Magnitude Of Potential Research Articles

A new look at osteoarthritis: Threshold potentials and an analogy to hypocalcemia.

Cartilage is a tissue that consist of very few cells embedded in a highly negatively charged extracellular matrix (ECM). This tissue is dealing with several electrical potentials which have been shown to control the production of ECM. Cartilage is present at joints and is constantly prone to degradation. Failing to repair the damage will result in the occurrence of osteoarthritis (OA). This perspective aims to link biophysical insights with biomolecular research in order to provide an alternative view on the possible causes of OA. Firstly, we hypothesize the existence of a threshold potential, which should be reached in order to initiate repair but if not met, unrepaired damage will evolve to OA. Measurements of the magnitude of this threshold electrical potential would be a helpful diagnostic tool. Secondly, since electrical potential alterations can induce chondrocytes to synthesize ECM, a cellular sensor must be present. We here propose an analogy to the hypocalcemia 'unshielding' situation to comprehend electrical potential generation and explore possible sensing mechanisms translating the electrical message into cellular responses. A better understanding of the cellular voltage sensors and down-stream signalling mechanisms may lead to the development of novel treatments for cartilage regeneration.

The role of primary motor cortex in manual inhibition of return: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study

Inhibition of return (IOR) is a behavioural phenomenon characterised by longer response times (RTs) to stimuli presented at previously cued versus uncued locations. The neural mechanisms underlying IOR effects are not fully understood. Previous neurophysiological studies have identified a role of frontoparietal areas including posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in the generation of IOR, but the contribution of primary motor cortex (M1) has not been directly tested.The present study investigated the effects of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over M1 on manual IOR in a key-press task where peripheral (left or right) targets followed a cue at the same or opposite location at different SOAs (100/300/600/1000 ms). In Experiment 1, TMS was applied over right M1 on a randomized 50% of trials. In Experiment 2, active or sham stimulation was provided in separate blocks.In the absence of TMS (non-TMS trials in Experiment 1 and sham trials in Experiment 2), evidence of IOR was observed in RTs at longer SOAs. In both experiments, IOR effects differed between TMS and non-TMS/sham conditions, but the effects of TMS were greater and statistically significant in Experiment 1 where TMS and non-TMS trials were randomly interspersed. The magnitude of motor-evoked potentials was not altered by the cue-target relationship in either experiment.These findings do not support a key role of M1 in the mechanisms of IOR but suggest the need for further research to elucidate the role of the motor system in manual IOR effects.

STRUCTURAL AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE SURFACE OF SUPERPROTONIC CRYSTALS OF ACID SALTS OF POTASSIUM-AMMONIUM SULFATE

The results of comprehensive studies of structural and phase transformations in(K0.43(NH4)0.57)3H(SO4)2 superprotonic crystals under the influence of atmospheric moisture are presented. The real structure, composition, and thickness of the modified surface layers have been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy. The local characteristics of nanostructures, formed on the freshly cleaved (001) crystal surface subjected to the electrostatic effect, have been investigated by conductive atomic force microscopy. A correlation has been established between the time changes in the structure, composition, and magnitude of the electrostatic potential of the crystal surface. The results are considered in the context of evaluation of the chemical stability of the samples and searching for the ways to optimize the compositions and functional properties of superprotonic compounds.

Effective quantum dynamics in curved thin-layer systems with inhomogeneous confinement

The motion of quantum particles homogeneously constrained to a curved surface is affected by a curvature-induced geometric potential. Here, by extending the thin-layer procedure, we consider the case of inhomogeneous confinement and derive the effective Hamiltonian where an extra effective potential appears. This effective potential is relevant to the ground-state energy perpendicular to the surface and the morphology of the confining potential. Tiny fluctuations in the thickness are envisioned to induce considerable magnitude of the effective potential. To demonstrate the impact of the inhomogeneity, we apply our method to investigate the coherent transport on a cylindrical surface where two helical ditches is imposed on the thickness. Numerical analysis reveals that the inhomogeneity of the confinement significantly affects the transport properties through changing the geometric symmetry of the system. This study develops the method for low-dimensional constrained systems and exhibits the possibility of a new degree of control for waveguiding in nanostructures.

