Magnitude Of Deviation Research Articles

Dosimetric consequences of adapting the craniocaudal isocenter distance to daily patient position in craniospinal irradiation using volumetric modulated arc therapy.

In craniospinal irradiation, two or three isocenter groups along the craniocaudal axis are required to cover the long treatment target. Adapting the isocenter distance according to daily deviations in patient position is challenging because dosimetric hot or cold spots may occur in the field junction. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of adapting the isocenter distance to patient position on the dose distribution of the field overlap region in craniospinal irradiation using partial-arc volumetric modulated arc therapy. The magnitude of isocenter distance deviations in craniocaudal direction was quantified by registering the setup images of 204 fractions of 12 patients to the planning images. The dosimetric effect of these deviations was determined by shifting the isocenters of the original treatment plan and calculating the resulting dose distribution. On fraction-level, deviations larger than 3mm caused more than 5 percentage point changes in the doses covering 2% (D2%) and 98% (D98%) of the junction volume in several patients. On treatment course-level, the changes in D2% and D98% of the junction volume were less than 5 percentage points in all cases except for one patient. Craniocaudal isocenter distance adaptation can be conducted provided that the mean isocenter distance deviation over the treatment course is within 3mm.

Quantitative evaluation and optimization of synergistic regulation performance considering wear in short-term response of hybrid pumped storage systems

Amid the extensive integration of renewable energy sources and rapid development of variable-speed pumped storage systems (VPSSs), demanding regulation tasks introduce risks to hydraulic-mechanical systems, revealing a growing trade-off between wear and regulation. From the economic and safe operation perspective, this paper aims to accurately quantify and enhance comprehensive regulation performance of hybrid pumped hydro storage systems (HPHSSs) with VPSS. First, a generic framework is established to quantitatively evaluate synergistic regulation performance (SRP), combining regulation intensity and frequency suppression effect of each unit type. Next, a frequency-division coordinated control method is proposed based on the amplitude-frequency characteristics, designed to leverage the rapid response capabilities of VPSS, and the coupling mechanism between this method and the conventional speed limiter module in affecting system dynamics is elucidated. Finally, comprehensive evaluations of HPHSS under typical disturbance scenarios are conducted, with frequency-division parameter further optimized for different system configurations. The results indicate that HPHSS exhibits excellent global stability with the coordinated control, reducing magnitude of average frequency deviation from 10−3 to 10−4, greatly enhancing the SRP. Additionally, an optimal cut-off frequency is identified within 0.05–0.5 Hz, showing an increasing trend as VPSS proportion decreases. These findings provide a novel sight for the safe and optimized operation of HPHSS.

Error analysis and accuracy evaluation method for coordinate measurement in transformed coordinate system

Multiple coordinate system transformations are required for engineering measurements of multi-faceted components. Traditional engineering measurements neglect coordinate errors after transformations, leading to inaccurate accuracy evaluations for coordinates. In this study, the effects of angular deviation and coordinate value magnitude on coordinate errors during transformations are first analyzed. Additionally, the transformation deviation of the three-point method is examined. Subsequently, an accuracy evaluation method for coordinate measurements is proposed to determine the scale scaling factor and the formula for calculating the variance of measuring coordinate errors. Finally, a coordinate accuracy evaluation method and evaluation formula that consider coordinate system transformation errors are proposed by self-checking. The validity of the proposed accuracy evaluation formula is confirmed through experiments. The coordinate measurement accuracy of the low-cost binocular camera is higher than that of the total station, whether or not coordinate system transformations are considered. Stereo-vision measurement technology is more suitable for small-scale engineering measurements.

Prediction of decay heat using non-destructive assay

This research paper introduces a novel approach to predict the decay heat of spent nuclear fuel assemblies (SNFs) using data from non-destructive gamma and neutron measurements, addressing the challenge of ensuring safety in geological repositories. Because calorimetric measurements are time-consuming, it is envisioned that gamma and neutron measurements can be used for decay heat prediction before encapsulation. This paper analyses gamma and neutron data to extract key features, specifically the activities of Cs-137, Eu-154, and the total neutron count rate. A Gaussian process model is then employed to estimate SNF decay heat. The methodology involves training a prediction model on a calibrated simulated dataset designed to mimic real experimental conditions closely. The model is then successfully used to predict the decay heat for unseen experimental data. The results highlight the potential of using gamma and neutron measurements for reliable decay heat prediction. It is shown that the magnitude of the relative deviation obtained is 2-4 %. Furthermore, the study explores the impact of removing certain input features or adjusting their uncertainty levels on the decay heat prediction model precision, in particular for the Eu-154 activity and neutron count rate. This comprehensive methodology paves the way for applying these techniques to a larger experimental scale offering a significant advancement in the safety assessment of SNFs prior to encapsulation and long-term storage.

