Magnetometer Survey Research Articles

The New Swedish Cyprus Expedition 2019: Excavations at Hala Sultan Tekke (The Söderberg Expedition). Preliminary results, with contributions by L. Recht, B. Placiente Robedizo, C. Eriksson, L. Andersson, M. Svensson, L. Avial Chicharro, S. Hermon, M. Polig, & D. Kofel

The tenth season of excavations at the Late Bronze Age city of Hala Sultan Tekke was carried out in four areas: City Quarter 1 (CQ1), CQ4, City Wall 1 (CW1), and Area A (Tomb RR). The excavations in CQ1 provided additional information on the pre-LC IIIA occupation of the city. Stratum 3 which can be dated to the LC IIC (13th century BC) was further exposed. For the first time in the city even older phases, Strata 4 and 5, were found. These are tentatively dated to the LC I–II (15th to 14th century BC). In CQ4 numerous storage areas were exposed, which belong to a large compound. There is also evidence of production of textiles and purple dye. All remains can be associated to the most recent Stratum 1 and can be securely dated in the LC IIIA, i.e. the 12th century BC. A test trench (CW1) was opened up 150 m to the south-east of CQ4, in an area where the magnetometer survey indicated a possible city wall with moat. A c. 2.5 m-wide man-made construction consisting of small stones intermingled with larger blocks of stones was found running north–south. Built against the interior of this structure is a copper-producing workshop as indicated by much slag, ash, and remains of a furnace, which is preliminarily dated to the 13th century BC. Tomb RR, which was partly excavated in 2018 and secured, was reopened and additional burials came to light. The total number of skeletons now stands at 37; these are associated with 74 complete/intact finds of mainly pottery vessels of which some contained food remains. The pottery comprises Cypriot-produced wares and Mycenaean imports, which indicate a LC IIB–C date of the burials. Other finds include a unique Minoan female figurine and a bronze knife with ivory handle.

Exploring Placer Gold Deposits through Integrated Geophysical and Geochemical Techniques at the Confluence of the Indus and Kabul Rivers, NW Pakistan

AbstractAnalysis of the anomalous magnetic mineral intensities and geochemistry for placer gold deposits are presented for those of the Attock area at the confluence of the Indus and Kabul rivers in northwestern Pakistan. Two grids covering an area of 10×18 m2 and 8×10 m2 were analyzed using a G‐858 Cesium Vapor Magnetometer. The anomalous zones obtained were plotted on contour maps, 2D and 3D magnetic intensity maps. Based on the magnetic anomalies, grid‐1 of the study area was sampled at three different anomalous zones for geochemical analysis. These zones contain gold concentrations, ranging from 2.11 ppm to 6.109 ppm with an average of 4.01 ppm. Increase in gold concentration in the subsurface within the anomalous zones indicates that magnetometer survey followed by a geochemical analysis can potentially narrow down the gold‐bearing anomalous zones.

A geophysical study contributing to analysis and characterization of a localized copper occurrence

Characterization of small-scale copper occurrences using traditional prospecting methods is costly and requires the use of different professionals during acquisition, analysis and interpretation phases. Aerogeophysical surveys conducted by governmental institutions even when providing important regional scale results have low-resolution data in locally occurrences. These informations are inefficient in target-scale prospective studies due to the large amount of interpolated data between the measured flight lines. In this study we proposed a geophysical study integrating previous aeromagnetic data analysis to a ground magnetometer survey to characterize a locally copper mineralization in the known Sul-Riograndense Shield ore province, Caçapava do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The occurrence is local, observed in a 4 × 2 m outcrop and occurs in metasedimentary rocks. The processed aerial data added to the ground magnetic anomalies, geophysical maps, and subsequent analysis allowed us to enhance the NE-SW direction anomaly (ground survey) and propose a forward 2.5D model defining an enriched copper – sulfides zone geometry and its lateral and depth limits. The model (A – B profile) was defined cross-sectioning the observed ground magnetic anomalies near the surface known occurrence and was generated using susceptibility measurements as input and, additionally, geological information from remote sensing previous data, outcropping rocks, and structures as parameter/comparison. Significant contrasts of anomaly variations (laterally and in-depth) are related to the local ore occurrence and also the presence of sulfides associated with Cu oxides (malachite) with a NE – SW trend coincident with the locally observed and measured structures (faults and joints). Considering the absence of other in-depth investigation methods such as drill core analysis and chemical element quantification (geochemistry), the adopted methodology and forward modeling applied in this study represent an important approach in the lateral and deep recognition and delineation of this occurrence. Therefore, it represents an effective, fast and low-cost tool for preliminary characterization of sulfide-associated Cu mineralized targets in this mineral province.

