Magnitude Of Postprandial Lipemia Research Articles

Effects of a single bout of walking on postprandial triglycerides in men of Chinese, European and Japanese descent: a multisite randomised crossover trial

IntroductionElevated non-fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases but can be reduced after acute exercise. Ethnic-based differences in the magnitude of postprandial lipaemia and the extent...

Body composition, but not insulin resistance, influences postprandial lipemia in patients with Turner's syndrome.

The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of body composition and insulin resistance on the magnitude of postprandial lipemia in patients with Turner's syndrome receiving oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement. Twenty-five patients with Turner's syndrome receiving oral or transdermal estrogen replacement were evaluated for body mass index, waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios, fasting glycemia, insulin, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and postprandial lipid metabolism. For statistical analysis, we used parametric tests to compare numeric variables between the two subgroups. We observed no difference in postprandial triglyceride levels between patients receiving oral versus transdermal hormone replacement therapy. The postprandial triglycerides increment correlated positively with the percentage of total fat mass (p=0.02) and android fat mass (p=0.02) in the transdermal group. In the oral estrogen group, a positive correlation was observed between the increment in postprandial triglycerides and waist-to-hip (p=0.15) and waist-to-height (p=0.009) ratios. No association was observed between the estrogen replacement route and insulin resistance evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (p=0.19 and p=0.65 for the oral and transdermal groups, respectively). We concluded that body composition and anthropometric characteristics possibly affect the extent of postprandial lipemia independently from the route of estrogen replacement.

Efectos agudos del ejercicio resistido en la lipemia postprandial de mujeres postmenopáusicas con sobrepeso

Introducción. La magnitud de la lipemia postprandial es un indicador de riesgo cardiovascular, en especial en mujeres con actividad hormonal reducida. Los ejercicios resistidos (ER) podrían ser un factor que influencie las concentraciones de lípidos después de consumir alimentos.Objetivo. Determinar los efectos agudos sobre la lipemia postprandial de mujeres postmenopáusicas que tiene la realización de sesiones de ER de alto y bajo volumen, en comparación a un grupo control.Materiales y métodos. Después de una evaluación inicial (antropometría, perfil lipídico y fitness muscular), 32 mujeres fueron divididas aleatoriamente en tres grupos: uno con ER de alto volumen (n=11), otro con ER de bajo volumen (n=11) y un grupo control sin ER (n=10). 12 horas después de los ejercicios se suministró un compuesto nutricional hiperlipídico y se analizó la lipemia postprandial cada hora durante 5 horas.Resultados. Los diferentes volúmenes de ER no redujeron de manera importante los marcadores lipémicos (colesterol total, triglicéridos, LDL y VLDL) (p>0.05) ni aumentaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de HDL (p>0.05).Conclusiones. Las sesiones de ER no afectaron los marcadores lipémicos postprandiales, aunque sí mostraron resultados clínicos relevantes en los grupos experimentales (reducción de LDL-VLDL y aumento de HDL en momentos específicos).

Glucose added to a fat load suppresses the postprandial triglyceridemia response in carriers of the -1131C and 56G variants of the APOA5 gene.

Apolipoprotein A-V plays an important role in the determination of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration. We aimed to determine whether polymorphisms -1131T>C (rs662799) and 56C>G (rs3135506) of the APOA5 gene have an impact on the course of postprandial lipemia induced by a fat load and a fat load with added glucose. Thirty healthy male volunteers, seven heterozygous for the -1131C variant and three for the 56G variant (HT) carriers, and 20 wild-type (WT) carriers underwent two 8-hour tests of postprandial lipemia - one after an experimental breakfast consisting of 75 g of fat and second after a breakfast consisting of 75 g of fat and 25 g of glucose. HT carriers had a higher postprandial response after fat load than WT carriers (AUC TG: 14.01+/-4.27 vs. 9.84+/-3.32 mmol*h/l, respectively, p=0.016). Glucose added to the test meal suppressed such a difference. Heterozygous carriers of the variants of APOA5 (-1131C and 56G) display more pronounced postprandial lipemia after pure fat load than WT carriers. This statistically significant difference disappears when glucose is added to a fat load, suggesting that meal composition modulates the effect of these polymorphisms on the magnitude of postprandial lipemia.

Dietary fat and carbohydrate quality have independent effects on postprandial glucose and lipid responses.