Optical Variability of Gaia CRF3 Sources with Robust Statistics and the 5000 Most Variable Quasars

Using the light-curve time-series data for more than 11.7 million variable sources published in the Gaia Data Release 3, the average magnitudes, colors, and variability parameters have been computed for 0.836 million Gaia CRF objects, which are mostly quasars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). To mitigate the effects of occasional flukes in the data, robust statistical measures have been employed: namely, the median, median absolute deviation, and Spearman correlation. We find that the majority of the CRF sources have moderate amplitudes of variability in the Gaia G band just below 0.1 mag. The heavy-tailed distribution of variability amplitudes (quantified as robust standard deviations) does not find a single analytical form, but is closer to Maxwell distribution with a scale of 0.078 mag. The majority of CRF sources have positive correlations between G magnitude and G BP−G RP colors, meaning that these quasars and AGNs become bluer when they are brighter. The variations in the G BP and G RP bands are also mostly positively correlated. Dependencies of all variability parameters with cosmological redshift are fairly flat for the more accurate estimates above redshift 0.7, while the median color shows strong systematic variations with redshift. Using a robust normalized score of magnitude deviations, a sample of the 5000 most variable quasars is selected and published. The intersection of this sample with the ICRF3 catalog shows a much higher rate of strongly variable quasars (mostly blazars) in ICRF3.

Fault-Tolerant Decentralized Control for Large-Scale Inverter-Based Resources for Active Power Tracking

Abstract Integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) which lack the intrinsic characteristics such as the inertial response of the traditional synchronous generator (SG) based sources presents a new challenge in the form of analyzing the grid stability under their presence. While the dynamic composition of IBRs differs from that of the SGs, the control objective remains similar in terms of tracking the desired active power. This letter presents a decentralized primal-dual-based fault-tolerant control framework for the power allocation in IBRs. Overall, a hierarchical control algorithm is developed with a lower level addressing the current control and the parameter estimation for the IBRs and the higher level acting as the reference power generator to the low level based on the desired active power profile. The decentralized network-based algorithm adaptively splits the desired power between the IBRs taking into consideration the health of the IBRs transmission lines. The proposed framework is tested through a simulation on the network of IBRs and the high-level controller performance is compared against the existing framework in the literature. The proposed algorithm shows significant performance improvement in the magnitude of power deviation and settling time to the nominal value under faulty conditions as compared to the algorithm in the literature. Better active power tracking performance compared to the existing method in literature.

Temperature impact on acoustic wave reflection in quasi-collinear acousto-optic devices.

Quasi-collinear geometry is a special configuration of acousto-optic (AO) diffraction that applies the acoustic wave reflection from the AO cell input optical face and provides an extremely large interaction length for achieving abnormally high spectral resolution of AO tunable filters. As a result, it becomes possible to implement the multifrequency diffraction which has found important applications for laser pulse shaping. The operation of quasi-collinear AO devices in the multifrequency diffraction regimen is accompanied by the appearance of the longitudinal and transverse temperature gradients in the crystal, mainly due to the acoustic power absorption. Temperature changes the AO cell material stiffness moduli, affecting the characteristics of the incident and reflected acoustic waves (propagation velocities and walk-off angles), and the reflection condition in general. On the example of paratellurite crystal is shown that the AO cell heating near the reflecting facet leads to a deviation of the reflected acoustic beam propagation direction from that specified during the AO cell manufacturing. The deviation magnitude depends on the reflection geometry choice and, in the paratellurite, may exceed several degrees, which adversely affects the AO diffraction characteristics, reducing the AO interaction efficiency and distorting the transmission function shape. The reflected beam deviation may be compensated by means of choosing the angle between the AO cell reflecting face and the piezoelectric transducer face, taking into account the operating AO device thermal regimen.