On the Use of Aeromagnetism for Geological Interpretation: 1. Comparison of Scalar and Vector Magnetometers for Aeromagnetic Surveys and an Equivalent Source Interpolator for Combining, Gridding, and Transforming Fixed Altitude and Draping Data Sets

AbstractAirborne magnetic surveys are common in geosciences. High‐precision surveys are usually performed at a low altitude, draping the topography, using scalar absolute magnetometers and active compensation systems to correct the disturbances generated by the carrier. Another solution is to measure the total magnetic intensity using vector magnetometers, which allows compensation for aircraft fields to be calculated directly, without compensation systems. This study uses data of an industrial airborne survey and of a vector magnetometer survey with a small overlapping area in the Vosges (France) to compare both data sets and shows that both solutions provide results of the same overall precision. This paper also addresses the issue of combining fixed altitude and draped level data sets as well as topographic effect management by proposing an equivalent source interpolator based on a set of simple dipole sources. A synthetic case shows that the equivalent source interpolator allows to compute grids of the magnetic anomaly as well as potential field transforms from a draped data set with an error level a few orders of magnitude lower than could be obtained with minimum curvature, a classically applied interpolator. The interpolator is also tested on a case study in the Vosges massif of which geological interpretation is presented in Bertrand et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017688). The results confirm the observations made on the synthetic case and show that the equivalent source interpolator is more tolerant to navigation errors (altitude) than minimum curvature and allows more rigorous computation of potential field transforms of draped data sets.

Overview of statewide geophysical surveys for ecosystem restoration in Louisiana

The System Wide Assessment and Monitoring Program (SWAMP) was implemented by the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) to develop an Adaptive Management Implementation Plan (AMIP). SWAMP ensures that a comprehensive network of coastal data collection/monitoring activities is in place to support the development and implementation of Louisiana’s coastal protection and restoration program. Monitoring of physical terrain is an important parameter of SWAMP. For the first time a systematic approach was adopted to undertake a geophysical (bathymetric, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profile, and magnetometer) survey along more than 5,000 nautical miles (nm) (excluding the 1,559 nm currently being surveyed from west of Terrebonne Bay to Sabine Lake) of track-line in almost all of the bays and lakes from Chandeleur Sound in the east to Terrebonne Bay in the west. This data collection effort complements the regional bathymetric survey undertaken under the Barrier Island Comprehensive Monitoring (BICM) Program in the adjacent offshore areas. This paper describes how a study of this magnitude was conceptualized, planned, and executed along the entire Louisiana coast. It is important to note that the initial intent was to collect bathymetric data only for numerical modelling for ecosystem restoration and storm surge prediction. Geophysical data were added for oyster identification and delineation. These first-order data also help comprehend the regional subsurface geology essential for sediment exploration to support Louisiana’s marsh and barrier island restoration projects.

Archaeological Investigations on the Emerald Avenue, a Potential Mississippian Period Roadway in Southwestern Illinois

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present our investigations on the Emerald Avenue, a potential Mississippian period (a.d. 1050–1400) roadway in southwestern Illinois. It is hypothesized that this road connected the pre-Columbian city of Cahokia to the Emerald Acropolis, a shrine complex 24 km to the east. To confirm the presence of the Emerald Avenue and document its physical characteristics and chronology, we performed an electrical resistivity tomography survey, magnetometer survey, and excavations on portions of the Avenue near the Acropolis. These investigations revealed that the Avenue is an early 19th century road that was used by early Euro-American settlers in the area. We present evidence that suggests that this historic road was actually a reused pre-Columbian route, possibly the Mississippian period Emerald Avenue. The presence of a Mississippian period road connecting the Emerald Acropolis to other important places throughout the region indicates that religious journeys were conducted throughout Cahokia’s history.