Bilayer-modifying potency of antipsychotics as a function of pH.

Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have complex pharmacological profiles with a range of putative membrane protein targets and off-target effects. We have previously shown that APDs, including chlorpromazine (CPZ) and trifluoperazine (TFP), alter lipid bilayer properties as detected by bilayer-spanning gramicidin channels, which raises the possibility that at least part of their non-specific effects may be mediated by the bilayer. Following Malheiros et al. (1998) and Ahyayaych et al. (2003), who showed that the bilayer affinity of a titratable drug depends on its charge, being higher for neutral molecules, we explored the role of charge on the bilayer-modifying potencies of CPZ and TFP at pHs between 4 and 10. (Short-term exposure to pH 10 does not cause measurable changes in bilayer properties.) Using dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering to monitor partitioning of the charged species, we found that increasing pH produced a decrease in the magnitude of the zeta potential for both CPZ and TFP with little effect on the particle size distribution. Using gramicidin channels as probes, we found that the bilayer-modifying potencies of the drugs varied with changes in pH: the potency of CPZ increased modestly with increasing pH, while the potency of TFP varied little at low concentrations (3 and 10 µM) but decreased as pH increased at 30 µM. From experiments changing the total lipid concentration in the system, we found that the apparent partition coefficient of CPZ increased from pH 4 to pH 10, whereas that for TFP decreased. We conclude that the bilayer-modifying potency of a titratable drug is different for the neutral and charged species, with the charged species being more bilayer-modifying per molecule in the membrane.

Inulin-type dietary fiber stability after combined thermal, mechanical, and chemical stresses related to ultrasound processing of prebiotic apple beverage

Inulin-type fructans are promising prebiotic dietary fibers added to foods and beverages to aggregate functional properties. In this regard, this study examined the chemical and physical stability of inulin after thermal, mechanical, and chemical stress conditions provided by high-intensity ultrasound treatment. The objective was to investigate the behavior of the inulin molecular structure and its technological issues under high-energy processing to understand the feasibility of adding inulin to new products with health benefits. Temperature monitoring during high-intensity ultrasound processing was crucial because high temperatures of up to 82 ± 1 °C were reached using short processing times of up to 5.48 min. Despite the temperature rise, ultrasound specific energies of 30, 120, 210, and 300 J/g did not affect the pH, soluble solid content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and sugar content of the inulin-enriched apple beverage. In addition, the ultrasound processing stresses promoted by acoustic cavitation did not modify the profile and content of the short chain inulin added to the apple juice. The specific energy of 300 J/g contributed to the physical stability of the prebiotic apple beverage because this high-energy condition inhibited inulin precipitation producing a less cloudy product. Inulin was stable to high-energy ultrasound treatment because its molecular integrity was preserved. Moreover, the nutritional and bioactive compounds of the apple beverage were stable against acoustic cavitation-induced degradation. On the other hand, inulin precipitated in the aqueous solution after cooling of samples treated up to 210 J/g clouding the apple beverage. Indeed, high-intensity ultrasound processing enhanced the technological attributes of the prebiotic beverage, preventing its clouding due to inulin precipitation. Sonication treatment increased the physical stability of the beverage because it increased the magnitude of zeta potential.

Soil Amendment and Storage Effect the Quality of Winter Melons (Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn.) and Their Juice.

Winter melon fruits were grown in the field using anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and conventional fertilizer alone as the control treatment. Fruits were harvested and stored at 20 °C for 120 d, the juice was processed on day one and day 120, and the effects of soil amendment and 120 d storage on the juice's physical and chemical (sugars, acids, volatile and nutritional compounds) properties were evaluated. Fruit juice extracted from ASD-grown fruit had greater magnitude of zeta potential than the control juice, indicating it was physically more stable than the juice obtained from the control conditions. ASD fruit juice had lower soluble solids content (SSC), and lower volatile compounds that contribute green, grass, and sulfur notes, and negatively influence flavor quality. ASD fruit juice had higher vitamin B5 and cytidine. Juice processed from 120 d stored fruit had less yield due to 12.4-15.6% weight loss. The non-soluble solids content was higher and particle size was larger, and the SSC and individual sugars decreased. However, titratable acidity (TA) increased primarily due to increased citric acid. Out of 16 free amino acids, 6 increased and only 1 decreased. However, three out of five nucleosides decreased; vitamins B1 and B6 increased; vitamins B2, B3 and C decreased. Overall, juice derived from fruit produced using ASD was physically more stable and had less SSC and off-odor volatiles than the control, while the fruit juice of those stored for 120 d had lower SSC and higher TA and nutritional profiles, comparable to freshly harvested fruit.