Do intraoral scanning technologies affect the trueness of dental arches with crowding, diastema, and edentulous spaces? A clinical perspective

ObjectivesTo evaluate the trueness of dental arches digitised by two intraoral scanning (IOS) technologies from patients presenting crowding, diastema, and bilateral posterior edentulous space with tilted molar. MethodsConventional impressions and dental stone models were generated from three patients presenting the aforementioned dental arch conditions. These models were digitised on a desktop scanner, and the resulting mesh was used as reference. Subsequently, the patients were scanned using confocal based (CF; iTero Element 2) and blue laser-multiscan (BLM; Virtuo Vivo) imaging IOS technology, totalling thirty scans. The meshes from the scans were exported in Standard Tessellation Language format and analysed using Geomagic Control X software. Root mean square (RMS) indicated deviation magnitude. Differences in IOS technologies were evaluated with paired t-tests, and dental arch conditions compared using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests (α=0.05). ResultsDigital dental arch from blue laser-multiscan technology showed lower trueness compared to confocal based technology for crowding (p = 0.0084) and edentulous spaces (p = 0.0025) conditions. When the types of oral condition were compared, discrepancies were significantly different for both IOS technologies, featuring the arch with diastema showing the lowest trueness, followed by edentulous spaces and crowding. ConclusionDental arches presenting crowding and edentulous spaces digitised by blue laser-multiscan technology exhibited greater discrepancies compared to confocal based imaging technology. Furthermore, trueness varied among the dental arch conditions. Clinical SignificanceThe IOS technology and patient's dental arch condition can influence the trueness of dental arch digitisation. Being aware of these effects allows clinicians to take them into account during scanning procedures, digital planning and manufacturing.

Identifying a distractor produces object-based inhibition in an allocentric reference frame for saccade planning

We investigated whether distractor inhibition occurs relative to the target or fixation in a perceptual decision-making task using a purely saccadic response. Previous research has shown that during the process of discriminating a target from distractor, saccades made to a target deviate towards the distractor. Once discriminated, the distractor is inhibited, and trajectories deviate away from the distractor. Saccade deviation magnitudes provide a sensitive measure of target-distractor competition dependent on the distance between them. While saccades are planned in an egocentric reference frame (locations represented relative to fixation), object-based inhibition has been shown to occur in an allocentric reference frame (objects represented relative to each other independent of fixation). By varying the egocentric and allocentric distances of the target and distractor, we found that only egocentric distances contributed to saccade trajectories shifts towards the distractor during active decision-making. When the perceptual decision-making process was complete, and the distractor was inhibited, both ego- and allocentric distances independently contributed to saccade trajectory shifts away from the distractor. This is consistent with independent spatial and object-based inhibitory mechanisms. Therefore, we suggest that distractor inhibition is maintained in cortical visual areas with allocentric maps which then feeds into oculomotor areas for saccade planning.

Analyzing heterogeneity in Alzheimer Disease using multimodal normative modeling on imaging-based ATN biomarkers.

Previous studies have applied normative modeling on a single neuroimaging modality to investigate Alzheimer Disease (AD) heterogeneity. We employed a deep learning-based multimodal normative framework to analyze individual-level variation across ATN (amyloid-tau-neurodegeneration) imaging biomarkers. We selected cross-sectional discovery (n = 665) and replication cohorts (n = 430) with available T1-weighted MRI, amyloid and tau PET. Normative modeling estimated individual-level abnormal deviations in amyloid-positive individuals compared to amyloid-negative controls. Regional abnormality patterns were mapped at different clinical group levels to assess intra-group heterogeneity. An individual-level disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using both the spatial extent and magnitude of abnormal deviations across ATN. Greater intra-group heterogeneity in ATN abnormality patterns was observed in more severe clinical stages of AD. Higher DSI was associated with worse cognitive function and increased risk of disease progression. Subject-specific abnormality maps across ATN reveal the heterogeneous impact of AD on the brain.

Technical note: Determining chemical composition of atmospheric single particles by a standard-free mass calibration algorithm

