Magnetostrictive Plate Research Articles

Advanced Dynamic Vibration Control Algorithms of Materials Terfenol-D Si3N4 and SUS304 Plates/Cylindrical Shells with Velocity Feedback Control Law

A numerical, generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is presented on applied heat vibration for a thick-thickness magnetostrictive functionally graded material (FGM) plate coupled with a cylindrical shell. A nonlinear c1 term in the z axis direction of a third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) displacement model is applied into an advanced shear factor and equation of motions, respectively. The equilibrium partial differential equation used for the thick-thickness magnetostrictive FGM layer plate coupled with the cylindrical shell under thermal and magnetostrictive loads can be implemented into the dynamic GDQ discrete equations. Parametric effects including nonlinear term coefficient of TSDT displacement field, advanced nonlinear varied shear coefficient, environment temperature, index of FGM power law and control gain on displacement, and stress of the thick magnetostrictive FGM plate coupled with cylindrical shell are studied. The vibrations of displacement and stress can be controlled by the control gain algorithms in velocity feedback control law.

Design and implementation of a temperature-insensitive heterogeneous resonant magnetic field sensor

A heterogeneous resonant magnetic field sensor is developed by using a FeGa plate, a quartz crystal double-ended tuning fork (DETF) resonator and a sapphire crystal plate. The double ends of the DETF are bonded to the ends of the magnetostrictive FeGa thin plate through two spacers, forming a resonant magnetic sensitive element. The C-cut sapphire crystal plate as a temperature compensation layer is bonded to the bottom of the magnetic sensitive element. When the temperature fluctuates, the bending deformation caused by the heterogeneous sensitive structure eliminates the thermal stress caused by the thermal expansion effect, thereby reducing the temperature drift of the sensor. The impact of different thicknesses of the sapphire substrate on reducing temperature drift in the sensor is analysed through theoretical calculation and finite element simulation. A sensor prototype was fabricated with a sapphire substrate thickness of 0.45 mm. The experimental results demonstrate that the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of the sensor is reduced from 8.73 Hz/°C to 0.47 Hz/°C in the 0 °C to 60 °C range, and the sensitivity and resolution in the linear region of the sensor are 5.63 Hz/Oe and 42μOe (4.2nT), respectively.

Dynamic Analysis of Meta-Material Plates with Magnetostrictive Face Sheets

This study aims to control the vibrational behavior of an auxetic plate coated with magnetostrictive material. The kinematic relations of the plate, rested on a Winkler–Pasternak medium, are expressed based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The governing equations are derived by employing the Hamilton’s principle and solved analytically by applying the Navier’s method. The effects of various parameters such as auxetic inclination angle, auxetic rib length, and feedback gain, on the control behavior of the system are monitored in detail. In order to exhibit the accuracy and validity of this study, our results are compared to those available in the literature. The results indicate that adding auxetic core to magnetostrictive plate results in increasing dimensionless natural frequency. The results obtained from this study can potentially contribute to the advancement of various applications such as the design and improvement of sensors, actuators, and vibration cancellation systems. Additionally, the obtained results could serve as a foundational basis for subsequent investigations.

A magnetoelectric heterostructure employing a magnetic levitation mechanism for harvesting low-frequency vibration energy

A magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructure using shear-mode ME transducers to extract ambient low-frequency vibration energy is proposed. The demand for the traditional mechanical spring is eliminated by utilizing a magnetic levitation mechanism. When the suspending magnet moves relative to the ME transducers, the piezoelectric plates deform in shear mode owing to the magnetostriction of the magnetostrictive plates, and large shear piezoelectric effect is induced. Consequently, larger voltages can be produced by the presented device. The kinetic equation of the energy harvesting system is derived and solved, and the maximum output power is obtained based on the vibration rule and the variation of the sensed magnetic field. The feasibility of the heterostructure is experimentally verified. The maximum load power increases with acceleration. A maximum output power of 1.46mW is generated across a 1.25MΩ resistive load at the acceleration of 0.7g. The generated energy of the heterostructure is sufficient to drive a low-power electronic device. Improvements are feasible, which allow an obvious increase of the maximum output powers by employing a Halbach array with a particular arrangement of the magnets.