Анализ факторов, влияющих на защитный потенциал металлического подземного сооружения, с учетом влияния движения электроподвижного состава по участку

The analysis of the factors affecting the protective potential of a metal underground construction during the motion of the locomotive on the section is carried out. A graphical representation of the factors affecting the magnitude of the protective potential of the DF (drainage facility) of a MUC is given. The factors influencing the protective potential of the MUC when driving along the section of the West Siberian Railway are grouped. The first group of factors - the locomotive parameters - includes current, speed, mass, locomotive type, train formation and locomotive coordinate. By means of KORTES PC, the intervals of parameter changes are determined. The second is the track parameters, comprises the resistivity of the upper structure of a track (sleepers, ballast and roadbed) and the rail type. The third one is the resistance of the GA (grounding arrangement) of a MUC, the bedding depth of a MUC and the distance from the rails to the MUC. The fourth - the TS (traction substation) parameters include the coordinates of a TS and the DF of a TS, the distance from the rails to the GD of a TS, the resistance of the DF of a TS, the equivalent resistance of the GD of a TS. Also, the specific resistance of soil is attributed to the factors affecting the protective potential of a MUC. The results are summarized in a final chart of factors affecting the protective potential of a metal underground structure, taking into account the motion effect of an electric rolling stock on the section.

Evolution of the electrical double layer with electrolyte concentration probed by second harmonic scattering.

Investigating the electrical double layer (EDL) structure has been a long-standing challenge and has seen the emergence of several sophisticated techniques able to probe selectively the few molecular layers of a solid/water interface. While a qualitative estimation of the thickness of the EDL can be obtained using simple theoretical models, following experimentally its evolution is not straightforward and can be even more complicated in nano- or microscale systems, particularly when changing the ionic concentration by several orders of magnitude. Here, we bring insight into the structure of the EDL of SiO2 nanoparticle suspensions and its evolution with increasing ionic concentration using angle-resolved second harmonic scattering (AR-SHS). Below millimolar salt concentrations, we can successively characterize inner-sphere adsorption, diffuse layer formation, and outer-sphere adsorption. Moreover, we show for the first time that, by appropriately selecting the nanoparticle size, it is possible to retrieve information also in the millimolar range. There, we observe a decrease in the magnitude of the surface potential corresponding to a compression in the EDL thickness, which agrees with the results of several other electroanalytical and optical techniques. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the EDL compression mainly results from the diffuse layer compression rather than outer-sphere ions (Stern plane) moving closer to the surface.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FINE GRAIN CONTENT OF SOIL ON LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL

One of the efforts to realize environmentally sound development is to pay attention to disaster aspects that threaten an area, one of which is the phenomenon of liquefaction. The liquefaction disaster is of particular concern after the 2018 Palu liquefaction, damaging and claiming many victims. Liquefaction is a phenomenon in soils that are initially solid and then turn liquid due to increased pore water pressure due to cyclic loads or earthquakes, which reduce the carrying capacity of the soil. Not all types of soil have the potential to experience liquefaction. In general, soils with a high liquefaction potential are soils with a high content of fine sand grains and fewer clay particles. This study aims to determine the effect of fine grain content (silt and clay) on the magnitude of the liquefaction potential. The study was conducted using experimental modeling with fine sand soil samples (passed sieve number 40 and retained sieve number 100), which varied the content of fine grains (passed sieve number 200) as much as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The results of this study indicated that soil with a fines content of 0% liquefied after 5.56 seconds, and soil with a fines content of 20% experienced liquefaction after 23.84 seconds. This condition shows that the higher fine content of soil decreases its liquefaction potential.