Abstract. The chemical composition of individual particles can be revealed by single-particle mass spectrometers (SPMSs). With higher accuracy in the ratio of mass to charge (m/z), more detailed chemical information could be obtained. In SPMSs, the conventional standard-based calibration methods (internal/external) are constrained by the inhomogeneity of ionization lasers and the finite focusing ability of the inlet system, etc.; therefore, the mass accuracy is restricted. In this study, we obtained the detailed and reliable chemical composition of single particles utilizing a standard-free mass calibration algorithm. In the algorithm, the characteristic distributions of hundreds of ions were concluded and collected in a database denoted as prototype. Each single-particle mass spectrum was initially calibrated by a function with specific coefficients. The range of coefficients was constrained by the magnitude of mass deviation to a finite vector space. To find the optimal coefficient vector, the conformity of each initially calibrated spectrum to the prototype dataset was assessed. The optimum calibrated spectrum was obtained with maximum conformity. For more than 98 % ambient particles, a 20-fold improvement in mass accuracy, from ∼ 10 000 ppm (integer) to ∼ 500 ppm (two decimal places), was achieved. The improved mass accuracy validated the determination of adjacent ions with a m/z difference ∼ 0.05 Th. Furthermore, atmospheric particulate trace elements that were poorly studied before are specified. The obtained detailed single-particle-level chemical information could help explain the source apportionment, reaction mechanism, and mixing state of atmospheric particles.

Effect of spatial context on perceived walking direction.

Contextual modulation occurs for many aspects of high-level vision but is relatively unexplored for the perception of walking direction. In a recent study, we observed an effect of the temporal context on perceived walking direction. Here, we examined the spatial contextual modulation by measuring the perceived direction of a target point-light walker in the presence of two flanker walkers, one on each side. Experiment 1 followed a within-subjects design. Participants (n = 30) completed a spatial context task by judging the walking direction of the target in 13 different conditions: a walker alone in the center or with two flanking walkers either intact or scrambled at a flanker deviation of ±15°, ±30°, or ±45°. For comparison, participants completed an adaptation task where they reported the walking direction of a target after adaptation to ±30° walking direction. We found the expected repulsive effects in the adaptation task but attractive effects in the spatial context task. In Experiment 2 (n = 40), we measured the tuning of spatial contextual modulation across a wide range of flanker deviation magnitudes ranging from 15° to 165° in 15° intervals. Our results showed significant attractive effects across a wide range of flanker walking directions with the peak effect at around 30°. The assimilative versus repulsive effects of spatial contextual modulation and temporal adaptation suggest dissociable neural mechanisms, but they may operate on the same population of sensory channels coding for walking direction, as evidenced by similarity in the peak tuning across the walking direction of the inducers.

Late Paleozoic oxygenation of marine environments supported by dolomite U-Pb dating

Understanding causal relationships between evolution and ocean oxygenation hinges on reliable reconstructions of marine oxygen levels, typically from redox-sensitive geochemical proxies. Here, we develop a proxy, using dolomite U–Pb geochronology, to reconstruct seawater U/Pb ratios. Dolomite samples consistently give U–Pb dates and initial 207Pb/206Pb ratios lower than expected from their stratigraphic ages. These observations are explained by resetting of the U–Pb system long after deposition; the magnitude of deviations from expected initial 207Pb/206Pb are a function of the redox-sensitive U/Pb ratios during deposition. Reconstructed initial U/Pb ratios increased notably in the late-Paleozoic, reflecting an increase in oxygenation of marine environments at that time. This timeline is consistent with documented shifts in some other redox proxies and supports evolution-driven mechanisms for the oxygenation of late-Paleozoic marine environments, as well as suggestions that early animals thrived in oceans that on long time scales were oxygen-limited compared to today.

Untimely Initiation of Whole Cow Milk, Stunting, and Related Factors in South Gondar, Ethiopia.

Despite being an excellent source of essential nutrients, whole cow's milk poses risks for young children. This is mainly due to its association with adverse effects, including growth inhibition, delayed brain and motor development, and increased morbidity and mortality. The current study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of untimely introduction of whole cow milk, stunting and related factors among children below the age of 5 years. A community-centered survey was implemented on 806 mother-child matches. Expressive statistics such as frequency, magnitude, mean and standard deviation were computed. Multivariable logistic regression was done to discover independent determinants of the dependent variables. A p-value of <0.05 was used to affirm significant association. From the survey participant children 311 (39.2%) of them were stunted. About 453 (57.1%) of children were fed whole cow milk earlier than the age of one year. Mothers who are able to read and write were 49% less likely to initiate cow milk earlier than the age of one year with AOR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.33-0.78. Not attending the growth monitoring and promotion service is a risk for untimely introduction of whole cow milk (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI 2.43-4.94). Children who did not start consuming whole cow milk earlier than the age of one year were 54% less likely to be stunted than those who started consuming whole cow milk before the age of one year (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.33-0.65). More than half of the study participant children started consuming whole cow milk before the age of one year. Children who did not start consuming whole cow milk early were less likely to be stunted.

