Magnetohydrodynamic Heat Research Articles

Impact of Brownian motion and thermophoresis in magnetohydrodynamic dissipative: Radiative flow of chemically reactive nanoliquid thin films on an unsteady expandable sheet in a composite media

AbstractThis study comprehensively examines magnetohydrodynamic heat transport characteristics within a thin nanofluid film on a stretchable sheet embedded in a composite medium. By considering factors such as the unsteady nature of sheet velocity, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, thermally radiative heat, irregular heat generation/sink, chemical reactions, and dissipation due to viscous fluid, the research provides valuable insights into the variations in fluid velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration. The computational solution utilizes the efficient numerical method that enables accurate predictions of system behavior under varying conditions. Notable findings include the influence of Schmidt numbers on nanoparticle concentration distribution, the opposing impact of thermophoresis parameter values, and the influence of Brownian motion and heat source/sink on temperature profiles in thin nanofluid film. Also, nanoliquid film thickness is reduced by enhancing the porous parameter values and Hartmann number values. The nanoliquid film becomes thinner when the space‐dependent heat source/sink parameter is considered compared to the temperature‐dependent heat source/sink coefficient. In space‐dependent and temperature‐dependent cases, the increase in these parameters leads to a decrease in the temperature gradient. Furthermore, it is observed that higher thermophoresis values correspond to reduced nanoparticle concentration gradient profiles. Also, enhancement in the chemical reaction values leads to an expansion in the solutal boundary region surrounding nanoparticles, and as a consequence, the concentration gradient of nanoparticles is enhanced. This research has significant potential for optimizing heat performance and advancing innovation in industrial and engineering processes.

A 2D numerical study of magnetohydrodynamic heat transfer performance within heat sink package equipped with cylindrical fins improved with helical trapezoidal wings and filled by radiative nanofluid

Cooling electronic devices using heat sinks is one of the main fields in which academics are working to develop them. This manuscript presents a novel numerical study using Comsol Multiphysics to optimize heat sink performance through the strategic integration of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) radiative nanofluid and innovative helical trapezoidal wings on cylindrical fins. The research advances the field by systematically replacing classical cylindrical fins with those provided with cylindrical wings as a first step, and with trapezoidal shapes as a second step and subsequently introducing helical trapezoidal wings instead of the aligned shape to enhance efficiency. Comsol Multiphysics 3.4 software is used to conduct the study applying finite element method. The 2D heat sink problem is modelled as a square cavity, which is equipped with 2D longitudinal section of cylindrical fins and filled with MHD radiative nanofluid. The study examined the impact of using cylindrical wings attached laterally on the cylindrical fins. Then, the efficiency of cylindrical wings is compared with trapezoidal shape. Finally, the helical trapezoidal wings are used to enhance the heat sink efficiency. The findings reveal substantial performance improvements: with nanofluid by 42.83%, enhancement with radiation by 54.19%, with cylindrical wings by 22.38%, and a superior 10.7% efficiency increase with trapezoidal wings. In addition, using helical trapezoidal wings is the optimum for the heat sink performance by 7.26%. This work is poised to appeal to a broad readership by offering valuable insights into optimizing heat sink configurations for enhanced thermal management.

Magnetohydrodynamic Analysis and Fast Calculation for Fractional Maxwell Fluid with Adjusted Dynamic Viscosity

From the perspective of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the heat transfer properties of Maxwell fluids under MHD conditions with modified dynamic viscosity present complex challenges in numerical simulations. In this paper, we develop a time-fractional coupled model to characterize the heat transfer and MHD flow of Maxwell fluid with consideration of the Hall effect and Joule heating effect and incorporating a modified dynamic viscosity. The fractional coupled model is numerically solved based on the L1-algorithm and the spectral collocation method. We introduce a novel approach that integrates advanced algorithms with a fully discrete scheme, focusing particularly on the computational cost. Leveraging this approach, we aim to significantly enhance computational efficiency while ensuring accurate representation of the underlying physics. Through comprehensive numerical experiments, we explain the thermodynamic behavior in the MHD flow process and extensively examine the impact of various critical parameters on both MHD flow and heat transfer. We establish an analytical framework for the MHD flow and heat transfer processes, further investigate the influence of magnetic fields on heat transfer processes, and elucidate the mechanical behavior of fractional Maxwell fluids.