Smallholder farms have and can store more carbon than previously estimated.

Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is increasingly targeted as a key strategy in climate change mitigation and improved ecosystem resiliency. Agricultural land, a dominant global land use, provides substantial challenges and opportunities for global carbon sequestration. Despite this, global estimates of soil carbon sequestration potential often exclude agricultural land and estimates are coarse for regions in the Global South. To address these discrepancies and improve estimates, we develop a hybrid, data-augmented database approach to better estimate the magnitude of SOC sequestration potential of agricultural soils. With high-resolution (30 m) soil maps of Africa developed by the International Soils Database (iSDA) and Malawi as a case study, we create a national adjustment using site-specific soil data retrieved from 1160 agricultural fields. We use a benchmark approach to estimate the amount of SOC Malawian agricultural soils can sequester, accounting for edaphic and climatic conditions, and calculate the resulting carbon gap. Field measurements of SOC stocks and sequestration potentials were consistently larger than iSDA predictions, with an average carbon gap of 4.42 ± 0.23 Mg C ha-1 to a depth of 20 cm, with some areas exceeding 10Mg C ha-1 . Augmenting iSDA predictions with field data also improved sensitivity to identify areas with high SOC sequestration potential by 6%-areas that may benefit from improved management practices. Overall, we estimate that 6.8million ha of surface soil suitable for agriculture in Malawi has the potential to store 274 ± 14 Tg SOC. Our approach illustrates how ground truthing efforts remain essential to reduce errors in continent-wide soil carbon predictions for local and regional use. This work begins efforts needed across regions to develop soil carbon benchmarks that inform policies and identify high-impact areas in the effort to increase SOC globally.

Influence of indium content and carrier density on spontaneous emission spectra of wurtzite InGaN/GaN quantum wires with screening effects

Spontaneous emission spectra of wurtzite (WZ) InxGa1−xN/GaN quantum wires (QWRs) with screening effects are investigated as a function of an In content and a carrier density. The screening potentials rapidly increase with increasing carrier density. However, for a given carrier density, the magnitude of the screening potential is nearly irrespective of the In content. In the case of the InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) structures, the peak intensity gradually decreases with increasing In content owing to the increase in an internal field by piezoelectric (PZ) and spontaneous (SP) polarizations. On the other hand, the peak intensity of the InGaN/GaN QWR structure is less sensitive to an internal field and rapidly increases owing to the increase in the carrier confinement with increasing In content. However, it is reduced due to the decrease in a quasi-Fermi level separation when the In content further increases.

Control of Dy164 Bose-Einstein condensate phases and dynamics with dipolar anisotropy

We investigate the quench dynamics of quasi-one and two dimensional dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (dBEC) of $^{164}$Dy atoms under the influence of a fast rotating magnetic field. The magnetic field thus controls both the magnitude and sign of the dipolar potential. We account for quantum fluctuations, critical to formation of exotic quantum droplet and supersolid phases in the extended Gross-Pitaevskii formalism, which includes the so-called Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) correction. An analytical variational ansatz allows us to obtain the phase diagrams of the superfluid and droplet phases. The crossover from the superfluid to the supersolid phase and to single and droplet arrays is probed with particle number and dipolar interaction. The dipolar strength is tuned by rotating the magnetic field with subsequent effects on phase boundaries. Following interaction quenches across the aforementioned phases, we monitor the dynamical formation of supersolid clusters or droplet lattices. We include losses due to three-body recombination over the crossover regime, where the three-body recombination rate coefficient scales with the fourth power of the scattering length ($a_s$) or the dipole length ($a_{dd}$). For fixed values of the dimensionless parameter, $\epsilon_{dd} = a_{dd}/a_s$, tuning the dipolar anisotropy leads to an enhancement of the droplet lifetimes.