Neoformation of magnetite during selective metasomatism controlling large-scale positive magnetic anomalies within the Brunovistulian unit (Bohemian Massif)

An airborne magnetometer survey together with field measurements of magnetic susceptibility have distinguished two main granitic suites within the eastern zone of the Brno batholith (the exposed part of the Brunovistulicum). Highly magnetic biotite-amphibole tonalites, forming widespread positive magnetic anomalies (up to 300 nT), have susceptibility (χ) regularly above 5 × 10−3. Less magnetic biotite granites display lower χ values on the order of 1 × 10−4. The metaluminous tonalites significantly differ in whole-rock chemistry (enriched in FeO, MgO, and depleted in SiO2) and degree of fractionation (decreased Rb/Sr and K/Ba ratios) reflecting the distinct microchemistry of Fe-rich mafic silicates (chamosite ~24 wt% FeO). Conversely, more felsic metaluminous to peraluminous biotite granites exhibiting a higher degree of fractionation characteristically contain mafic silicates depleted in Fe2+ (Mg-clinochlore ~20 wt% FeO). The geochemistry of granitoids and chemical composition of mafic phases suggest that increased contents of pure magnetite (TiO2 <0.15 wt%) along with diamond-shaped titanite originated as a result of the reaction between primary magmatic Fe-Ti oxides, annite and anorthite during late oxidation of granitic rocks. The subsolidus oxidation of granitoid has led to releasing of Fe2+ from mafic silicates representing a substantial source of Fe2+ for the formation of pure magnetite in an evolved and crystallized magmatic system under relatively oxidative conditions. The Curie temperature (585–601 °C) and the Verwey transition (-160 °C) demonstrate the absence of titanomagnetite in both types and the overall magnetic properties of granitoids dominated by pure magnetite slightly affected by oxidation. Nevertheless, the more extensive magnetite hematitization in biotite granites indicates a higher degree of oxidation caused by dissociation of a greater amount of water phase in the post-magmatic stage of evolution of a more fractionated felsic melt. The metasomatic transformation of paramagnetic (Fe-rich biotite and amphibole) to ferromagnetic (pure magnetite) phases, well described on granitoid varieties of the Brno batholith, seems to be responsible for the extraordinarily geomagnetic behavior of the entire eastern part of the Brunovistulicum (Slavkov terrane) mostly covered by Paleozoic sediments.

Determining the Depth and Location of Buried Pipeline by Magnetometer Survey

AbstractThis paper proposes a new approach to determine the depth and location of buried pipelines using the remote magnetic field measured by aboveground magnetometer surveys. Calculation is prese...

Marine Archaeology Assessment of the South Terminal Project Orange and Jefferson Counties, Texas

BOB Hydrographics, LLC (BOB) conducted a marine archaeological assessment in support of the Orange County South Terminal Project. The South Terminal is proposed on an oxbow channel of the Neches River, downstream from Beaumont, to accommodate loading and unloading of ships and barges and an adjacent tank storage facility. Plans for marine portions of the property include construction of two ship docks and one new barge dock. Dredging will remove sediments down to an elevation of -42 feet (ft) Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) to create ship berths and a turning basin. Planned future expansion would increase the depth of the berths and turning basin to -48 ft MLLW. A barge dock will be dredged along the edge of the Neches River Channel to an elevation of -17 ft MLLW. Pilings will be driven to support dock and gangway platforms and to create mooring and breasting dolphins and barge monopiles. A portion of the oxbow, west of the ship docks will be filled to create upland as part of a proposed storage tank facility. Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. contracted with BOB, on behalf of the project sponsor, Port of Beaumont Navigation District, to assess the potential for submerged archaeological sites within the proposed South Terminal. Submerged archaeological sites, in this context, might be historic sites, such as sunken or abandoned watercraft, which may be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places or as State Antiquities Landmarks. The South Terminal will be constructed on publicly owned land; therefore, Texas Antiquities Permit 8926 was obtained prior to beginning fieldwork. A review of the cultural background determined that 3 prior marine archaeological investigations have been conducted within 3 miles of this project. At least 7 wrecks have been reported within 3 miles of the survey area. Field investigations included marine geophysical survey and probing of 2 anomalies. Geophysical survey was completed by BOB from June 10-13, 2019. A total of 78 acres was surveyed. The submerged Area of Potential Effect totals 54.7 acres, including: 34.3 acres for dredging ship and barge berths, 10.3 acres for ship docks and storage tanks, and 10.1 acres of survey buffer, mandated by the Texas Historical Commission, along the eastern margin of the dredging footprint. The Principal Investigator was solely responsible for archaeological data analysis and report preparation. Preliminary analysis of geophysical survey data resulted in recommendations of archaeological avoidance for 3 potential historic sites, designated as Anomalies 1, 2 and 3. Additional investigation was conducted from August 26-29, 2019 and January 19-21, 2020. Probing disproved the significance of Anomaly 1. Closeorder magnetometer survey disproved the significance of Anomaly 2. Probing determined that Anomaly 3 is associated with a buried, wooden-hulled watercraft, Site 41OR113, measuring 32 feet wide and at least 82 ft long. Site 41OR113 is potentially eligible as a State Antiquities Landmark and for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. All disturbance of the river bottom, related to construction of the South Terminal, must be avoided within state-mandated target avoidance buffers extending 50 meters beyond the margins Site 41OR113. If the wreck cannot be successfully avoided, then further investigation would be required to determine whether the site is historically significant and eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. All portions of the survey area, outside of the 41OR113 avoidance zone, are recommended for archaeological clearance. This study was completed in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (Public Law 89-665; 16 U.S.C. 470), requiring that the lead agency consider the effects of projects upon historic resources, if those projects receive either permits or funding from the federal government. This study complies with the Antiquities Code of Texas (Texas Natural Resource Code, Title 9, Chapter 191), which provides for the protection of cultural resources on state lands. Title 13, Part 2, Chapters 26 and 28 of The Texas Administrative Code mandates the minimum reporting and survey requirements, respectively, for marine archaeological studies conducted under Texas Antiquities Permits. Archaeological project records are curated at the Center for Archeological Studies at Texas State University in San Marcos. No artifacts were collected during these investigations.