Some remarks on thermo-physical properties of magnetohydrodynamics heat and mass transfer of nano-fluid flow over a nonlinear permeable stretching sheet

Some remarks on thermo-physical properties of magnetohydrodynamics heat and mass transfer of nano-fluid flow over a nonlinear permeable stretching sheet

Controlling a new plasma regime.

Success of the UK's Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) programme requires a robust plasma control system. This system has to guide the plasma from initiation to the burning phase, maintain it there, produce the desired fusion power for the desired duration and then terminate the plasma safely. This has to be done in a challenging environment with limited sensors and without overloading plasma-facing components. The plasma parameters and the operational regime in the STEP prototype will be very different from tokamaks, which are presently in operation. During fusion burn, the plasma regime in STEP will be self-organizing, adding further complications to the plasma control system design. This article describes the work to date on the design of individual controllers for plasma shape and position, magneto hydrodynamic instabilities, heat load and fusion power. Having studied 'normal' operation, the article discusses the philosophy of how the system will handle exceptions, when things do not go exactly as planned. This article is part of the theme issue 'Delivering Fusion Energy - The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP)'.

Significance of nanoparticle aggregation for thermal transport over magnetized sensor surface

Abstract This article explores the dynamics of nanofluids consisting of copper (TiO2) nanoparticles suspended in water, as they interact with sensor surfaces between two parallel squeezing plates with porous characteristics. This research specifically targets applications involving enhanced heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control in nanofluid systems. The primary aim is to analyze the effects of nanoparticle aggregation and non-aggregation on sensor surfaces, considering MHD formations and heat transfer in the energy and momentum equations. The research adopts a steady-state fluid condition and utilizes similarity transformations to convert partial differential equations into more manageable ordinary differential equations. The methodology involves shooting methods for solving these nonlinear ordinary differential equations and employs graphical analyses to study the impacts of various parameters such as permeability, magnetic influence, squeeze flow, and radiation on the temperature and velocity profiles of the nanofluid. The results reveal significant dependencies of temperature and velocity profiles on the studied parameters, illustrating varied behaviors in scenarios of both aggregation and non-aggregation of nanoparticles. The findings emphasize how each parameter distinctively influences the heat and flow characteristics of the nanofluid, offering insights into optimizing conditions for better performance and control in practical applications. Future research could focus on extending the model to include transient fluid states and exploring the effects of other nanoparticle materials and shapes. There is also potential to investigate the interactions under different environmental conditions and to incorporate more complex boundary conditions to simulate real-world applications more accurately. Further experimental validation of the theoretical predictions would be beneficial to enhance the reliability and applicability of the findings.

Chemical reaction effects on MHD heat and mass convection of rotating fluid past a moving vertical plate in a porous medium with hall current

This study presents the problem of steady heat mass convective Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a moving and rotating fluid over a vertical uniformly moving plate through a porous medium in the presence of a first-order chemical reaction and strong magnetic field where the Hall effect is present. The numerical solutions of similarity equations are obtained by Runge-Kutta fourth order method. The graphical results show the effects of different parameters such as chemical reaction, permeability, wall velocity ratio and rotation parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles and which can also show a clear difference with the literature results.

A numerical inquiry of the MHD radiative thin film nanofluid flow and heat transfer augmentation for Ni and Ta nanoparticles of different shapes dispersed in C 12 H 26–C 15 H 32 over an unsteady, curved stretching surface

Thin films are a versatile technology used in various industries, including light-emitting diodes, magnetic recording media, electronic device manufacturing, and optical coating. They are crucial for studying quantum phenomena, superlattices, and multiferroic materials. Their small size allows for better thermal transport studies due to the combination of thin film flow and nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to investigate thin film flow and heat transfer with the effects of thermal radiations, magnetic field, and velocity slip in association with tantalum ( Ta ) and nickel ( Ni ) nanoparticles that emerged in kerosene oil ( C 12 H 26 − C 15 H 32 ) toward a curved stretching surface. A review of the pertinent literature indicates that no research has previously been done on the present problem of an unsteady thin film flow across a curved stretching surface. The problem under consideration is modeled by choosing the curvilinear coordinate system. The controlling nonlinear system of partial differential equations is transformed into the system of ordinary differential equations by using an appropriate similarity transformation and then solved numerically using the BVP 4 C technique in MATLAB . The impact of significant physical parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt numbers are depicted through graphs and radar charts. The investigation highlights the significant influence of magnetohydrodynamics ( MHD ) , thermal radiation, volumetric fraction, and velocity slip on the enhancement of nanofluid temperature. It is also noted that cylindrical-shaped Ta nanoparticles exhibited the maximum velocity, while blade-shaped Ni nanoparticles showed the lowest. Moreover, the maximum and minimum temperatures were observed for blade-shaped Ni nanoparticles and cylindrical Ta nanoparticles, respectively. Additionally, the maximum and minimum values of skin friction are found for cylindrical Ni nanoparticles and blade-shaped Ta nanoparticles, respectively. Similarly, the maximum and minimum Nusselt numbers are recorded for cylindrical Ta nanoparticles and blade-shaped Ni nanoparticles, respectively.

