Magnolia Obovata Thunb Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF DECORATIVE VALUE AND PROSPECTS OF THE GENUS MAGNOLIA COMPOSITIONAL USE ON THE TERRITORY OF VINNYTSIA

This article analyzes the main problems of use and compositional application of different types of magnolias in Vinnytsia. In the research material of the article we conducted an analytical review of the species diversity of magnolias. We found that most acclimatized species are highly decorative, the highest rate of decorativeness is characteristic of Magnolia Soulangeana Soul. (48 points), and the lowest in Magnolia obovata Thunb. (46 points). As a result of research it was found that the range of magnolias in Vinnytsia is very poor and is represented mainly by such species as: Magnolia kobus D.C., Magnolia obovata Thunb., Magnolia Soulangeana Soul., Magnolia acuminata L., Magnolia tripetala L.; It is investigated that in the compositional application of magnolias are used in Vinnytsia mainly for single or group landscaping of buildings; As a result of research, it was found that due to their morphobiological, ecological properties and decorative qualities, the possibilities of using magnolias can be much wider and knowing their winter hardiness, you can use a wider range of species in our conditions. It is established that less decorative, but more stable species are used for street landscaping (M. kobus DC, M. kobus Sarg. Var. Borealis., M. x loebneri Kache., M. acuminata L., M. salicifolia (Sieb. Et Zucc.) Maxim., M. x kewensis Pearce., M. biondii Pamp., M. cylindrica Rehd. Et Wils., Etc.). We have found that the most popular varieties of magnolia are Betty, Merril, Lennei. According to the results of the study, we found that the lowest prevalence rate is characteristic of Magnolia Loebneri "Merrill" (7%), and the highest in Magnolia x soulangeana "Lennei" (14%). It is established that these varieties have a number of advantages, among which it should be noted: plants are suitable for growing in Ukraine almost everywhere, cold- and frost-resistant; compact, characterized by slow growth; flowers have a decorative look, long retain freshness, are characterized by a wonderful aroma.

Dilignans with a Chromanol Motif Discovered by Molecular Networking from the Stem Barks of Magnolia obovata and Their Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Expression Inhibitory Activity.

Natural products have been fundamental materials in drug discovery. Traditional strategies for observing natural products with novel structure and/or biological activity are challenging due to large cost and time consumption. Implementation of the MS/MS-based molecular networking strategy with the in silico annotation tool is expected to expedite the dereplication of secondary metabolites. In this study, using this tool, two new dilignans with a 2-phenyl-3-chromanol motif, obovatolins A (1) and B (2), were discovered from the stem barks of Magnolia obovata Thunb. along with six known compounds (3–8), expanding chemical diversity of lignan skeletons in this natural source. Their structures and configurations were elucidated using spectroscopic data. All isolates were evaluated for their PCSK9 mRNA expression inhibitory activity. Obovatolins A (1) and B (2), and magnolol (3) showed potent lipid controlling activities. To identify transcriptionally controlled genes by 1 along with downregulation of PCSK9, using small set of genes (42 genes) related to lipid metabolism selected from the database, focused bioinformatic analysis was carried out. As a result, it showed the correlations between gene expression under presence of 1, which led to detailed insight of the lipid metabolism caused by 1.

Discovery of novel obovatol-based phenazine analogs as potential antifungal agents: synthesis and biological evaluation in vitro

Abstract To explore candidate fungicides from plant secondary metabolites, 16 novel obovatol-type phenazine derivatives were semi-synthesized from obovatol isolated from the leaves of Magnolia obovata Thunb. The antifungal activity of synthesized compounds was investigated in vitro against four phytopathogenic fungi using the spore germination method. The bioassay results showed that eight derivatives (8b, 8g, 8h–k, 8i′, and 8k′) exhibited better antifungal activity against Fusarium solani than two positive controls, especially compounds 8b (IC50 = 64.61 μg mL−1) and 8i′ (IC50 = 79.97 μg mL−1) showed pronounced inhibition of spore germination activity against F. solani. They could be used as lead compounds for further structural optimization. Additionally, the preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) illustrated that the introduction of a benzene ring monosubstituted with electron-withdrawing groups into the obovatol scaffold could lead to potentially antifungal compounds.