The New Swedish Cyprus Expedition 2018: Excavations at Hala Sultan Tekke (The Söderberg Expedition). Preliminary results, with contributions by J. Tracz and D. Kofel

During the ninth field season at the Late Bronze Age city of Hala Sultan Tekke, excavations in City Quarter 1 (CQ1) continued and brought to light industrial and domestic structures belonging to three phases of occupation (Strata 3–1) dating to the 13th and 12th centuries BC (LC IIC–IIIA). Finds of more than half a ton of copper slag together with remains of furnaces and tuyères indicate intensive urban copper production. There is also evidence of textile production in CQ1. A magnetometer survey of roughly 23 ha resulted in the discovery of another large city quarter (CQ4) between CQ1 and Area A (the cemetery) with regularly arranged stone-built compounds of imposing dimensions intersected by streets. Several massive walls are faced with ashlar slabs which distinguishes this quarter from the industrial and domestic CQ1–3. A bathroom built of ashlar blocks with an advanced hydrological layout was exposed in CQ4 (Stratum 1, LC IIIA) together with a storage area for large vessels. Another rich tomb (Tomb RR) was excavated in Area A. It contained multi-burials together with tomb gifts from numerous Eastern Mediterranean cultures. One of the finds from Tomb RR is a complete large Mycenaean krater depicting two chariots drawn by two pairs of horses and 13 individuals, several of them with swords.

A UAV-based magnetic survey method to detect and identify orphaned oil and gas wells

Recent advances in autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, along with successful efforts to miniaturize total field magnetometers, offer a unique opportunity to test low-cost UAV-mounted systems for wide-area high-resolution magnetic surveys. Modern UAV platforms capable of flying at low altitudes and collecting dense aerial surveys, coupled with sensitive and compact instruments, allow identification of anthropogenic targets previously identifiable only in ground magnetometer surveys. We present results of a proof-of-concept study focused on developing and field testing a UAV-based magnetometer system to detect and identify abandoned and unmarked oil and gas wells in an area of historical hydrocarbon exploration and development in New York state. Our results indicate that magnetic anomalies associated with metal casing of vertical wells are pronounced considerably above background levels both at the surface and up to 50 m above-ground elevation. We determine that a detection altitude of 40 m is optimal to avoid any canopy interference while recording magnetic data at the highest signal-to-noise ratio. This methodology makes rapid detection and identification of unmarked wells possible and, in turn, allows for future sustainable development of these areas.