Influence of activation energy and variable thermal conductivity on magneto-convective nonlinear thermo-radiative Casson nanofluid containing motile microorganisms over a sinusoidal surface

The activation energy of convective-radiative nanoliquids with sinusoidal walls has garnered significant academic interest in recent years. This focus arises due to the pivotal applications of nanoparticles in thermal engineering, industrial processes, and medical sciences. This article investigates the magnetohydrodynamic heat transfer characteristics of Casson nanofluids containing microorganisms influenced by an oscillatory surface. The study incorporates temperature-dependent viscosity and utilizes Buongiorno’s mathematical model to account for nonlinear thermal radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoretic effects from using nanomaterials in Casson fluids. These effects enhance thermal conductivity, improving the heat transportation phenomenon while considering gyrotactic microorganism density distributions. The boundary layer flow problem is formulated using partial differential equations and associated boundary conditions, subsequently numerically simulated using the bvp4c function. The investigation explores the thermal behavior of nanoparticles in the presence of bioconvection phenomena, Lorentz force, chemical reactions, and activation energy. As a result, this model addresses variable thermal conductivity and bioconvection aspects in Casson nanofluids over a sinusoidal surface. Numerically computed results for the Nusselt number, motile density, and Sherwood number provide insights into several essential features. The findings reveal that an increase in the Casson fluid parameter correlates with a decreased velocity profile. The assumptions of variable thermal conductivity and temperature-dependent viscosity prove more effective in raising the temperature of nanoparticles. The nanoparticle concentration profile rises noticeably for smaller Schmidt number Sc values when the activation energy parameter is higher than larger Sc values. Additionally, the presence of microorganisms in Casson nanofluids leads to increased temperatures due to an elevation in the bioconvection Rayleigh number. Moreover, heightened oscillating frequency parameters decrease nanoparticle concentration and microorganism density. Including activation energy and oscillating frequency parameters further enhances the understanding of nanoparticle concentration and microorganism density dynamics, offering valuable contributions to theoretical research and practical applications across multiple interdisciplinary fields.

Numerical Approach of NiZnFe2O4 (Nickel–Zinc Ferrite) – Ethylene Glycol Magneto Nanofluid Flow Over a Porous Shrinking Sheet with Chemical Reaction and Radiation

The objective of this study is to conduct a numerical examination of the influence of nonlinear chemical reaction and heat source or sink on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transmission nanofluid flow through a shrinking permeable surface. In addition, the investigation considers thermal radiation and the occurrence of viscous dissipation. Ethylene glycol (EG) is used as the primary fluid medium, whilst the nanoparticles consist of nickel–zinc ferrite. The use of nanofluid flow has garnered significant interest as a result of its potential applications across several sectors. Nanofluids possess a notable benefit in comparison to traditional fluids as a consequence of their enhanced heat transfer capabilities. This advantage may be ascribed to the inclusion of nanoparticles, which augment thermal conductivity and therefore lead to enhanced heat dissipation and efficiency. The mathematical flow model, which is formulated using nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), may be transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by the application of suitable similarity conversions. In order to address the complexities of the nonlinear system, the bvp4c and shooting techniques are used inside the MATLAB program, a widely utilized commercial platform, to effectively solve the associated ODEs by numerical means. This study presents a graphical analysis of the effects of flow parameters on several variables of interest.