The magnitude of postprandial lipemia is influenced not only by the amount but also the type of fat and carbohydrate consumed. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in postprandial glucose and lipid responses after a mixed meal containing low- or high-glycemic-index (GI) carbohydrate and three different types of fat varying in the degree of saturation in healthy subjects. A randomized, controlled, single-blinded crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy Chinese men. Subjects consumed in random order six experimental isocaloric meals that differed in carbohydrate and fat quality, and contained 40g of either saturated fat (SFA, butter), monounsaturated fat (MUFA, olive oil) or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA, grapeseed oil), and 50g of either low-GI (basmati rice) or high-GI (jasmine rice) carbohydrate. Glucose, insulin, c-peptide, triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured over 4h. For all substrates evaluated, there were no significant interactions between fat and carbohydrate. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for TG was significantly lower after the SFA and PUFA meals compared with the MUFA meal, irrespective of GI. No significant difference was found for NEFA iAUC in all treatments. Glucose, insulin and c-peptide iAUCs were significantly lower after ingestion of low-GI than high-GI meals, independent of the type of fat. A carbohydrate-rich meal (of either low or high GI) that contains butter or grapeseed oil results in lower postprandial TG concentrations relative to olive oil in healthy Chinese males. Glucose, insulin and c-peptide responses, however, are directly dependent on the GI of the meal and not on the degree of saturation of dietary fat. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02585427.

Prior Exercise Does Not Reduce Postprandial Lipemia Following a Mixed Glucose Meal When Compared with a Mixed Fructose Meal.

This study examined the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia (PPL) concentration following a mixed meal (MM) made with either glucose or fructose. Sedentary women completed four trials in random order: 1) Rest-Fructose: RF, 2) Rest-Glucose: RG, 3) Exercise-Fructose: EF, 4) Exercise-Glucose: EG. Exercise expended 500 kcal while walking at 70%VO2max. Rest was 60 min of sitting. The morning after each trial, a fasting (12 hr) blood sample was collected followed by consumption of the MM. The MM was blended with whole milk and ice cream plus a glucose or fructose powder. Glucose and fructose powder accounted for 30% of the total kcal within the MM. Blood was collected periodically for 6 hr post-MM and analyzed for PPL. Magnitude of PPL over the 6 hr postmeal was quantified using the triglyceride incremental area under the curve (TG AUCI). Significant differences (p < .05) between trials were determined using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. There was no significant difference in the TG AUCI between the four trials (p > .05). A significant trial by time interaction for TG concentration was reported (p < .05). Despite lack of change in the AUCI with prior exercise, the lower TG concentration at multiple time points in the EG trial does indicate that prior exercise has some desirable effect on PPL. This study suggests that replacing fructose with glucose sugars and incorporating exercise may minimize PPL following a mixed meal but exercise will need to elicit greater energy expenditure.

Body mass interacts with fat quality to determine the postprandial lipoprotein response in healthy young adults

Background and aimsPostprandial lipemia predicts the evolution of cardiovascular disease. Obesity is associated with an increase in the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the effects of acute ingestion of different types of fat on the postprandial lipemic response. Methods and resultsTwenty-one healthy men followed a 4-week baseline diet and then consumed three fat-loaded meals that included 1g fat/kg body wt (65%fat) according to a randomized crossover design. The compositions of the three meals were olive oil meal (22% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 38% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)); butter meal (35% SFA, 22% MUFA, 4% PUFA); walnuts meal (20% SFA, 24% MUFA, 16% PUFA, and 4% α-linolenic acid). Higher-weight (HW) subjects (BMI greater than the median 26.18kg/m2, n=11) presented higher incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for triglycerides (TG), both in large- and small-TG rich lipoproteins (TRL) than lower-weight (LW) subjects (BMI<26.18kg/m2, n=10) (p<0.05), and a similar trend for plasma TG (p=0.084). Moreover, HW subjects presented higher concentrations for small TRL-cholesterol and small TRL-TG in different timepoints of the postprandial lipemia after the intake of enriched walnuts or butter meals compared with the olive oil-enriched meal (p<0.05) No significant differences were observed between the three types of meals in the postprandial response of LW subjects. ConclusionHW subjects present a greater postprandial response than LW subjects, and they benefit from the consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids from olive oil, to lower their levels of TRL particles during the postprandial state.