A Phenylpropanoid Glycoside as a Calcineurin Inhibitor Isolated from Magnolia obovata Thunb.

To identify plant-derived cell signaling inhibitors with antifungal properties, a twocomponent screening system using both wild-type Cryptococcus neoformans and a calcineurin mutant was employed owing to their counter-regulatory actions on the Hog1 mitogenactivated protein kinase and calcineurin pathways. Of the 2,000 plant extracts evaluated, a single bioactive compound from M. obovata Thunb. was found to act specifically on the calcineurin pathway of C. neoformans. This compound was identified as magnoloside A, and had potent antifungal activities against various Cryptococcus strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 μg/ml.

Inhibitory Effect of a Hot-Water Extract of Leaves of Japanese Big-Leaf Magnolia (Magnolia obovata) on Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea in Mouse Pups.

The leaf of Japanese big-leaf magnolia (Magnolia obovata Thunb.) has long been used as a natural packaging material for traditional foods in Japan. However, many of the physiological functions of the leaves against oral infection and resultant illness remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a hot-water extract of the leaves of Magnolia obovata on diarrhea induced by rotavirus (RV), a major cause of acute diarrhea. RV strain SA11 was mixed with the M. obovata leaf extract and inoculated orally to neonatal BALB/c mouse pups. Simultaneous inoculation of SA11 with the extract significantly decreased the incidence of diarrhea. In addition, the extract significantly inhibited cytopathic effects and mRNA expression of viral proteins in SA11-infected MA104 cells. Two flavonoid glycosides, quercitrin and rutin, were strongly suggested to be major anti-RV agents in the extract by serial solvent extraction and reversed-phase HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. Our results suggest that the hot-water extract of M. obovata leaves can be used as a medicine or food additive to prevent and ameliorate RV-induced diarrhea in individuals that may have difficulty in benefitting from the RV vaccines.

In vitro metabolism of obovatol and its effect on cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in human liver microsomes

Obovatol, a major constituent of the leaves of Magnolia obovata Thunb, is known to inhibit nuclear factor-κB activity and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. This study was performed to identify the metabolites of obovatol in human liver microsomes. Human liver microsomes incubated with obovatol in the presence of NADPH and/or UDPGA resulted in the formation of six metabolites, M1-M6. M1 and M2 were identified as hydroxyobovatol, on the basis of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. M1, M2 and obovatol were further metabolized to their glucuronide conjugates, obovatol-glucuronide (M3), obovatol-diglucuronide (M4) and hydroxyobovatol-glucuronide (M5 and M6). The inhibitory potency of obovatol on eight major human P450s was also investigated in human liver microsomes. In these experiments, obovatol strongly inhibited CYP2C19-mediated S-mephenytoin hydroxylase activity with an IC(50) value of 0.8 µM, which could have implications for drug-drug interactions.

Maintenance of Inbreeding Depression in a Highly Self-Fertilizing Tree, Magnolia obovata Thunb

Inbreeding depression is a major selective force that maintains outcrossing in flowering plants. If the long life and large mature size of trees cause high inbreeding depression via mitotic mutations and half-sib competition, these characteristics may increase inbreeding depression sufficiently to maintain traits that facilitate outcrossing even with high primary selfing rates (proportion of selfed ovules). Here, I report the maintenance of inbreeding depression in a population of a tree (Magnolia obovata Thunb.) with primary selfing rates greater than 0.8 resulting from geitonogamy. The progenies exhibited inbreeding depression for germination, seedling survival, and seedling mass (δ = 0.29–0.38), but no significant difference between crossing type in seedling height. Cumulative inbreeding depression for early survival (from zygote to 2-year-old stage) estimated from these results and from prior data on embryonic survival was high (δe = 0.91). The fixation index at maturity based on six allozyme loci was low (Fis = 0.08), indicating that significant inbreeding depression for late survival results in a low level of inbreeding with respect to gene transmission to the next generation. From these results, I estimated that inbreeding depression for late and lifetime survival equaled 0.69 and 0.97, respectively. These results suggest that M. obovata trees maintain high inbreeding depression at both early and late life stages, resulting in a low level of inbreeding despite a high primary selfing rate. The high inbreeding depression can be explained by previous theories and is consistent with the predicted maintenance of inbreeding depression in highly self-fertilizing tree populations. The inbreeding load due to the high primary selfing rate represents a cost of this tree’s pollination system for outcrossing, which is based on automimicry and mass flowering.