Suction and double stratification effect on unsteady MHD heat transfer nanofluid flow over a flat surface

The objective of the current work is to examine the influence of suction on the unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) thermal and mass transfer of a nanofluid flow past a flat sheet in the occurrence of double stratification. The governed highly non-linear PDEs along with corresponding appropriate boundary circumstances are first converted into dimensionless system by the use of similarity translations. The numerical methodology used for solving the transformed ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is often known as the Keller box procedure. This study investigates and visually represents the impact of non-dimensional factors such as Hartman number, Prandtl number, Suction, Eckert number, unsteadiness factor, thermal and solutal stratification on the distributions of velocity, concentration, temperature, drag force, Nusselt, and Sherwood number. The numerical calculation and graphical presentation are conducted to evaluate the impacts of several significant quantities on the flow model. It has been discovered that a rise in the suction parameter leads to an enhancement in the velocity gradient, while simultaneously causing a reduction in the concentration and temperature profiles. The outcomes of the study could have implications for various engineering and industrial applications that control and manipulate fluid flows and heat transfer. The results of the research may have ramifications for a wide range of industrial and engineering applications that control and regulate heat transfer and fluid dynamics.

Dynamics of ternary nanofluid through radiated sensor surface: Numerical investigation

Application: The impact of flow, heat transfer, and magneto hydrodynamics on sensor surfaces between two parallel compressing plates with porous walls has been examined in this study. This study focuses on understanding unsteady compressed flow in two dimensions, utilizing Aluminum oxide, copper oxide, and titanium dioxide with base fluid polymers as the base fluid. Nanofluids, known as nanometer suspensions in traditional nanoscale fluid transfer, are explored for their potential application in improving lubricative and cooling properties. Purpose and methodology: This study aims to investigate the behavior of a tri-hybrid nanofluid (Aluminum oxide, copper oxide, and titanium dioxide with base fluid polymers) in terms of flow dynamics, heat transfer, and magneto hydrodynamics. Energy and momentum equations, considering magneto hydrodynamic forms and heat transfer, are analyzed. The study employs numerical methods, including similarity transforms and a shooting approach, to solve the governing equations. Core findings: Several parameters, including permeable parameter, magnetic parameter, squeeze flow index parameter, volume fraction by nanoparticles, and radiation parameter, are investigated for their effects on temperature profile and velocity profile. The study illustrates these effects graphically and discusses the influence of these parameters on different components of velocity and temperature fields. Additionally, the impact of the radiation parameter ([Formula: see text] on temperature fields is examined for both positive. Future work: Future research may focus on further optimizing the tri-hybrid nanofluid composition for specific applications, exploring additional parameters that may affect flow behavior, heat transfer, and entropy generation. Additionally, experimental validation of the numerical findings and the development of more advanced numerical techniques for solving complex fluid dynamics problems could be the areas of interest for future work.

Influence of heat flow due to concentration gradient on unsteady MHD heat and mass transform dissipative flow with spanwise fluctuating temperature

This study investigates the influence of heat flow due to a concentration gradient on unsteady Newtonian free convective magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transform dissipative fluid flow over a heated normal porous plate in the presence of radiation absorption and chemical reaction. The plate temperature is assumed to fluctuate in a spanwise cosinusoidal manner over a time and exhibit heat generation with suction velocity. The analysis employs the multiple regular perturbation method to evaluate the governing equations under stipulated boundary conditions. The outcomes are visually depicted to assess the impact of various parameters on the system dynamics. Graphical representations illustrate the physical significance of various parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration. Additionally, skin friction, mass transfer rate, and heat transfer coefficients are presented in tabular form. The significant findings indicate that velocity, temperature, and skin friction are directly proportional to parameters such as radiation absorption, heat generation, and heat flux due to a chemical potential gradient, whereas Sherwood and concentration are inversely proportional to the Schmidt number and chemical reaction. The outcomes obtained in this study have been cross-referenced with existing scientific literature, demonstrating strong concordance. This alignment provides confidence in the numerical results.

Linear and nonlinear stretching sheet for enhanced heat and mass transfer in Casson nanofluid with activation energy

In this study, we delve into the magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer flow of a Casson nanofluid over specifically chosen linear and nonlinear stretching surfaces embedded in a porous medium to understand their distinct effects on fluid behavior. By focusing on the influences of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, thermal radiation, and chemical reactions, we transformed nonlinear partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, leveraging the Runge-Kutta method and Shooting Techniques for numerical solutions of momentum, temperature, and concentration profiles under predetermined boundary conditions. Our results, depicted in both graphical and tabular forms, shed light on how various parameters, including the Casson fluid characteristics, magnetic fields, buoyancy ratio, and mixed convection effects, influence fluid dynamics. A notable finding is that an increase in the Brownian motion parameter intensifies the fluid velocity and temperature profiles, but reduces its concentration profile, unveiling complex interactions within the nanofluid dynamics. This investigation underscores the importance of linear and nonlinear stretching surfaces in mimicking practical industrial scenarios, thereby providing insights that are crucial for optimizing processes such as coating, cooling of electronic devices, and in the manufacturing of thin plastic films, where precise control over heat and mass transfer is essential.