Interactions between age and apoE genotype on fasting and postprandial triglycerides levels

Objective The influences of genetic determinants on the magnitude of postprandial lipaemia are presently unclear. Here the impact of the common apolipoprotein (apo)E epsilon mutation on the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response is determined, along with an assessment of genotype penetrance according to age, body mass index and gender. Methods and results Healthy adults ( n = 251) underwent a postprandial investigation, in which blood samples were taken at regular intervals after a test breakfast (0 min, 49 g fat) and lunch (330 min, 29 g fat) until 480 min after the test breakfast. There was a significant impact of apoE genotype on fasting total cholesterol (TC), ( P = 0.027), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), ( P = 0.008), and %LDL 3 ( P = 0.001), with higher and lower levels in the E4 and E2 carriers respectively relative to the E3/E3 genotype. Reflective of a higher fasting TG ( P = 0.001), a significantly higher area under the curve for the postprandial TG response (TG AUC) was evident in the E4 carriers relative to the E3/E3 group ( P = 0.038). In the group as a whole, a significant age × genotype interaction was observed for fasting TC ( P = 0.021). In the participants >50 years there was a significant impact of genotype on TC ( P = 0.005), LDL-C ( P = 0.001) and TAG AUC ( P = 0.028). Conclusions It is possible that an exaggerated postprandial lipaemia contributes to the increased coronary heart disease risk associated with carriers of the E4 allele; an effect which is more evident in older adults.

Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP), Postprandial Lipemia and Hypolipidemic Drugs

Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a significant role in high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). A reduction in CETP activity leads to an increase in HDL-cholesterol levels. However, the relationship between reduced CETP function and atherosclerosis is complex and confusing. In the hypertriglyceridemic state, CETP is highly expressed and RCT leads to the formation of small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) and small dense HDL, both of which are involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Significant associations of the B1B1 genotype with higher plasma CETP concentration and/or CETP activity and lower HDL cholesterol were reported in several, but not all, studies. The magnitude of postprandial lipemia is also associated with plasma CETP concentration and lipoprotein content and size. Several conditions such as metabolic syndrome, hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity and familial hypercholesterolaemia are characterized by a more pronounced postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and delayed TG clearance than normal states. Thus, CETP is considered as a candidate target for drug therapy. A number of synthetic CETP inhibitors (CGS25159 and JTT-705) were evaluated in animals with satisfactory results. In humans, two CETP inhibitors were evaluated, JTT-705 and torcetrapib, leading to HDL increase. However, torcetrapib administration was associated with an increase in blood pressure and other "off-target" effects. It is also not clear whether the HDL produced during treatment with torcetrapib is bioactive (i.e. an "on target" undesirable action). In the current review, CETP function regarding lipid metabolism (in fasting and fed states) from human and animal studies as well as the current knowledge on CETP inhibitors are discussed. We also discuss gender influence on the action of hypolipidemic drugs and their effect on CETP mass and activity, as well as on the lipid profile.

Postprandial, but not postabsorptive low-density lipoproteins increase the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human aortic endothelial cells

The magnitude of postprandial lipemia has been identified as independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. To test the effect of postprandial versus postabsorptive low-density lipoproteins (LDL) on the expression of adhesion molecules, LDL were isolated from healthy subjects before and 4 h after ingestion of a standardized fatty test meal. We used flow cytometry and Northern blotting to quantify cell adhesion molecules in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). The adherence of leukocytes to HAEC was analyzed using a monocyte adhesion assay. Incubation of HAEC with postprandial, but not postabsorptive LDL induced a two-fold increase in the surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but not of E-selectin or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. In addition, increased amounts of ICAM-1 transcripts were found in HAEC treated with postprandial LDL. The adhesion of monocytes to HAEC was enhanced after pretreatment with postprandial, but not with postabsorptive LDL. We conclude that postprandial, but not postabsorptive LDL increase the surface expression of ICAM-1 in HAEC apparently by de novo protein synthesis leading to increased adhesion of monocytes. The upregulation of ICAM-1 by postprandial LDL may explain part of the proatherogenic effect of high postprandial lipemia.

Plasma cytokine response during the postprandial period: a potential causal process in vascular disease?