Effects of canopy conditions on the regeneration of major tree species in an old-growth Chamaecyparis obtusa forest in central Japan

The regeneration mode of major tree species ( Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl., Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb. et Zucc., Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl., Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Turcz., Magnolia obovata Thunb. and Betula grossa Sieb. et Zucc.) in relation to four canopy conditions (closed evergreen conifer canopy, closed evergreen conifer canopy adjacent to canopy gap (gap-adjacent), canopy gap, and closed deciduous broad-leaved tree (DBL) species canopy) was studied from 1988 to 1998 in a 4-ha permanent plot in the Akasawa Forest Reserve, central Japan. The vertical distribution of stems and the major species composition in four height (canopy; ≥25 m tall overtopping neighboring trees, subcanopy; ≥25 m tall, middle; ≥10 m tall, and understory; <10 m tall) classes varied with canopy condition. The understory and middle layers were generally dominated by T. dolabrata, but this species in the subcanopy layer existed only under gap-adjacent. Canopy gaps were usually filled by DBL tree species, especially M. obovata and less often by T. dolabrata, while the probability that they were filled by Chamaecyparis sp. increased in larger gaps. C. obtusa and C. pisifera occurred more often under closed DBL canopy, T. dolabrata under gap-adjacent canopy, and Q. mongolica, M. obovata and B. grossa under canopy gaps. The mortality and recruitment rates of understory stems of major tree species also varied with canopy condition. Most mortality resulted from suppression with standing-dead and natural disturbances with broken trunks, although the relative importance varied with canopy condition and species. Generally, evergreen conifers died as a result of natural disturbances, especially in the 1998 frost disturbance under canopy conditions other than closed evergreen conifer canopy. In conclusion, canopy conditions affect the vertical population structure, demographic parameters, and causes of tree mortality of major tree species. Of the favored regeneration sites in this old-growth C. obtusa forest, C. obtusa and C. pisifera generally may regenerate under closed DBL canopy, T. dolabrata under gap-adjacent canopy, and Q. mongolica, M. obovata, and B. grossa under canopy gaps. Consequently, this semi-natural old-growth C. obtusa forest will gradually change into a more diverse forest.

Inhibitory effect of magnolol and honokiol from Magnolia obovata on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080. Invasiveness in vitro.

We investigated the inhibitory effect of Magnolia obovata Thunb. bark ethanol extracts on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells invasion in a reconstituted basement membrane [Matrigel (MG)]. We found that the effective components of the bark ethanol extracts were magnolol and honokiol, two biphenyl compounds. The extracts, magnolol and honokiol, did not affect HT-1080 cells adhesion to MG, but did inhibit HT-1080 cells migration at a high concentration (100 microM). HT-1080 cells secrete matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which degrades the extracellular matrix as a part of the invasive process. Magnolol and honokiol inhibited the activity of MMP-9, which may have been responsible, in part, for the inhibition of tumor cell invasiveness.

Age, size structure and spatial pattern of major tree species in an old-growth Chamaecyparis obtusa forest, Central Japan

The age, size structure and the spatial pattern of major tree species were investigated in a temperate old-growth (ca. >300 years old) Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher forest in the Akasawa Forest Reserve of Central Japan. All stems ≧ 5cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were mapped on a 4-ha plot and analyses were made of age, size structure and the spatial distribution of stems for three height classes of six species. The dominant species was C. obtusa, followed by Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb. et Zucc., C. pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher and deciduous broad-leaved trees (DBL) species such as Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Turcz., Magnolia obovata Thunb. and Betula grossa Sieb. et Zucc. The dbh and age distribution of C. obtusa and C. pisifera was bimodal and rather continuous; two age modes were about 50 and 300 years ago. That of T. dolabrata and M. obovata was reverse J-shaped or L-shaped, and of Q. mongolica and B. grossa was bimodal and discontinuous. Canopy stems of C. obtusa were distributed randomly throughout the plot, although those of other species and understory stems of every species were distributed patchily, and were often related to forest floor conditions or canopy gaps. Intraspecific spatial, positive associations between canopy and understory stems could be found for only T. dolabrata at smaller scales. Notable positive associations between canopy and understory stems were not found for any combination of species at any quadrat size. These results suggest that, in the canopy layer of this forest, C. obtusa will become less important and T. dolabrata, which is more shade tolerant, will become more important. The DBL species which are less shade tolerant than the conifers, especially M. obovata, will also become more important, depending on forest floor conditions and/or gap formation.