Geophysical prospection and archaeological excavation of ancient iron smelting sites in the Barun‐Khal valley on the western shore of Lake Baikal (Olkhon region, Siberia)

AbstractIn 1997, an ancient iron production site, Barun‐Khal 2, was discovered in the Barun‐Khal valley (Olkhon region, near the west shore of Lake Baikal). This discovery initiated studies of the archaeometallurgical potential of the valley. They included magnetometry, resistivity, self‐potential (SP) and radiometric surveys, archaeological excavation, analysis of chemical composition and magnetism of slag and other residuals, and radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples. As expected, the most efficient was the magnetometric survey. Despite challenging field conditions such as geology‐related magnetic anomalies of large amplitude and contrast, the magnetometer survey in the Barun‐Khal valley resulted in the discovery of another iron production site, Barun‐Khal 3. Using the magnetometry, the general structure of the sites was studied and the places of excavation were determined. The resistivity, SP and radiometric techniques, as well as magnetic survey were useful in studying near‐surface geology and recent geological history. Excavations have found well‐preserved slag‐tapping bloomery furnaces built into the sides of a large pit (Barun‐Khal 2) or a trench (Barun‐Khal 3). According to radiocarbon dating, iron production began here within the second and third centuries bc and lasted until the seventh to the eleventh centuries ad. The significance of the works in the Barun‐Khal valley is determined by the fact that there exist significant gaps in the coverage of Russia (including Siberia) with archaeometallurgical studies. Most available papers on the archaeometallurgical activity in Siberia were not published in English until now. For the first time, the study of ancient iron production sites in the Olkhon region was considered as an independent scientific task and carried out using both geophysical and archaeological methods.

The New Swedish Cyprus Expedition 2017: Excavations at Hala Sultan Tekke (The Söderberg Expedition). Preliminary results

During the eighth field season at the Bronze Age city of Hala Sultan Tekke, excavations in City Quarter 1 (CQ1) exposed massive industrial and domestic structures belonging to three phases of occupation (Strata 3–1) dating to the 13th and 12th centuries BC (LC IIC–IIIA). Georadar survey, penetrating to a maximum depth of approximately 1 m, guided the excavation of walls of Strata 1–2, both of which were destroyed by conflagration. Excavations 1.5–2 m below the surface and also below the maximum penetration depth of the radar revealed a heretofore buried phase of occupation with substantial architectural units. For the first time, massive Stratum 3 structures with a markedly different building technique were exposed. Copper smelting installations, much ash and slag, and storage facilities also belong to this phase of occupation. Additional excavations guided by results from a magnetometer survey were carried out in Area A, roughly 600 m to the south-east of CQ1. Numerous circular anomalies were excavated. These were identified as Late Cypriot wells, rich offering pits, and a tomb from the same period. In addition to numerous intact locally produced vessels and other finds, the tomb contained a complete Late Minoan II/IIIA piriform jar with bird motifs which have exact parallels from Knossos. Other finds from this tomb include a diadem of leaf gold, amethyst jewellery, and nine sphendonoid shaped balance weights of haematite together with a hornblende whetstone. The features from Area A cover a period from the 16th to the 13th centuries BC (LC IB–IIC).

A Partial Magnetometer Survey of The Archaeological Conservancy’s Portion of the A. C. Saunders Site (41AN19)

The Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL) at The University of Texas at Austin conducted a partial magnetometer survey of The Archaeological Conservancy-owned portion of the A. C. Saunders site (41AN19) during the period between 6-8 December 2005. This survey was sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation Environmental Affairs Division (TxDOT/ENV) due to a proposed expansion of the right-of-way of U.S. Highway 175 and was conducted under a research design approved by The Archeological Conservancy and TxDOT/ENV. The work was conducted under the direction of Dale Hudler (Principal Investigator) from TARL with a joint TARL/Prewitt and Associates, Inc. field crew (Jonathan Jarvis, TARL and Tim Griffith, Prewitt and Associates, Inc.).

The lower city of Asea, Arcadia. Results from a geophysical project 2001–2012

Between 2001 and 2012 a geophysical survey project was carried out on and around Asea Paleokastro in Arcadia, Greece. The results of this work complement the archaeological surface survey carried out in the same area in 1995 and the cleaning session of the acropolis walls in 2000. We have now a fair idea of how the lower city was laid out and how the city wall encompassed the city blocks. Detailed information concerning a residential block was supplied in part by the excavation published by Erik J. Holmberg in 1944, and this supports our results. We have an orthogonal town plan consisting of rectangular city blocks of c. 38 x 56 m. The city wall has several towers and a postern gate, as well as at least one more complex city gate. The agora is more elusive, but we think that it could be placed in an area mostly devoid of anomalies downhill from a built-up area revealed by the magnetometer survey and bordered by the main passageway to the acropolis entrance.