Entropy generation and activation energy on nonlinearly thermo-radiative and magnetohydrodynamic heat transfer of Jeffrey nanofluid with non-uniform heat source/sink using SQLM

ABSTRACT Entropy generation and activation energy analysis on MHD heat and mass transfer of Jeffrey nanofluid under the impact of nonlinear thermal radiation and heat source/sink (non-uniform) over a linearly stretching sheet has been investigated numerically using Spectral Quasilinearization Method (SQLM). The Brownian motion with thermophoretic effects has been utilized. The basic equations concerned with the problem are solved numerically. The impacts of different governing physical parameters are analyzed on the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields, along with entropy generation, and Bejan number profiles are analyzed graphically. It is found that the concentration profiles have a mixed tendency with magnetic parameters. In addition, the temperature profiles increase in the presence of Brownian motion with thermophoresis effects, whereas the composite behavior is noticed on the entropy generation profiles. It is also found that both the temperature and concentration profiles diminish for various values of Deborah number while the velocity profile increases. Also, it is noticed that both the temperature profiles increase for enhanced values of the space-dependent and time-dependent parameters. Due to activation energy, the Bejan number profiles decrease, whereas the entropy generation profiles increase far away from the expandable sheet but decrease closer to the sheet.

MHD double diffusive mixed convection and heat generation / absorption in a lid-driven inclined wavy enclosure filled with a ferrofluid

The magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) double-diffusive mixed convection and heat generation/absorption in a lid-driven inclined wavy enclosure filled with (Fe3O4/ water) ferrofluid is quantitatively investigated in this paper. The present study focuses on improving the efficiency of mass and thermal performance of a system. Both the left and right sidewalls of the cavity are allowed to move with a constant velocity in the upward and downward directions, respectively. The finite difference approach was applied to discretize the subsequent governing equations followed by the Bi-Conjugate Gradient Stabilized (Bi-CGStab) method to solve them. The numerical simulation was performed for a variety of parameters, including the Hartmann number varied as 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 45, the inclination angle of the enclosure varied as 0° ≤ δ ≤ 180°, the buoyancy ratio varied as -2 ≤ N ≤ 2, heat generation or absorption parameter varied as −10 ≤ Qo ≤ 10, Richardson number varied as 0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 10, and solid volume fraction varied as 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.06. The numerical simulation results were presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentrations, average Nusselt number, and average Sherwood number. The heat and mass transfer rates were found to decrease with the increase in Ha but increase with N, Ri, and Φ. Also, both of them reach their peak values at Ri = 10. In addition, the heat generation parameter enhances both thermal and mass performance as they reach their maximum values at Qo = 10. Increasing the heat generation factor from Qo = 5 to Qo = 10 increases the Nusselt number by 3.5 times. The outcomes of the study have significant importance for modern industrial applications specifically in the discipline of electronic device cooling.

Casson fluid flow over a stretched surface with exponential permeability: Soret, Dufour and chemical reaction effects on MHD heat transmission

The study of mass and heat transmission in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection is examined in this article. The study includes outcomes of velocity, temperature & single slip, concentrating on the fluid stream of Casson fluid flowing through a permeable medium across an exponentially permeable stretched surface. The inquiry combines chemical processes, Effects of Dufour and Soret as well as the Casson fluid, which displays an exponential distribution along the stretched sheet with temperature and concentration fluctuations. They are first translated into partial differential equations (PDEs) by generating governing equations for motion, energy, and species concentration. Then, utilizing a similarity-based transformation, these equations are changed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then, with the help of a MATLAB computational approach, the Keller-box approach is used to numerically solve these ODEs. Dufour and Soret effects play a major role in macroscopic physical circumstances in the realm of fluid mechanics. High temperature and concentration fluids exhibit these effects. Temperature and concentration variations in density frequently result in the buoyant force of convection, which is how concentration and temperature influence species’ energy and diffusion. Enhancing the Soret parameter leads to an improvement in the concentration profile while improving the Dufour factor results in an enhancement in the temperature distribution. These findings are critical for understanding the heat transfer over a stretching sheet, subject to different models and they encompass aspects such as temperature distribution, heat transfer rates, boundary layer characteristics, velocity profiles, and the potential for implementing heat transfer enhancement techniques. There is a very significant agreement when one of our findings is compared to others that have already been published in the literature.