Overview of the Pharmacological Features of Honokiol

ABSTRACTThis paper provides an overview of the pharmacological features of honokiol (3′,5‐di‐2‐propenyl‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐2,4′‐diol), an isomer of neolignans isolated and identified from the stem bark of Magnoliaceous plants (Magnolia obovata Thunb, Wa‐Koboku in Japanese). The magnolia bark has been utilized as a herbal remedy for the treatment of a wide variety of clinical disorders. Honokiol and magnolol (an isomer of honokiol) were recently identified as anxiolytic agents in the extracts of Saiboku‐to, an oriental herbal medicine (Kampo). Behavioral evaluation through an elevated plus‐maze test demonstrated that honokiol, 0.2–2 mg/kg, p.o., for 7 days, was at least 5000 times more potent than Saiboku‐to. Honokiol has a comparatively lower risk of causing benzodiazepine‐like side effects, such as central depression, muscle relaxation, amnesia, or physical dependence. In addition to these central actions, a wide variety of pharmacological effects and biochemical activities of honokiol have been reported during the past 10 years. The main effects, including the limited information regarding the metabolism and kinetics of the compound, are briefly introduced in this text. Information available on honokiol, including its specific and simple chemical structure, suggests the possibility of deriving more potent compounds in the drug design process.

The Role of Rhus trichocarpaMiq. Patches in Pine Forest Dynamics in Japan

Rhus trichocarpaMiq. is a short-statured pioneer tree species that creates patch communities during the early successional stages of some pine forests in Japan. A 0.6 ha sample plot was established in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densifloraSieb, et Zucc.) stand to evaluate the influence of patch structure on regeneration of R. trichocarpaand other tree species. The plot included 47 patches of R. trichocarpa.The survivorship of R. trichocarpaseedlings was high in small patches, but low in large ones. The small patches expanded, transforming into large ones over several years. Several tree species such as Quercus serrataThunb., Primus apetalaFranch. et Sav., Sorbus commixiaHedl., and Magnolia obovataThunb. invaded the patches after the fruiting of R. trichocarpa.They grew faster than R. trichocarpain these patches and broke through the R. trichocarpacrown layer after about 10 years. The fruits of R. trichocarpaattract birds which disperse seeds produced by other tree species. Thus, the R. trichocarpapatch plays a vital role in changing from pioneer tree species to shade-tolerant tree species.

Effects of Disturbances on Large Patch Formation of Magnolia obovata, A Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree-Field Investigation and Simulation

Magnolia obovataThunb. is generally scattered through the forest in small patches, but occasionally forms large patches. The size and age distributions and spatial dispersions of M. obovataindividuals are investigated in the large patches belonging to different developmental stages. The results of field investigations suggest that: (1) most seedlings appear quickly and simultaneously from buried seeds under the original positions of the crown of fallen trees, and sprouts from stumps begin to grow when disturbances occur; (2) more than 60% of seedlings and sprouts die before the young stage; and (3) the individuals form a patch if such events repeat. A Monte Carlo simulation model is constructed for understanding the relationships between disturbance replication and the probability of large patch formation quantitatively. The model implies that more than four disturbance replications are necessary for forming large patches of canopy M. obovatatrees, and the sprouting ability from the stump has the role of maintaining the probability of patch formation when the conditions are unfavorable to its formation. The structures of patches of M. obovataare affected by the proportion of patch formation strategies, and the strategies are strongly related to disturbance regimes.

Induction of Multiple shoots by Shoot Apex Culture in Magnolia obovata Thunb.