Chronic inflammation of the vascular endothelium produces endothelial dysfunction and ultimately atherogenesis. Postprandial hyperlipidaemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent studies show that the magnitude of postprandial lipaemia following a single fatty meal is negatively related to vascular function. This is associated with a transient increase in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules and in pro-oxidant activity. One possible interpretation is that repeated exposure of the blood vessel wall to the activities of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-oxidants may damage the vascular endothelium and promote atherogenesis. Based on these results, we propose a model of a causal mechanism to explain how consumption of a fatty meal may impair vascular dysfunction.

Insulin improves fasting and postprandial lipemia in type 2 diabetes

Background: The purpose of the investigation presented here was to study the effects of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) not only on glycemic control but also on other components of the metabolic syndrome, including lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and body weight. Methods: Twelve patients with type 2 DM were studied before and after replacement of sulphonylurea treatment with insulin for 4 months. Results: Insulin therapy resulted in a significant decrease in fasting glucose levels by 26%; glycated hemoglobin decreased by 17% and fructosamine values by 19%. With insulin treatment, fasting plasma triglyceride levels decreased by 28% and total HDL cholesterol and HDL 3 cholesterol increased by 17 and 11%, respectively. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol showed no significant change. The magnitude of postprandial lipemia after ingestion of a standard fatty meal decreased by 38%. Insulin treatment was also accompanied by a 21% increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in postheparin plasma and by a 20% increase in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Hepatic lipase activity was not changed significantly with insulin. Mean BMI decreased from 28.5±4.2 to 28.0±3.1 kg/m 2 ( P=0.02), which is in keeping with the finding that peripheral insulin levels did not increase and which can be explained by the fact that the insulin regimen was combined with dietary counseling. Accordingly, blood pressure showed no significant change. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that judicious replacement of sulfonylurea treatment with insulin therapy, together with dietary counseling, can result in a simultaneous improvement in the major stigmata of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. a significant improvement in glycemic control and lipid metabolism without unfavorable effects on body weight and blood pressure.

Plasma acylation stimulating protein concentration and subcutaneous adipose tissue C3 mRNA expression in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic men.

We studied the effect of an oral fat load on plasma acylation stimulating protein (ASP) concentrations in 9 lean healthy (age 59+/-2 years, body mass index [BMI] 23.2+/-0.4 kg/m(2); both mean+/-SEM), 9 obese nondiabetic (58+/-2 years, BMI 29.4+/-0.5 kg/m(2)), and 12 type 2 diabetic (60+/-2 years, BMI 29.6+/-1.0 kg/m(2)) men. Because ASP is a cleavage product of complement protein C3 (C3adesArg) and its secretion is regulated by insulin, we also examined the subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of C3 mRNA before and after a 240-minute euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of these men. Plasma ASP concentration and adipose tissue C3 mRNA expression were higher in the obese groups than in the lean men. Plasma ASP concentration did not change significantly after the fat load. Fasting plasma ASP concentration and C3 mRNA expression were correlated negatively with insulin sensitivity and positively with the magnitude of postprandial lipemia in nondiabetic but not in type 2 diabetic men. The expression of C3 mRNA was not regulated by insulin. These data suggest that ASP is associated with whole-body glucose and lipid metabolism in nondiabetic individuals, whereas metabolic disturbances in diabetes may overcome the regulatory role of ASP in lipid and glucose metabolism.

Double-Blind Controlled Study on the Effects of Dietary Diacylglycerol on Postprandial Serum and Chylomicron Triacylglycerol Responses in Healthy Humans

Objective: The effects of dietary diacylglycerol (DG) on postprandial lipemia in healthy humans were investigated.Methods: Forty normolipidemic male volunteers ingested fat emulsions containing either DG oil or triacylglycerol (TG) oil, at different doses: 10 g (n = 13), 20 g (n = 10) and 44 g (n = 17). Two test emulsions were given at seven-days intervals in random order. Fatty acid compositions of the test oils had been adjusted to be equal. Fasting and postprandial serum lipid concentrations in each group and plasma lipoprotein lipids in the 20 g-fat ingestion group were measured during the postprandial intervals.Results: When DG emulsion was ingested, serum TG concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the late postprandial phase, i.e., 4 hours, 6 hours as compared to the TG emulsion. The magnitude of postprandial lipemia (the area bounded by the curve above the fasting concentration) after ingestion of 44 g-DG emulsion was significantly less than that of 44 g-TG emulsion (6.54 ± 5.12 and 8.45 ± 7.54 mmol · h/L, mean ± SD, respectively). Chylomicron TG, cholesterol, and phospholipid concentrations at 4 hours after ingestion of DG emulsion were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those after the ingestion of TG emulsion at the same time point. No marked differences were observed for VLDL, LDL and HDL lipids between the test emulsions.Conclusion: In the usual range of fat intake (10–44 g), postprandial response after ingestion of DG emulsion was significantly less than that after ingestion of TG emulsion in healthy human subjects.