Bifurcation Point Analysis of a Magnetostrictive Sandwich Composite Plate Subjected to Magnetic Field and Axial Force

This article studies parametric vibration and dynamic instability of a rectangular and symmetric magnetostrictive sandwich composite plate (MSCP) on a visco-Pasternak medium. The MSCP consists of three layers; a magnetostrictive layer considers the core and composites as its upper and lower faces. The MSCP subjected to temperature change, parametrically exciting force, and magnetic load is studied with consideration to geometrical von Karman nonlinearity. Based on the energy method and first shear deformation theory (FSDT), Hamilton’s principle is used to achieve the system’s governing equations and boundary conditions. In the next step, the partial differential equation is transformed into ordinary differential equations by applying the Galerkin technique. Then the equation of motion is solved using the multiple-scale method. Numerical results illustrate the stability of the sandwich plate is significantly related to the magnetostrictive parameters. In addition, the effects of significant parameters, such as the effect of amplitude response and parametric excitation or detuning parameter, coupled with the effect of foundation, thickness ratio, aspect ratio, and temperature increment on vibration characteristics, bifurcation points behavior and stability of the systems are charted, plotted and discussed. The innovation of this article is the use of magnetostrictive material in sandwich plates and the development of its mathematical relationships. It is anticipated that the results of this research can contribute to the development of future smart structural applications subjected to in-plane axial forces.

Energy-harvesting and mass sensor performances of magnetostrictive cobalt ferrite-spattered Fe–Co alloy plate

We recently reported that combining positive and negative magnetostrictive plates [iron-cobalt (Fe–Co) alloy and nickel (Ni) (i.e. Fe–Co/Ni) clad plates] yields remarkable energy-harvesting and mass sensor performances. Therefore, in this study, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), which has higher negative magnetostrictive properties than Ni, was spattered onto a Fe–Co alloy plate. The CoFe2O4-spattered Fe–Co alloy plate provided higher energy-harvesting and mass sensor performances than the Fe–Co/Ni clad plate. Moreover, the CoFe2O4-spattered Fe–Co alloy plate successfully transmitted the electrical signal to the receiver, and the output voltage of the CoFe2O4-spattered Fe–Co alloy plate was significantly changed by the adhesion of microgram silica particles. The CoFe2O4-spattered Fe–Co alloy plate has a considerable value as a self-powered mass sensor, which may be significant for the development of battery-free virus sensors.

Vibration of viscoelastic magnetostrictive plates embedded in viscoelastic foundations in hygrothermal environments

Vibration of viscoelastic magnetostrictive plates embedded in viscoelastic foundations in hygrothermal environments

Batteryless wireless magnetostrictive Fe30Co70/Ni clad plate for human coronavirus 229E detection.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been garnered increasingfor its rapid worldwide spread. Each country had implemented city-wide lockdowns and immigration regulations to prevent the spread of the infection, resulting in severe economic consequences. Materials and technologies that monitor environmental conditions and wirelessly communicate such information to people are thus gaining considerable attention as a countermeasure. This study investigated the dynamic characteristics of batteryless magnetostrictive alloys for energy harvesting to detect human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). Light and thin magnetostrictive Fe-Co/Ni clad plate with rectification, direct current (DC) voltage storage capacitor, and wireless information transmission circuits were developed for this purpose. The power consumption was reduced by improving the energy storage circuit, and the magnetostrictive clad plate under bending vibration stored a DC voltage of 1.9V and wirelessly transmitted a signal to a personal computer once every 5min and 10s under bias magnetic fields of 0 and 10 mT, respectively. Then, on the clad plate surface, a novel CD13 biorecognition layer was immobilized using a self-assembled monolayer of -COOH groups, thus forming an amide bond with -NH2 groups for the detection of HCoV-229E. A bending vibration test demonstrated the resonance frequency changes because of HCoV-229E binding. The fluorescence signal demonstrated that HCoV-229E could be successfully detected. Thus, because HCoV-229E changed the dynamic characteristics of this plate, the CD13-modified magnetostrictive clad plate could detect HCoV-229E from the interval of wireless communication time. Therefore, a monitoring system that transmits/detects the presence of human coronavirus without batteries will be realized soon.