Shoot apex of Magnolia obovata Thunb. was cultured on the modified Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with the combinations of IBA and BAP or NAA and BAP in various concentrations. Multiple shoots were induced successfully on the half strength MS reducing nitrate to one fourth (1/4N-1/2MS) medium containing 4μM IBA and 5μM BAP after 40 days of culture. The multiple shoots obtained were divided into small nodal explants and further subcultured on fresh medium. Many axillary buds were induced from the explant after 20 days of culture, and they succeedingly grew actively and developed multiple shoots. Culturing the axillary bud together with the stem tissue was effective for facilitating the induction of multiple shoots.

Composition of the Bark Oil ofMagnolia obovataThunb.

ABSTRACT The components of essential oil obtained from the bark of “Wakouboku” (Magnolia obovata Thunb.) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Over 90 compounds were detected in the oil, of which more than 79% were terpenoid. The major components were β-eudesmol (23.61%), cadalene (17.21%), γ-eudesmol (7.32%), bornyl acetate (6.40%), hexanal (4.51%), camphene (3.67%), α-eudesmol (2.95%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.94%)

Obovatol and obovatal, novel biphenyl ether lignans from the leaves of Magnolia obovata Thunb.

Two new biphenyl ether lignans, named obovatol (1) and obovatal (2) were isolated from the leaves of Magnolia obovata THUNB. (Magnoliaceae) and their chemical structures were determined to be 4', 5-diallyl-2, 3-dihydroxybiphenyl ether and 3, 4-dihydroxy-5-(pallylphenoxy) cinnamic aldehyde by means of chemical and spectral studies. The former substance showed antibacterial activity against a cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus mutans, but was less active than magnolol (5) and honokiol (6).

Studies on the components of Magnolia obovata Thunb. II. On the components of the methanol extract of the bark

Studies on the components of Magnolia obovata Thunb. II. On the components of the methanol extract of the bark

Studies on the alkaloids of magnoliaceous plants. XV. Alkaloids of cortex magnoliae.

As a result of investigations on the alkaloids of the specimens of Chinese Cortex Magnoliae (Magnolia officinalis Rehder et Wilson) and Japanese Cortex Magnoliae (Magnolia obovata Thunb.), it has been shown that both contain only magnocurarine as the quaternary base.

CURARE-LIKE ACTION OF MAGNOCURARINE ISOLATED FROM MAGNOLIA OBOVATA

On the pharmacological investigation of principal constituents of magnoliaceous plants growing in Japan, there are no scientific reports except that of Sasaki (1). He succeeded in separating some substances, in a laquer-like state, which possess curariform activity, from the alcoholic extracts of a few plants of this family, including Magnolia obovata, Thunb. From the bark of Magnolia obovata Thunb. (Japanese name “Hohnoki”) Tomita and Inubushi (2) have recently isolated a new alkaloid, named it magnocurarine and determined its chemical structure. It was found to be N-methyl coclaurine `methyl hydroxide, which resembles one half of the molecular structure of d-tubocurarine (see Fig. 1). Magnocurarine is almost colorless, microscopic, prismatic crystals, melting at 200°C with effervescence and is readily soluble in water, but insoluble in most of organic solvents. We have decided to study in some detail the properties of magnocurarine chloride (MC) and compared the curare-like action of this substance with that of d-tubocurarine chloride (TC) and of decamethonium iodide (C10). We had planned the comparative studies of the curare-like action of MC and TC but because of the lack of TC we have been compelled to use C10 instead of TC in some experiments.

モクレン科植物アルカロイドの研究 (第10報)

The racemic compound of magnocurarine (IV), an alkaloid of Magnolia obovata Thunb. (Magnoliaceae), was prepared from dl-coclaurine (I), an alkaloid of Cocculus laurifolius DC. (Menispermaceae). Although l-magnocurarine itself had been isolated as crystals from a natural substance, the racemic compound colored during treatment and could not be obtained in a crystalline form. The picrate of the racemic base, however, was obtained as pale yellow needles, m.p. 174°, whose analytical values corresponded to C19H24O3N⋅C6H2O7N3⋅H2O of magnocurarine picrate.