Lipoprotein abnormalities in diabetic nephropathy

The risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD) is substantially increased in diabetic nephropathy compared with normal subjects or diabetes without nephropathy. I tried to define abnormal plasma lipoproteins profiles contributing to the increased CHD risk in diabetic nephropathy. This study included: middle-aged to older type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and overt albuminuria; nondiabetic patients with primary renal disease; and normal control subjects. Triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly increased in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and overt proteinuria. Glycemic control or insulin resistance were not associated with TG levels. Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol in type 2 diabetics were significantly elevated in patients with overt nephropathy. Hepatic TG lipase (HTGL) was significantly decreased in diabetic nephropathy, and their higher IDL levels were inversely related to decreased HTGL. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size was significantly smaller in diabetic nephropathy compared with nondiabetics with kidney disease. The TG response after the oral fat load was significantly greater in diabetic nephropathy, and the LDL size was inversely associated with the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Microalbuminuric diabetic patients had a lower lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mass and a higher von Willebrand factor (vWF), an indicator of endothelial cell damage, than normoalbuminuric patients. The LPL mass was inversely associated with vWF, suggesting that widespread endothelial cell damage results in a reduction in LPL bound to endothelium in diabetic subjects with microalbuminuria. Plasma lipoprotein profiles become more atherogenic in patients with diabetic nephropathy, including the subclinical stage, compared with diabetics without nephropathy or those with nondiabetic kidney disease.

Clinical diagnosis of lipid disorders

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major health problem in the United States. In particular, coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States, as well as in other industrialized countries. Extensive observational epidemiologic data within and between populations have strongly linked such various factors as untreated hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking and lipid abnormalities to the development of CHD. With respect to lipoprotein parameters, elevated total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) have been strongly associated with CHD risk. Emerging evidence suggests than other lipoprotein abnormalities also are associated with premature CHD, including elevated levels of lipoprotein(a), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as small very-low-density lipoproteins and intermediate-density lipoproteins, small and dense LDL particles, and the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Extensive primary and secondary clinical trial evidence has established that favorably altering dyslipidemias through diet and a variety of pharmacologic agents produces clear improvements in CHD endpoints. The extent of this benefit depends on the presence or absence of clinical atherosclerotic disease, as well as other CHD risk factors, and the severity of one or more lipoprotein abnormalities. CHD patients and individuals with multiple risk factors, but free of clinical CHD, derive the greatest absolute benefit from lipid treatment directed at reducing LDL-C. The dyslipidemias that impart high risk are severely elevated LDL-C (200 mg/dL), combined high LDL-C and low HDLC (< 35 mg/dL), and combined hyperlipidemias (non-HDL-C > 200 mg/dL with low HDL). The purpose of this review is to aid the primary care physician in identifying these important dyslipidemias and to critically analyze the relative importance of various lipoproteins on atherosclerotic risk.

Effect of variations in oral fat and carbohydrate load on postprandial lipemia

In this study we assessed the acute effects of the consumption of varying amounts of fat and fructose on the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Subjects were studied after an overnight fast on four separate mornings, ingesting in random order 5, 40, or 80 g fat, or 5 g fat plus 50 g fructose. Vitamin A (36 mg, or 120,000 U retinol) was also given and blood was drawn at frequent intervals over the next 10 h for measurement of triacylglycerol and retinyl palmitate (RP) concentrations in plasma and the Sf > 400 and Sf 20-400 lipoprotein fractions. (Sf denotes flotation units.) In general, the postprandial triacylglycerol response increased in plasma and in both lipoprotein fractions as a function of both the baseline fasting triacylglycerol concentration and the amount of fat ingested. However, no matter how high the fasting plasma triacylglycerol concentration, there was no increase in the postprandial triacylglycerol concentration in plasma or either lipoprotein fraction after the 5-g oral fat load. The results of the measurements of RP concentration were somewhat similar in that there was a dose-dependent increase in the plasma and the Sf > 400 lipoprotein fraction in response to the higher fat loads. However, just the opposite was true in the Sf 20-400 lipoprotein fraction, for which the increase in RP concentration was inversely related to the size of the fat load.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Low-density lipoproteins of the postprandial state induce cellular cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages.