Intrafractional motion detection for spine SBRT via X-ray imaging using ExacTrac Dynamic

PurposeDue to its close vicinity to critical structures, especially the spinal cord, standards for safety for spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) should be high. This study was conducted, to evaluate intrafractional motion during spine SBRT for patients without individualized immobilization (e.g., vacuum cushions) using high accuracy patient monitoring via orthogonal X-ray imaging. MethodsIntrafractional X-ray data were collected from 29 patients receiving 79 fractions of spine SBRT. No individualized immobilization devices were used during the treatment. Intrafractional motion was monitored using the ExacTrac Dynamic (ETD) System (Brainlab AG, Munich, Germany). Deviations were detected in six degrees of freedom (6 DOF). Tolerances for repositioning were 0.7 mm for translational and 0.5° for rotational deviations. Patients were repositioned when the tolerance levels were exceeded. ResultsOut of the 925 pairs of stereoscopic X-ray images examined, 138 (15 %) showed at least one deviation exceeding the predefined tolerance values. In all 6 DOF together, a total of 191 deviations out of tolerance were recorded. The frequency of deviations exceeding the tolerance levels varied among patients but occurred in all but one patient. Deviations out of tolerance could be seen in all 6 DOF. Maximum translational deviations were 2.6 mm, 2.3 mm and 2.8 mm in the lateral, longitudinal and vertical direction. Maximum rotational deviations were 1.8°, 2.6° and 1.6° for pitch, roll and yaw, respectively. Translational deviations were more frequent than rotational ones, and frequency and magnitude of deviations showed an inverse correlation. ConclusionIntrafractional motion detection and patient repositioning during spine SBRT using X-ray imaging via the ETD System can lead to improved safety during the application of high BED in critical locations. When using intrafractional imaging with low thresholds for re-positioning individualized immobilization devices (e.g. vacuum cushions) may be omitted.

Distributed Real-Time Feedback Optimization for Renewable Energy Sources and Vehicle-to-Grid Power Compensation of Electric Vehicle Chargers in Distribution Systems

A novel distributed feedback optimization-based controller for electric vehicle (EV) chargers and renewable energy sources (RESs) in distribution systems is proposed. The proposed controller utilizes the flexibility in EV chargers’ active and reactive power consumption to offer the desirable vehicle-to-grid services. Instead of using the conventional cascaded PI controllers, a new optimization-based approach is proposed to control RESs to track their power injection setpoints. The proposed controller formulates the control targets as a single constrained optimization problem, i.e., to minimize the critical bus voltage magnitude deviations while driving RESs to follow their power setpoints, thereby fulfilling the EV charging requirements and regulating their power outputs and bus voltage magnitudes to stay within their limits. A distributed feedback optimization-based control algorithm is designed for EV chargers and RESs to steer the system trajectories of the distribution systems towards the optimal solution of the formulated optimization problem. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can always steer the test system to the optimal solution of the optimization problem. The advantages of the real-time vehicle-to-grid power compensation of EV chargers are also demonstrated.

Evaluation and comparison of 11 sets of gridded precipitation products over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QTP) poses challenges in developing high-quality gridded precipitation data with high spatial and temporal resolution due to its complex terrain, harsh weather conditions, and sparse gauge observations. Previous research showed that gridded precipitation products from remote sensing satellites, reanalysis, and merged data are useful over the QTP. However, the precipitation products were usually calibrated against ground meteorological stations, so the evaluation based on these stations might be misleading. This study collected 11 sets of gridded precipitation products on the QTP, and evaluated them by using 53 independent rain gauges obtained from the hydrological yearbook (HY). The results showed that the CMFD precipitation product performed better than other products at meteorological sites from the National Meteorological Information Center (NMIC), with average daily and monthly correlation coefficients (CCs) of 0.55 and 0.94 and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 3.78 and 0.44 mm/d, respectively. Following closely is CLDAS. In contrast, MSP performed best at HY sites, with average CCs of 0.70 and 0.91 and RMSEs of 2.47 and 0.65 mm/d, respectively. The following are TPHiPr, GSMAP, and CLDAS. Some global products, such as CHIPRS and CMORPH, performed poorly over the QTP. Most products overestimated the frequency of light precipitation (0.1– 0.5 mm/d) and underestimated the frequency of heavy precipitation. The fluctuation amplitudes of relative deviations for all precipitation products are markedly greater at hydrological sites compared to that at meteorological sites. Therefore, it is essential to consider correcting magnitude deviations before using these products. Based on independent assessment, this study suggests that further improvements are still needed for precipitation products on the QTP.