Martin AitkenFRS,FSA (11 March 1922 - 15 June 2017)

Martin Jim Aitken was born on 11 March 1922 and educated at Stamford School, Lincolnshire. He went up to Wadham College, Oxford, to read physics, but his studies were interrupted by the Second World War, in which he served as a Technical Radar Officer in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar). After completion of his Oxford doctorate, he undertook research in nuclear physics, using a small electron synchrotron. In 1957, he joined the university's newly formed Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA), founded two years earlier by Teddy Hall with the support of archaeologist Christopher Hawkes and the physicist Lord Cherwell, as its second Deputy Director (the first Deputy Director was Dr Stuart Young). He began to apply magnetic methods to both the dating and location of archaeological kilns and hearths. In 1958, at the invitation of the archaeologist Graham Webster, he undertook the first archaeological proton magnetometer survey, on the Roman city of Durobrivae, near Water Newton, Cambridgeshire, detecting a kiln amongst other features. His instrument was a version of the device that had been tested by the Army for the detection of plastic mines. Also in 1958, the Oxford laboratory published the first volume of the journal Archaeometry, originally subtitled the Bulletin of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, but including international contributions from Volume 3 onwards. He was an editor until 1989. His first book, Physics and archaeology, was published in 1961. In 1962, Martin organized a day meeting for archaeologists who had purchased proton magnetometers, which became an annual meeting. The scope of the meetings broadened in 1969 to become the ‘Symposium on Archaeometry and Archaeological Prospection’, held in Oxford until 1975. In 1976, with the meeting in Edinburgh, it became the ‘International Symposium on Archaeometry and Archaeological Prospection’, and in 1980 (Paris) the ‘International Symposium on Archaeometry’, which continues to this day as a biannual international conference. As well as proton magnetometers, he also developed the use of fluxgate magnetic gradiometers for the detection of buried remains, and was involved (with Derek Walton) in the development of the first SQUID cryogenic magnetometer (a device capable of measuring extremely subtle magnetic fields) to be used in the United Kingdom. From the 1960s, he was involved in the development of thermoluminescence dating (TL), to date ceramic materials such as pottery, brick and tiles. He further developed the method by using blue/green light or infrared radiation instead of heat. This optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating has become one of the most powerful methods for the dating of sediments in both archaeological and environmental contexts. He published a book on thermoluminescence dating in 1985, and an introduction to optical dating in 1998. His best-known book, Science-based dating in archaeology (1990), became the standard undergraduate text on the subject. He became a Fellow of Linacre College, Oxford, in 1965 and Professor of Archaeometry in 1985. He continued his interests in archaeomagnetism and luminescence dating up until his retirement in 1989, publishing, in addition to his books, more than 150 scientific papers. He won the Gemant Award from the American Institute of Physics, and the Pomerance Award for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology of the Archaeological Institute of America. In recognition of his scientific achievements, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1983—a tribute not only to his outstanding ability as a scientist who chose to work in archaeology, but also a recognition of the fact that science in archaeology had come of age. He has almost single-handedly promoted the view that archaeology is part of a wider scientific endeavour, perhaps best encapsulated in his contribution to the 1981 Smithsonian round table discussion on Future directions in archaeometry, which he entitled ‘Archaeometry does not only serve archaeology’. He was truly one of the ‘founding fathers’ of archaeometry. He married Joan Killick, with whom he had four daughters and a son. In retirement, he and his wife moved to a house near Clermont Ferrand in France. An account of his contribution to the subject was published in 1990, following his retirement from RLAHA in 1989 (Sayre, E. V., and Tite, M. S., 1990, On the retirement of Teddy Hall and Martin Aitken, Archaeometry, 32, 3–6).