Chemically or biologically modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) but not native unmodified LDL lead to foam cell formation in monocyte-derived macrophages. Since the magnitude of postprandial lipemia after a challenge test seems to be associated with coronary artery disease, we tested the hypothesis that in the course of postprandial lipemia, LDL appear in plasma that are capable of leading to foam cell formation even without prior modification. We incubated the macrophage-like cell line P388 with unmodified postabsorptive and postprandial LDL from 17 healthy donors and measured the cellular cholesterol and triglyceride contents and amounts of exogenous [14C]oleic acid incorporated into the cholesteryl ester fraction. Postprandial LDL induced a significantly more pronounced cholesteryl ester accumulation than did postabsorptive LDL (477 +/- 286% versus 212 +/- 173%, respectively; P < .003). The increase in cellular total cholesterol was significantly higher as a result of cell incubation with postprandial LDL (107 +/- 61%) than with postabsorptive LDL (54 +/- 40%, P < .003), whereas no increase in triglyceride content was observed (P < .589) in either case. After CuSO4 incubation and incubation with P388 cells, postprandial LDL revealed more thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances than did postabsorptive LDL (55 +/- 10 versus 28 +/- 9 nmol/mg protein, P < .018; 28 +/- 4 versus 20 +/- 3 nmol/mg protein). The increase in cellular cholesteryl ester synthesis caused by postprandial LDL was reduced by more than 50% when lipoproteins and cells were incubated in the presence of ascorbic acid (P < .007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

High density lipoproteins with differing apolipoproteins: relationships to postprandial lipemia, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase.

To gain insight into metabolic determinants of high density lipoproteins (HDL) containing apolipoproteins A-I and A-II (LpA-I/A-II) and those containing A-I, but devoid of A-II (LpA-I), the plasma concentration of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II within the HDL2 and HDL3 density spectrum was measured in 14 normolipidemic male subjects on a standardized diet. Apolipoprotein plasma concentrations of HDL subspecies were compared with the magnitude of postprandial lipemia, activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in postheparin plasma, plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mass. Plasma levels of LpA-I/A-II were 2.5 times higher than levels of LpA-I (123 +/- 20 vs. 48.3 +/- 22.1 mg protein/dl) and the partition of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II between HDL2 and HDL3 differed in that the proportion of LpA-I associated with HDL2 was greater than that of LpA-I/A-II (23 +/- 19 vs. 6 +/- 6%, P < 0.002). With increasing levels of HDL2, the proportion of LpA-I in HDL2 increased (P < 0.002). Furthermore, levels of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II were strongly correlated within the HDL2 but not within the HDL3 density region. Plasma levels of LpA-I, but not LpA-I/A-II, were inversely correlated with the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. However, activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase tended to show stronger associations with the partition of LpA-I/A-II between HDL2 and HDL3 than with that of LpA-I. Within the HDL3, but not the HDL2 density spectrum, LpA-I/A-II exhibited a positive association with plasma LCAT activity, while LpA-I displayed an inverse association with plasma CETP mass. These results are consistent with differences in substrate properties of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II for lipoprotein modifying enzymes and imply different, but overlapping metabolic pathways of LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II.

Effect of variations in dietary fat and carbohydrate intake on postprandial lipemia in patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

The effect of dietary composition on concentrations of postprandial lipoproteins was studied in eight sulfonylurea-treated patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Two diets were consumed by each patient for 2 weeks in random order, one contained (as percent of total calories) 15% protein, 40% fat, and 45% carbohydrate (CHO), whereas the other consisted of 15% protein, 25% fat, and 60% CHO. At the end of each dietary period, patients were given Vitamin A (60,000 U/m2) with their noon meal, and the concentration of triglyceride (TG) and retinyl esters in plasma and two lipoprotein fractions (Sf > 400 and Sf 20-400) determined over the next 12 h. The results indicated that both postprandial TG and retinyl ester concentrations were higher in plasma (Sf > 400, and Sf 20-400 lipoproteins), when patients ate the 25% fat/60% CHO diet. Thus, replacing saturated fat with CHO accentuates the magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Since TG-rich lipoproteins may be atherogenic, appropriate dietary advice for patients with type 2 diabetes may deserve reappraisal.