Investigation of the parameters affecting the morphology of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation method

In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous solutions of ZnSO4 and NaOH at ambient temperature and 70 °C. The nanoparticles synthesized at these two temperatures were identified and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential (ZP). SEM micrographs showed that temperature, method of mixing, and stoichiometric ratio could significantly affect the formation of particles of different sizes and morphology. Phase analysis of synthesized particles was performed by X-ray diffraction. The result showed that temperature had the tremendous potential to convert precursors into products to form a single-phase compound completely. These results were confirmed by the observed characteristic peaks in FTIR. The crystallite size was calculated using Scherer's equation and Rietveld analysis to investigate the effect of the calcination process on the crystal size of the synthesized particles. The results showed that the calcination process could significantly affect the crystal size of the synthesized particles. Both methods showed an increase in the average crystal size of zinc oxide particles after the calcination process. The absolute magnitude of the zeta potential for zinc oxide particles with a pyramidal rod morphology with an average diameter of 80–90 nm was 33.2 and for star-like morphology with an average diameter of 800–900 nm was 11.8.

Pelatihan Kepemimpinan dan Peranan Pokdarwis Dalam Pengembangan Wisata Pulau Putri di Kabupaten Karawang

The Tourism Awareness Group (POKDARWIS) needs to be formed in SegarjayaVillage, Batujaya District, Karawang Regency, West Java with the aim of optimizing thepotential of the village. In Pokdarwis, leadership is needed that can move all members, so thatall people realize the magnitude of the tourism potential which in the future can increaseresidents' income. This group can be a forum for residents to develop their area as a touristvillage. can be an implementation method to foster a leadership spirit and move Pokdarwiscarried out by gathering community leaders and especially young people to be givenunderstanding and to be able to create creative things in their villages which have the naturalpotential of Pulau Putri beach, ancient temples, and typical processed products. JembretTerasi. Another thing to do is work with the Tourism Community in Karawang Regency tointroduce and help promote tourism in Segarjaya Village. The result of the activities carriedout was the growing awareness of the importance of empowering tourism potential inSegarjaya Village. In addition, the tourism community presented can introduce tourism inKarawang more broadly through its media. As a result, tourists on the Putri Island beach haveincreased. Putri Island Tourism Beach and Educational Tourism (Making Jembret Terasi)which can be packaged into attractive tour packages in the future. Tourism is stretched, thepeople's standard of living increases.

Analysis of electroviscous effect and heat transfer for flow of non-Newtonian fluids in a microchannel with surface charge-dependent slip at high zeta potentials

In hydrophobic surfaces, pressure-driven flows induce electrokinetic flow retardation, where the slip length decreases due to the surface charge. In the current work, we investigate the thermal transport and fluid flow behavior of a pressure-driven flow of shear-thinning fluid with an electroviscous effect, accounting for the influence of surface charge on the slip. The electrical potential field induced in the electrical double layer (EDL), velocity, streaming potential, and temperature is obtained after solving the Poisson–Boltzmann equation, mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations without invoking the Debye–Hückel linearization. Results are presented for a broad range of dimensionless parameters, such as surface charge-independent slip length, Debye–Hückel parameter, zeta potential, heat flux, and flow consistency index (n). The flow velocity decreases after considering the effect of surface charge on slip, and such decrement is more for lower value of n, higher magnitude of zeta potential, and thicker EDL. Moreover, for lower value of n (1/3), the alteration of the Nusselt number with the surface charge is non-monotonic, whereas it increases with the surface charge magnitude for higher value of n (1/2). Further, for lower value of n, the Nusselt number enhances by the surface charge effect on the slip, whereas, for higher value of n, the trend is the opposite. Also, there is a strong interplay of the rheology of the fluid and EDL thickness in dictating the variation of the Nusselt number.

Electronic and nonlinear optical absorption of an off-center hydrogenic donor impurity in GaAs/GaAlAs hexagonal quantum dot under electric field

In this paper, the energy levels and nonlinear optical properties modulated by the applied electric field are analytically investigated where a hydrogenic impurity is confined in the GaAs/GaAlAs hexagonal quantum dot(QD). The linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients(OACs) have been obtained by using the compact density matrix and iterative approach. In the one electron approximation, an off-center hydrogenic donor impurity is considered, and the results show that the energy levels and nonlinear optical absorption of the dot depend strongly on the hydrogenic impurity. Especially, The overall results show that the geometric parameter and the magnitude of confinement potential of hexagonal QD, and the applied electric field act a very important role in the electronic and optical properties of hexagonal QD.

Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion as a novel nanocarrier for bleomycin amplifies its apoptotic effect on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells

Loading the chemotherapeutic agents in nanoemulsions system has recently gained attraction in medicine due to their ability to improve the drug’s efficacy and reduce its adverse effects. In this context, here, we loaded bleomycin (BLM) in nanoemulsion (NE) consisting of cinnamon oil in order to evaluate its antineoplastic effect on the SKOV-3 cells. The produced NE formulas were physically characterized by the zetasizer. The cytotoxic activities of BLM and NE formulas were examined by CCK-8 kit, Coomassie blue staining for the visualization of the morphological changes, Annexin V-FITC for identifying apoptosis and cell death detection ELISA plus kit for DNA fragmentation measurement. The average droplet diameter of the blank NE (450.90±1.57 nm) was increased when loaded with BLM (522.57±0.85 nm) while the magnitude of the negative zeta potential of the loaded formula (0.381±0.003 mV) was less than the blank NE (1.01±0.020 mV). The potential cytotoxicity of the BLM-NE was significantly greater than the toxicities of the free BLM and blank NE. The blank NE and BLM-NE have the greatest apoptotic effect and higher enrichment factor compared to free BLM. Loading BLM in NE based on cinnamon oil has considerably improved its efficacy as an anticancer drug on the SKOV-3 cells.

A theoretical study on the impact of centrifugal potential and fragment identification in the decay of compound nuclei (ACN = 60&100)

Decay analysis of compound nuclei such as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] formed in [Formula: see text]Ca and [Formula: see text]Ni reactions, respectively, is studied using two theoretical frameworks, dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM) and PACE4. To explore the decay dynamics in a relatively lighter mass region [Formula: see text], two more reactions are picked (i) [Formula: see text]Mg forming the [Formula: see text] compound nucleus, (ii) another one involving the odd mass projectile, [Formula: see text]. In DCM, the fusion excitation functions are calculated using sticking [Formula: see text] and nonsticking [Formula: see text] limits of the moment of inertia. For the chosen reactions, fusion cross-sections are equivalent to evaporation residue (ER) cross-sections [Formula: see text] as fission cross-sections are negligible. A lower magnitude of maximum angular momentum [Formula: see text] is obtained via the [Formula: see text] approach in comparison to the [Formula: see text] approach and the angular momentum obtained via the [Formula: see text] approach is closer to the experimental observations. The structure and magnitude of fragmentation potential and preformation probability [Formula: see text] depend on the choice of moment of inertia and the magnitude of angular momentum involved. Besides this, PACE4 is employed to address the fusion cross-section of chosen reactions. The most probable decay channel is identified using both DCM and PACE4 approaches.

Seasonal growth potential of Oncorhynchus mykiss in streams with contrasting prey phenology and streamflow

AbstractThe growth of any organism depends on habitat conditions, food availability, and their seasonal interactions. Yet in the vast literature on Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus), the seasonal interaction between habitat conditions and food availability has received relatively little attention. We examined juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss rearing, physical habitat, and resource phenologies in two Mediterranean coastal streams—one perennial, cool, and shaded and the other intermittent, seasonally warm, and sunny. We used a bioenergetic model to investigate the timing and magnitude of growth potential for drift‐foraging O. mykiss during the spring and summer in both systems. Growth potential peaked at least 2 months earlier in the intermittent stream than in the perennial stream. By early summer (June), growth potential had declined in the intermittent stream, whereas growth rates were peaking in the perennial stream. However, the mid‐July lipid content of juvenile O. mykiss in the intermittent stream was nearly twice that of fish in the perennial stream. By late summer (August), foraging profitability declined in both streams, as abiotic conditions in the intermittent stream approached lethal. In contrast, the perennial stream maintained suitable abiotic conditions even though the growth rate was low. We suggest that the divergent resource phenologies and seasonal mortality risks experienced by anadromous O. mykiss rearing in these streams could drive diversification of traits governing size, age, and timing of outmigration.