Comparison Study to the Use of Geophysical Methods at Archaeological Sites Observed by Various Remote Sensing Techniques in the Czech Republic

A combination of geophysical methods could be very a useful and a practical way of verifying the origin and precise localisation of archaeological situations identified by different remote sensing techniques. The results of different methods (and scales) of monitoring these fully non-destructive methods provide distinct data and often complement each other. The presented examples of combinations of these methods/techniques in this study (aerial survey, LIDAR-ALS and surface magnetometer or resistivity survey) could provide information on some specifics and may also be limitations in surveying different archaeological terrains, types of archaeological situations and activities. The archaeological site in this contribution is considered to be a material of this study. In case of Neolithic ditch enclosure near Kolín were compared aerial prospection data, magnetometer survey and aerial photo-documentation of excavated site. In the case of hillforts near Levousy we compared LIDAR data with aerial photography and large-scale magnetometer survey. In the case of the medieval castle Liběhrad we compared LIDAR data with geoelectric resistivity measurement. In case of a burial mound cemetery we combined LIDAR data with magnetometer survey. In the case of the production area near Rynartice we combined LIDAR data with magnetometer and resistivity measurements and result of archaeological excavation. Fortunately for successful combination of geophysical and remote sensing results, their conditions and factors for efficient use in archaeology are not the same. On the other hand, the quality and state of many prehistoric, early medieval, medieval and also modern archaeological sites is rapidly changing over time and both groups of techniques represent important support for their comprehensive and precise documentation and protection.

The Role of Magnetometry in Managing Arctic Archaeological Sites in the Face of Climate Change

ABSTRACTClimate change is impacting archaeological sites around the globe, and Arctic sites are among the most vulnerable because the region is experiencing particularly rapid change. In the face of this threat, archaeologists, heritage managers, and northern communities need to develop strategies for documenting and monitoring Arctic sites and prioritizing them for further investigation. Using three case studies from Banks Island in the western Canadian Arctic, we demonstrate how magnetometer survey could assist in this process, despite the region's poorly developed soils, widespread glacial tills, and periglacial geomorphology, which pose challenges for the technique. The case studies illustrate the utility of magnetometry in mapping both archaeological and permafrost features in the Arctic, allowing it to rapidly investigate site structure and assess the level of threat due to climate change.

Delineating Deep Basement Faults in Eastern Dharwar Craton through Systematic Methods of Geophysics and Remote Sensing vis-à-vis the Concerns of Moderate Seismicity

The objective of the study was to analyze the subsurface geological structures as well as the litho-contacts of the study area. An effort was made to analyze the Magnetic anomalies (TMI) as well as the Remote Sensing data for the eastern Dharwar craton to understand the setting of geological structures in the region. The analysis was placed according to the methods of Proton procession magnetometer surveys, Data Interpretations and filtering as well as the Remote Sensing skills. The magnetic susceptibility data understandings gave a considerable response towards the subsurface geology thereby indicating the moderate seismicity in Southern India by delineating underground faults. The exploration of the collected field data verified the assumptions of remote sensing towards the seismicity of the area. The study demonstrates the dominancy of hornblende-biotite-genesis, charnokite formation, and Epidotite-hornblendegneiss and small intrusive granitic/gneissic granites in the Tindivanum region of Tamilnadu. The significance of Geophysical ground magnetic surveys and effective processes of De-convolutions, Analytical signals, and Reduction to pole, Hilbert transformations etc. evidenced the efficiency of Ground magnetic and satellite data in structural variations especially for locating faults. The Geophysical ground magnetic surveys have varied its results from interpretations made to satellite magnetic data by a large extent. The study also emphasise the need of incorporated approaches of geophysics and remote sensing for seismic analysis and can be very handful in the modern science and technology.

The Palaeogene Armathwaite–Cleveland Dyke in upper Teesdale, northern England: magnetic characteristics and relationship to mineralization

A magnetometer survey, conducted with the initial aim of delineating the extent of a magnetite-rich orebody within the Teesdale Fault in the Harwood Valley of Upper Teesdale, unexpectedly revealed a Palaeogene remanent magnetization. This is interpreted as reflecting the presence at depth of a hitherto unrecorded section of the Armathwaite–Cleveland Dyke, a member of the Palaeogene Mull Swarm of intrusions. The dyke has now been continuously mapped magnetically from the easternmost outcrop of its Armathwaite section in the South Tyne Valley, near Garrigill, to the westernmost outcrop of the Cleveland section in Ettersgill, Teesdale, where it follows the Teesdale Fault and undergoes a small dextral en-échelon offset. We retain the originally proposed mechanism for the formation of the orebody, by the interaction between Northern Pennine mineralizing fluids and the still hot, recently intruded Permo-Carboniferous Whin Sill and its contact rocks. We find no evidence of a wider distribution of ore, or of Permian magnetization. We conclude that the orebody was emplaced along the Teesdale fault and that its magnetic signature was thermally re-set during the Palaeogene intrusion.