Transient magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer analysis of chemically reacting fluid flow over oscillatory permeable media

This study focuses on the numerical observation of the convective motion of chemically active magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid through a vertically oriented permeable medium, incorporating variations in mass and heat transfer. The fluid type is assumed to be incompressible, chemically strongly ionized and viscous with some mass infusibility. The model associated with this problem is solved by a highly stable Implicit Finite Difference Method (IFDM). The method is used for small and large deflection of the physical parameters, which results in a noticeable fluid flow behavior. Numerical configuration is graphically depicted to scrutinize the fluid behavior. The momentum, energy, concentration diffusion, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are investigated for numerous factors such as magnetic field, permeability and chemical reaction rate. The current study unveils significant findings, demonstrating that a heightened rate of chemical reaction in the presence of magnetic effects, coupled with specific porosity, diminishes ionization energy, resulting in a concurrent decrease in the concentration and momentum profiles of the fluid flow. The rise in the viscous diffusion rate is attributed to escalating values of the Schmidt number, causing an augmentation in dynamic viscosity and consequently resulting in an overall reduction in the momentum of the fluid flow.

Analyzing the MHD Bioconvective Eyring–Powell Fluid Flow over an Upright Cone/Plate Surface in a Porous Medium with Activation Energy and Viscous Dissipation

In the field of heat and mass transfer applications, non-Newtonian fluids are potentially considered to play a very important role. This study examines the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) bioconvective Eyring–Powell fluid flow on a permeable cone and plate, considering the viscous dissipation (0.3 ≤ Ec ≤0.7), the uniform heat source/sink (−0.1 ≤ Q0 ≤ 0.1), and the activation energy (−1 ≤ E1 ≤ 1). The primary focus of this study is to examine how MHD and porosity impact heat and mass transfer in a fluid with microorganisms. A similarity transformation (ST) changes the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The Keller Box (KB) finite difference method solves these equations. Our findings demonstrate that adding MHD (0.5 ≤ M ≤ 0.9) and porosity (0.3 ≤ Γ ≤ 0.7) effects improves microbial diffusion, boosting the rates of mass and heat transfer. Our comparison of our findings to prior studies shows that they are reliable.

Influence of magnetohydrodynamics configuration on aerothermodynamics during Martian reentry

This paper investigates the role of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on the aerothermodynamics (ATD) of a representative entry vehicle while flying into the Martian atmosphere. By strategically placing a flight-ready superconducting magnet at varied positions in the Schiaparelli reentry capsule of the ExoMars mission, we discern its impact on essential flow properties. The primary consequence of MHD during atmospheric entry is the generation of the Lorentz force, which increases the shock standoff distance resulting in a reduction of the heat flux on the spacecraft by pushing high-energy plasma particles away. Through different magnet configurations, three distinct cases are formed to comprehensively understand the effects and implications of each setup. The study is performed using the COOLFluiD MHD for EnTries, an in-house ATD solver. For case 1, the magnet's placement behind the ExoMars forebody at the stagnation point reduces the heat flux. In case 2, the magnet's relocation to the shoulder region explores its potential to mitigate communication blackouts by influencing the wake region's flow. However, this positioning also induces shock bending, leading to variations in post-shock species mass fractions and heat flux spikes in the post-shock region. Case 3, involving an additional magnet where the shock bends in case 1, showcases a consistent increase in shock standoff distance across the forebody, providing a longer relaxation zone for species equilibration. Our findings highlight that while the strength of the applied magnetic field is crucial, the magnet's size is equally pivotal in determining ATD behavior. Case 3 emerges as the most promising configuration, consistently reducing heat flux across the forebody and maintaining it in the afterbody. This study underscores the potential of multi-magnet configurations as next-generation MHD heat shields for Martian atmospheric entry, emphasizing the criticality of magnet placement and configuration in enabling future MHD-enhanced deep space exploration missions.