On Thermally Induced Vibration Control of Hybrid Magnetostrictive Beams and Plates

The outer skins of aerospace structures, which are frequently experiencing variations of temperature, are threatened by thermally induced vibration. Vibration in space has dangerous effects on the safety of structures and may result in structural failure. So, the construction of an active control system to suppress thermally induced vibrations is necessary. Active thermally induced vibration control of homogenous isotropic beams, and plates through magnetostrictive layers are presented here. Negative velocity feedback with a constant gain is employed to make appropriate strain in the magnetostrictive actuator layer. Ultimately, a closed-form solution is presented for thermally induced vibration control of the hybrid magnetostrictive-Aluminum beams and plates. Effects of material properties, thickness of magnetostrictive layers, and control gain on vibration suppression have been evaluated.

Effect of aspect ratio of piezoelectric constituents on the energy harvesting performance of magneto-mechano-electric generators

In this study, we investigate the effect of the aspect ratio (length (L)/width (W)) of piezoelectric constituents on the energy harvesting performance of cantilever-structured magneto-mechano-electric energy generators comprising magnetoelectric composites. 56 Pb(Mg1/3,Nb1/3)O3–10PbZrO3–34PbTiO3 (PMN-PZT) single crystal fiber bundled plates with different aspect ratios (L/W = 0.59, 0.78, 1, 1.25, and 1.6), a magnetostrictive Ni plate and NdFeB permanent magnet proof mass were used to fabricate the magneto-mechano-electric generator. The results of a finite element analysis showed that the output electric potential is strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of PMN-PZT single crystal fiber plates for dual potential-inducing mechanisms, i.e., the magnetic torque (flexural transverse) and magnetic magnetostrictive (in-plane longitudinal) vibrations. However, magnetostrictive vibrations rather than magnetic torque dominate the generated output energy. The experimental results show good agreement with the results of the finite element analysis. The magneto-mechano-electric harvester with a PMN-PZT single crystal fiber aspect ratio of 1.6 shows a ∼440% increment in the root mean square voltage and power and a ∼300% enhancement in the power density measured at a load resistance of 100 kΩ and a magnetic field of 10 Oe.

Frequency control of cross-ply magnetostrictive viscoelastic plates resting on Kerr-type elastic medium

Frequency control of cross-ply magnetostrictive viscoelastic plates resting on Kerr-type elastic medium

Quasi-3D theory for the vibration and deflection of a magnetostrictive composite plate resting on a viscoelastic medium

In this study, the vibration and deflection of a multilayered composite plate are investigated based on simple and refined sinusoidal shear deformation plate theories. The plate’s core is made of a homogeneous material. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the dynamic system of equations. The interaction between the smart composite sandwich plate and the surrounding medium is simulated by the visco-elastic foundations model. The analytical solution for the vibration problem of the simply supported plate is obtained by Navier’s approach. Influence of the magnitude of feedback control gain, magnetostrictive layer location, half-wave numbers, lamination schemes, thickness ratios, aspect ratios, core-thickness ratios, magnetostrictive-thickness ratio, and viscoelastic foundations on eigenfrequency values and deflections of the sandwich plate are discussed. Numerical results illustrate that the vibration behavior of the smart sandwich plate is dependent on the stiffness of the viscoelastic foundations, the feedback control gain value, and the magnetostrictive-thickness ratio. Also, the vibration suppression process can be improved by changing the location of the smart layers in the structure.

Enhancement of Energy-Harvesting Performance of Magneto-Mechano-Electric Generators through Optimization of the Interfacial Layer.

Among various energy harvester paradigms, the simple cantilever-structured magneto-mechano-electric (MME) energy generator comprises a piezoelectric material laminated on a magnetostrictive metal plate and permanent magnets as proof mass, exhibiting excellent magnetic energy-harvesting performance. The current challenge in using MME energy harvesters is the mechano-electric coupling at the interface between the piezoelectric material and magnetostrictive metal layer, which depends significantly on the mechanical properties of the interfacial adhesive layer. In this study, the effects of four types of adhesive interfacial layers on the output power and environmental and fatigue resistances of MME harvesters are systematically investigated. An optimized MME energy generator with an adhesive interfacial layer of 18.8 μm thickness and elastic modulus of 3.1 GPa achieves colossal enhancement (∼300%) with a maximum output power density of 0.92 mW/cm2, while a 10 Oe (=10 G = 1 mT in air; 60 Hz) magnetic field is applied. In addition, the generator exhibits a robust endurance of continuous 108 fatigue cycles and excellent temperature stability in the range of -30 to 70 °C. The presented MME generator, which harvests stray magnetic energy reliably, is promising as a low-cost and efficient autonomous power source for Internet of Things devices, wireless sensor networks, and so on.