Comparison of two 3D scanning software to identify facial features: a prospective instrument to predict difficult airway

BackgroundClinical airway assessment has limited predictive ability to anticipate difficult airway. Three-dimensional (3D) technologies have emerged in medicine as valuable tools in different settings including innovation and surgical planning. Three-dimensional facial scanning could add value to clinical measurements and two-dimensional models to assess the airway. However, commonly used high-fidelity scans are expensive. This study aims to compare the accuracy of the measurements made by the Scandy Pro app as a cost-effective alternative to high-fidelity scans made by the Artec Space Spider. We also aim to evaluate the interobserver variability for the measurements performed with Scandy Pro.Materials and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, comparison study on 10 healthy volunteers. Four observers measured 720 distances and 400 using both Scandy Pro and Artec Space Spider facial scans. Wilcoxon test was used for group–group comparison.ResultsComparison of both instruments showed no difference in angle or distance measurements. The percentage error (measurement difference between the two devices) exhibited by one of the observers was significantly different compared with the other three observers; however, the magnitude of this individual deviation did not affect the overall percentage error. The overall error for Scandy Pro was 5.5% (3.9% and 6.7% for angles and distances, respectively).ConclusionThree-dimensional facial scanning with Scandy Pro is an accurate tool that can be a cost-effective alternative to high-fidelity scans produced by the Artec Space Spider.

Presence of Copy Number Variants Associated With Esotropia in Patients With Exotropia

Strabismus is a common ocular disorder of childhood. There is a clear genetic component to strabismus, but it is not known if esotropia and exotropia share genetic risk factors. To determine whether genetic duplications associated with esotropia are also associated with exotropia. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from November 2005 to December 2023. Individuals with constant or intermittent exotropia of any magnitude or a history of surgery for exotropia were recruited from pediatric ophthalmic practices. Data were analyzed from March to December 2023. Genetic duplication. Presence of genetic duplications at 2p11.2, 4p15.2, and 10q11.22 assessed by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction. Orthoptic measurements and history of strabismus surgery were performed. A total of 234 individuals (mean [SD] age, 19.5 [19.0] years; 127 female [54.3%]) were included in this study. The chromosome 2 duplication was present in 1.7% of patients with exotropia (4 of 234; P = .40), a similar proportion to the 1.4% of patients with esotropia (23 of 1614) in whom it was previously reported and higher than the 0.1% of controls (4 of 3922) previously reported (difference, 1.6%; 95% CI, 0%-3.3%; P < .001). The chromosome 4 duplication was present in 3.0% of patients with exotropia (7 of 234; P = .10), a similar proportion to the 1.7% of patients with esotropia (27 of 1614) and higher than the 0.2% of controls (6 of 3922) in whom it was previously reported (difference, 2.8%; 95% CI, 0.6%-5.0%; P < .001). The chromosome 10 duplication was present in 6.0% of patients with exotropia (14 of 234; P = .08), a similar proportion to the 4% of patients with esotropia (64 of 1614) and higher than the 0.4% of controls (18 of 3922) in whom it was previously reported (difference, 5.6%; 95% CI, 2.5%-8.6%; P < .001). Individuals with a duplication had higher mean (SD) magnitude of deviation (31 [13] vs 22 [14] prism diopters [PD]; difference, 9 PD; 95% CI, 1-16 PD; P = .03), were more likely to have constant (vs intermittent) exotropia (70% vs 29%; difference, 41%; 95% CI, 20.8%-61.2%; P < .001), and had a higher rate of exotropia surgery than those without a duplication (58% vs 34%; difference, 24%; 95% CI, 3%-44%; P = .02). In this cross-sectional study, results suggest that the genetic duplications on chromosomes 2, 4, and 10 were risk factors for exotropia as well as esotropia. These findings support the possibility that esotropia and exotropia have shared genetic risk factors. Whether esotropia or exotropia develops in the presence of these duplications may be influenced by other shared or independent genetic variants or by environmental factors.

Comments on the Effects of Variables’ Magnitude of Process Changes and Standard Deviations in “Adaptive Multivariate Statistical Process Control for Monitoring Time-Varying Processes”

Comments on the Effects of Variables’ Magnitude of Process Changes and Standard Deviations in “Adaptive Multivariate Statistical Process Control for Monitoring Time-Varying Processes”