treatment resulting 61.38%, 74.26%, 88.41% and 91.71% at four different harvests, respectively. The number of holes plot-1 was also the lowest in Netting treated plot resulting 5.00, 8.00, 15.33 and 8.67 at four different harvests, respectively. The number of larvae plot-1 was the lowest with the same treatment resulting 2.00, 2.33, 3.67 and 3.00 at four different harvests, respectively. The maximum marketable yield (33.95 t ha-1) was achieved in the Emamectin Benzoate treated plot with the highest (1.46) benefit cost ratio.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(2): 339-353, June 2019

Connections between Eocene Lakes Uinta and Gosiute with emphasis on the infilling stage of Lake Uinta in Piceance Basin

Late in its history, Eocene saline Lake Gosiute in the Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming and Colorado was progressively filled from north to south with coarse volcaniclastic sediments. During the infilling, Lake Gosiute began to drain southward across the Axial arch into saline Lake Uinta in the Piceance and Uinta Basins, Colorado and Utah (about 49 Ma) causing Lake Gosiute to freshen. Once Lake Gosiute was filled entirely (about 48 Ma), volcaniclastic sediments spilled over into Lake Uinta. The first coarse volcanic sediments entered the north part of Lake Uinta near the present-day mouth of Yellow Creek 15 miles south of the Axial arch during deposition of the Mahogany oil shale zone. There is evidence that a south-flowing river entered Lake Uinta from the Axial arch starting early in the history of the lake and prior to substantial outflow from Lake Gosiute began. A petrographic study of sandstones from this period is consistent with an Axial arch source. It is likely that the outflow channel occupied this preexisting drainage. Determining when outflow from Lake Gosiute began to move through this preexisting channel is difficult as mainly mud-sized sediments would have entered Lake Uinta from Lake Gosiute prior to infilling. In addition, reliable dates for most of the strata deposited in Lake Uinta are lacking. A partial section of Lake Uinta strata is preserved at Deep Channel Creek about 10 mi south of the Axial arch. Here, the R-6 oil shale zone, below the Mahogany zone, has graded into fluvial strata—the only place in the basin where this zone is not lacustrine. In addition, the underlying L-5 zone is atypically sandy. We propose that Lake Gosiute began to drain into Lake Uinta starting at about the beginning of deposition of the L-5 oil shale zone increasing the input of sediments into the northern part of Lake Uinta. Mud-sized sediments could have come from Lake Gosiute, but the coarser sediments likely came from the Axial arch. Volcaniclastic sediments produced a rapidly prograding deltaic complex that ultimately filled in much if not all of the eastern part of Lake Uinta. The first volcanic sediments to reach the deep depocenter were mainly finegrained turbidites but ultimately the depocenter was largely filled by slumps off the over-steepened delta front. A petrographic study of the volcaniclastic sandstones indicates that the Absaroka volcanic field in northwest Wyoming is the likely source of the volcanic fraction.

Connections between Eocene Lakes Uinta and Gosiute with emphasis on the infilling stage of Lake Uinta in Piceance Basin

Late in its history, Eocene saline Lake Gosiute in the Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming and Colorado was progressively filled from north to south with coarse volcaniclastic sediments. During the infilling, Lake Gosiute began to drain southward across the Axial arch into saline Lake Uinta in the Piceance and Uinta Basins, Colorado and Utah (about 49 Ma) causing Lake Gosiute to freshen. Once Lake Gosiute was filled entirely (about 48 Ma), volcaniclastic sediments spilled over into Lake Uinta. The first coarse volcanic sediments entered the north part of Lake Uinta near the present-day mouth of Yellow Creek 15 miles south of the Axial arch during deposition of the Mahogany oil shale zone. There is evidence that a south-flowing river entered Lake Uinta from the Axial arch starting early in the history of the lake and prior to substantial outflow from Lake Gosiute began. A petrographic study of sandstones from this period is consistent with an Axial arch source. It is likely that the outflow channel occupied this preexisting drainage. Determining when outflow from Lake Gosiute began to move through this preexisting channel is difficult as mainly mud-sized sediments would have entered Lake Uinta from Lake Gosiute prior to infilling. In addition, reliable dates for most of the strata deposited in Lake Uinta are lacking. A partial section of Lake Uinta strata is preserved at Deep Channel Creek about 10 mi south of the Axial arch. Here, the R-6 oil shale zone, below the Mahogany zone, has graded into fluvial strata—the only place in the basin where this zone is not lacustrine. In addition, the underlying L-5 zone is atypically sandy. We propose that Lake Gosiute began to drain into Lake Uinta starting at about the beginning of deposition of the L-5 oil shale zone increasing the input of sediments into the northern part of Lake Uinta. Mud-sized sediments could have come from Lake Gosiute, but the coarser sediments likely came from the Axial arch. Volcaniclastic sediments produced a rapidly prograding deltaic complex that ultimately filled in much if not all of the eastern part of Lake Uinta. The first volcanic sediments to reach the deep depocenter were mainly finegrained turbidites but ultimately the depocenter was largely filled by slumps off the over-steepened delta front. A petrographic study of the volcaniclastic sandstones indicates that the Absaroka volcanic field in northwest Wyoming is the likely source of the volcanic fraction.