Controlled motion of viscoelastic fiber-reinforced magnetostrictive sandwich plates resting on visco-Pasternak foundation

This article presents a controlled motion investigation of viscoelastic/fiber-reinforced/magnetostrictive/sandwich plates supported via visco-Pasternak foundations. The core of the plate is modeled as a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model. The governing dynamic system is derived using Hamilton’s principle according to simple sinusoidal shear deformation plate theory. A simple feedback control system is utilized to control the structural vibration. Navier’s type solution of the system is obtained to study the influence of significant parameters, especially, the effect of the general thickness ratios, aspect ratio, the thickness ratio of the magnetostrictive layer to viscoelastic layer, sequence staking, foundations, viscoelastic structural damping coefficient, the magnitude of the feedback coefficient, and location of magnetostrictive layers on the vibrational behavior of studied sandwich plate. A comparison with previous studies is performed for validation of the corresponding numerical results and present formulation. Numerical outcomes indicate that increasing the thickness ratio of the viscoelastic layer to the magnetostrictive layer leads to improvement of the system vibration control, as well as the damping coefficient, grows and the damped natural frequency decreases with the increase of viscoelastic structural damping coefficient. The study maybe helps the designers and engineers in development of structural control systems in several applied fields.

Hygrothermal effect on vibration of magnetostrictive viscoelastic sandwich plates supported by Pasternak's foundations

In hygrothermal environment, vibration study of a simply supported smart sandwich plate embedded in an elastic substrate medium is presented in the present article. The sandwich plate contains layers of fiber-reinforced and magnetostrictive materials and core of viscoelastic material. The kinematic equations system is derived via employing Hamilton's principle with considering the transverse shear strains with and without the normal strains effect. Various numerical examples are carried out to study the effects of temperature rise, degree of moisture concentration, elastic foundations parameters, thickness ratio, aspect ratio, thickness ratio of magnetostrictive layer to viscoelastic layer, modes, lamination schemes, magnitude of the feedback coefficient, position of the magnetostrictive layers and viscoelastic structural damping coefficient on controlled motion and vibration characteristics of plate. Some observation about influences of the temperature and humidity concentrations on vibration characteristics of studied plate are presented in detail. The outcomes indicate that the hygrothermal environments have negative effects on vibration suppression of advanced composite structures especially the uniform hygrothermal distribution. The frequencies increase with increasing the viscoelastic structural damping coefficient and the foundation constants.

Magnetomechanical design and power generation of magnetostrictive clad plate cantilever

A class of the magnetostrictive iron-cobalt/nickel clad plate cantilever is prepared in this study. The relevant ability for harvesting vibration energy is systematically investigated in comparison with the single iron-cobalt cantilever. In addition, the effects of the magnitude of bias magnetic field (i.e., external magnetic field) and the magnetization angle on the energy-harvesting performance are considered. The results indicated that the iron-cobalt/nickel clad plate cantilever exhibits far greater power generation compared with that of the single iron-cobalt cantilever. Besides, the iron-cobalt/nickel clad plate cantilever displayed high sensitivity to the magnitude of bias magnetic field and the magnetization angle. In more detail, the output voltage of the iron-cobalt/nickel clad plate cantilever peaks at a point even while the bias magnetic field constantly increases. A theory of dynamic balance can explain this phenomenon. Meanwhile, the resonance frequency of the iron-cobalt/nickel clad plate cantilever is proportional to the bias magnetic field due to the influence of the elastic modulus variation. This work provides insights into the exploration and design, not only of the vibration-energy-harvesting components but also of the sensitive detectors.

Resonant magnetoelectronic effect with isolated magnetomechanical damping in meta-composite of quartz crystal resonator and magnetosrticive alloy

A novel magnetoelectric (ME) meta-composite device composed of a piezoelectric quartz crystal double-ended tuning fork (DETF), FeGa magnetostrictive plates, and quartz spacers is developed to realize low damping resonant ME effect. As the magnetostrictive force is transferred to the DETF through quartz spacers at the decoupling zones where the bending moments and shearing forces are cancelled out, the DETF is isolated from the magnetomechanical damping of FeGa plates. This improves the Q-factor of the meta-composite well. The device can be regarded as a driven damped system. Its resonance occurs when the frequency of the ac excitation magnetic field is around the resonant frequency of the DETF, producing enhanced response to finite ac magnetic field input. The magnetostrictive force induced by dc bias magnetic field leads to an increase of the resonance frequency of the DETF because of its force sensitive property. The sensitivity of ME current coefficient with respect to dc field is greatly enhanced at the selected operating frequencies around resonance due to the shift of resonance frequency as well as the amplification effect of Q-factor.

Theoretical analysis of the magnetic field and eddy current within a rectangular giant magnetostrictive material plate

In this paper, we present the distribution functions of magnetic field intensity and eddy current intensity within a rectangular magnetostrictive material plate. Firstly, on the basis of Maxwell's theory, the mathematical model for the magnetic field within the plate is established. Then, the governing equation for determining the magnetic field is solved by Fourier transform; an error in Stoll's book (1983) is corrected. Furthermore, the function of eddy current intensity is deduced. Next, the expressions of the magnetic field and eddy current are given in the case of the external magnetic field and the plate makes an angle of θ. Lastly, taking rectangular giant magnetostrictive plate is parallel to external magnetic field as example, the influencing factors of the inner magnetic field and eddy current are unveiled: the skin effect is enhanced with the increase of the exciting frequency, the relative permeability or conductivity; the higher the relative permeability or conductivity, the more significant the eddy current density increases.

A Resonant Magnetic Field Sensor With High Quality Factor Based on Quartz Crystal Resonator and Magnetostrictive Stress Coupling

A resonant magnetic field sensor is developed by using a piezoelectric quartz crystal double-ended tuning fork (DETF), two FeGa thin plates, and four quartz spacers. The double ends of the DETF are bonded to the ends of the magnetostrictive thin plates through four spacers with adhesive, allowing the magnetostrictive force to be converted into the longitudinal force in the DETF which leads to an increase of the resonant frequency of the DETF. This design brings the advantage of field-independent damping, i.e., the quality factor (Q-factor) of the sensor is found to be independent on the dc field, with an average value of about 3318 in the air due to the low internal loss in quartz. After an initially slow increase before the field reaching ~50 Oe, the resonant frequency of the sensor increases linearly with the increase of the applied dc field before reaching 280 Oe. The total frequency shift, sensitivity of the frequency shift per magnetic field, and field resolution in the linear region are 2.12% (~808.3 Hz), 3.5 Hz/Oe and 8 mOe, respectively. The results demonstrate a possibility and promising to realize a highly sensitive magnetic sensor with high-Q-factor quartz crystal as well as direct digital frequency output.

Magnetostrictive clad steel plates for high-performance vibration energy harvesting

Energy harvesting technology is becoming increasingly important with the appearance of the Internet of things. In this study, a magnetostrictive clad steel plate for harvesting vibration energy was proposed. It comprises a cold-rolled FeCo alloy and cold-rolled steel joined together by thermal diffusion bonding. The performances of the magnetostrictive FeCo clad steel plate and conventional FeCo plate cantilevers were compared under bending vibration; the results indicated that the clad steel plate construct exhibits high voltage and power output compared to a single-plate construct. Finite element analysis of the cantilevers under bending provided insights into the magnetic features of a clad steel plate, which is crucial for its high performance. For comparison, the experimental results of a commercial piezoelectric bimorph cantilever were also reported. In addition, the cold-rolled FeCo and Ni alloys were joined by thermal diffusion bonding, which exhibited outstanding energy harvesting performance. The larger the plate volume, the more the energy generated. The results of this study indicated not only a promising application for the magnetostrictive FeCo clad steel plate as an efficient energy harvester, related to small vibrations, but also the notable feasibility for the formation of integrated units to support high-power trains, automobiles, and electric vehicles.