Biorational Management of Tomato Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Winter under Field Condition of Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted during the period of December 2014 to March, 2015 in the Entomology Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh on the management of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) using different biorational insecticides on winter tomato variety BARI-2 in Bangladesh. Efficacy of seven different biorational insecticides viz. Neem oil, Mahogany oil, Karanja oil, Ambush 1.8EC, Libsen 45SC, Emamectin benzoate 5SG and Beauveria bassiana were evaluated on the basis of percentage of fruit damage and percentage increase/decrease of yield. All the biorational insecticides were significantly effective in comparison to control treatment. Besides, among seven insecticides; Emamectin benzoate 5SG provided the best result with the lowest cumulative mean percentage fruit infestation (20.95 % & 17.24% based on number & weight, respectively). Percentage reduction of infested fruit was the highest (57.50 & 62.38%, by no. and weight, respectively) in Emamectin treated plots. Similarly the highest percentage protection (58.99 & 63.06% by no. and weight, respectively) of infested fruit was also found from the Emamectin benzoate treatment. But Libsen 45SC revealed the highest efficacy on marketable fruit yield (20.23tonha-1) compared to other treatments. So, Emamectin benzoate and Libsen both might be used to manage tomato fruit borer effectively.

Biorational management of okra jassid (Amrasca devastans)

An experiment was carried out to appraise the comparative efficacy of some biorationals against okra jassid at the Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during January to June 2016. The experiment was accomplished using three botanical oils (Neem oil@ 2ml/L, Mahogany oil @2ml/L & Karanja oil @2ml/L) and four microbial insecticides (Spinosad @ 1ml/ L, Beauveria bassiana @ 1 g/ L, Buprofezin @ 2ml/L, Emamectin benzoate @ 1g/L) along with control. Among various biorationals the mean number of nymph plant-1 varied significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05) after 1st, 2nd and 3rd spray. After 1st and 2nd spray, Beauveria showed the best results both at 3 DAT (0.00 & 2.33, respectively) while after 3rd spray Mahogany (0.00) performed best at 3 DAT compared to other treatments including control (4.00). In number of adult plant-1 effectiveness was reflected on Neem (0.66) among various biorationals at 3 DAT after 2nd spray. Similarly, at 5 and 7 DAT, the lowest number of adult was observed at Emamectin (1.66, 1.00), respectively. It revealed that Neem and Emamectin had strong efficacy in controlling okra jassid in comparison to their control (7.33, 11.33), respectively. After 3rd spray, the efficacy of different bioratioanls in managing okra jassid was significant (p<0.01). The Buprofezin showed the best performance both at 3 and 5 DAT (0.66 & 1.66, respectively). Similarly, the number of curled leaf plant-1 varied significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01) after both 1st 2nd and 3rd spray than the control. The lowest number of curled leaf plant-1 was observed in Neem (0.66) treated plants at 3 DAT after 2nd spray. This data revealed that the Neem had strong effect on okra jassid management. The number of curled leaf plot-1 also varied significantly (p<0.01) after 2nd and 3rd spray than the control. The highest infestation was always found in control treatment. The results indicated that Beauveria bassiana had strong efficacy in controlling okra jassid followed by Neem oil, Buprofezin and Emamectin benzoate in comparison to control. Therefore, it might be concluded that these biorational insecticides could be used as eco-friendly management strategy for okra jassid and can be incorporated in developing IPM programme for jassid.
 Progressive Agriculture 29 (3): 205-212, 2018

Management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer using selected botanicals

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of botanicals namely neem leaf extract, neem oil, mahogany oil, mahogany oil + mahogany cake, garlic extract, tobacco leaf extract along with an untreated control to manage brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB). The percent shoot infestation reduction over control was the highest in mahogany oil + mahogany cake treated plot resulting 62.39%, 64.44%, 67.86% and 71.05% reduction at vegetative stage and early, mid and late fruiting stage, respectively. The same treatment provided the highest fruit infestation reduction over control resulting 86.70%, 85.08% and 85.50% reduction at early, mid and late fruiting stage, respectively. The lowest number of larvae per infested shoot was recorded 1.10 and 1.08 in the same treatment at early and mid fruiting stage, respectively but notat vegetative stage and late fruiting stages. The number of larvae per infested fruit was similarly lowest having 1.50, 1.06 and 1.07 at early, mid and late fruiting stage, respectively using the same approach. The maximum yield (35.82 t ha-1) was achieved in the mahogany oil + mahogany cake treated plot with the highest benefit cost ratio (2.35).Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(3): 431-440, September 2018

Plant material as an alternative tool for management of aphid in country bean field

The aphids Aphis craccivora Koch attack country bean Lablab purpureus L. both in its vegetative and reproductive stages and cause severe damage. To develop an integrated management of aphid powders of black pepper, chili, turmeric, and coriander; oils of mahogany, neem, and eucalyptus; aqueous extracts of neem, basil, and garlic leaves; and water were evaluated in field conditions. The treatments were applied at 7 day intervals and aphid abundance per inflorescence was counted at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. All the plant materials reduced aphid abundance and flower infestation, ensuring a higher yield with larger and heavier pods. The neem oil treatment had the lowest abundance of aphid and consequently produced the highest marketable and gross yields. Predatory insects were abundant in the field, but their populations were lower in the treatments than the control. An economic analysis indicated that the highest gross return, net return, adjusted net return, and benefit-cost ratio were obtained from the mahogany oil treatment. The plant materials have insecticidal potential against aphids, and the oils of mahogany and neem showed better performances.