Magnetic Water Research Articles

Femtosecond laser drilling in superalloy with water-based magnetic assistance

Experiment of femtosecond laser drilling in superalloy with water-based magnetic assistance was carried out. The effects of different environments (in air, magnetic assistance, water assistance and water-based magnetic assistance) on the hole morphology, hole diameter, taper angle and sidewall roughness after femtosecond laser drilling were compared and analyzed. The effects of magnetic flux density on the hole diameter, taper angle and sidewall quality with water-based magnetic assistance were discussed. The mechanism of femtosecond laser drilling in superalloy with water-based magnetic assistance was revealed. The results show that transverse magnetic assistance and water assistance could both improve the hole quality and drilling efficiency, and the effect of water assistance was greater than that of magnetic assistance. The drilling efficiency was the highest with water-based magnetic assistance, which was mainly manifested in the increase of the hole diameter, and the increase of the hole cross-section size; on the other hand, the hole quality was the best, which were mainly manifested in the increase of the perpendicularity of the hole cross-section, the decrease of the taper angle, the reduction of irregular micro scale defects such as grooves on the hole sidewall, and the decrease of the roughness of the hole sidewall. Compared with that in air, the hole taper angle was reduced by 24.63 %, and the hole sidewall roughness was reduced by 38.38 % with the water-based magnetic assistance. With the water-based magnetic assistance, the higher the magnetic flux density, the higher the hole quality. This research provided theoretical basis and technical support for femtosecond laser drilling.

Germination, physio-anatomical behavior, and productivity of wheat plants irrigated with magnetically treated seawater.

Salinity is an abiotic stress that reduces the seed germination and productivity of wheat. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of irrigation with magnetically treated seawater on the germination, growth, certain physiological and anatomical parameters, and production attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Sakha 93 plants. Experiments were conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Egypt, during two consecutive winter seasons. Pot experiments involved ten treatments with non-magnetized and magnetized water with various degrees of salinity. Plant samples were taken 95 days after sowing. Irrigation with magnetically treated seawater was found to have beneficial effects on plant growth, water relations, biochemical characteristics, and yield components compared with untreated plants. The germination of wheat seeds increased 13% when treated with magnetic seawater. On the yield scale, the spike length was increased by 40% in season one, and 82% in season two when compared to the control, while the weight of 100 grains increased by 148% and 171%, in each season, respectively, when treated with magnetic water. The anatomical leaf and stem parameters of the plants were markedly improved by watering with magnetically treated seawater at 10 dS m−1 compared to the control. However, the leaf water deficit, transpiration rate, and abscisic acid content in the plant shoots decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The use of magnetically treated seawater of up to 7.5 dS m−1, instead of tap water, is recommended due to benefits to germination and seedling parameters, growth, yield, and physiological, chemical, and anatomical characteristics. In conclusion, magnetic treatment of seawater improved germination performance, growth, and yield of wheat under saline conditions.

Concrete strength development by using magnetized water in normal and self-compacted concrete

Abstract The main objective of this work was to adopt an environmentally friendly technology with enhanced results. The technology of magnetic water (MW) treatment system can be used in concrete mixture production instead of potable water (PW) to improve both workability and strength. Two types of concrete were adopted: normal concreter production with two grades 25 and 35 MPa and the self-compacted concrete (SCC) with 35 MPa grade. The concrete mixes containing MW instead of PW results showed that, for 25 MPa grade, an improvement in a compressive strength of 15.1, 14.8, and 10.2% was achieved for 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively. For 35 MPa grade, an improvement of 13.6, 11.5, and 9.1% was achieved for 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively. The mixture of SCC showed the highest improvement up to 16.2, 15.8, and 12.4% for 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively. The effect of MW is significant for 7 days compared to 28 and 90 days. An increase in the water content to cementitious material presents the more efficiency of MW, while the combined effect of MW and superplasticizer in SCC showed the best improvement with less water content for 35 MPa grade.

Improving of Hayany Date Palm Production by Using K-Humate as Soil Application and Magnetic Water Irrigation at South Sinai Governorate Egypt

Improving of Hayany Date Palm Production by Using K-Humate as Soil Application and Magnetic Water Irrigation at South Sinai Governorate Egypt

Experimental Investigation on the Potential Use of Magnetic Water as a Water Reducing Agent in High Strength Concrete.

High-strength concrete is designed for a self-weight reduction structure and exhibits higher resistance to compressive loads. This paper proposes a novel technique to enhance concrete’s properties using Magnetic Field Treated Water (MFTW), describing the results of experimental studies to apprehend the fresh, hardened and microstructural behavior of concrete prepared with Magnetic Water (MW) using a permanent magnet with a field intensity of 0.9 Tesla. The novel scheme focuses on utilizing MW as a water-reducing agent instead of SP to improve the workability of fresh concrete with a 0.38 w/c ratio for achieving M40 grade concrete. Results show a 12% improvement in compressive strength and an 8.9% improvement in split tensile strength compared to normal water (NW) with 1% SP. At 30% cement volume reduction, Magnetic Water Concrete (MWC) performs better than Normal Water Concrete (NWC). Microstructure examination shows that a smaller Calcium Hydrate (CH) crystal is formed with MW and its mineral composition is observed through Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).

Impact of using magnetic water on the micro structure of leached saline-sodic soil.

Structural changes in the porous media are critical in evaluating the soil pore system and other physical properties of leached soil. In this work, the combination of selected physical parameters such as bulk density and hydraulic conductivity with images of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) was used to study the impact of five levels (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 magnets) of magnetically treated water (MTW) on the structural changes in pore spaces of leached high saline-sodic soil, compared with leached soil with non- magnetically treated water (NMTW) and unleached soil. Results show that leaching saline-sodic soil with MTW leads to a remarkable increase in soil pore network as confirmed by SEM observations and ImageJ software program. The influence of MTW is important in all cases but the changes in pores of leached soil were mainly observed when the magnetic fields of 7 and 9 were used. It has been found that the value of total percentage area of pores in the leached soil was found to be 7.55 and 9.53, respectively, while the total percentage area of pores in both leached soil with NMTW and unleached soil were 0.69 and 0.1 respectively. It can be concluded that MTW can improve the physiochemical properties of soils in two ways: first, it accelerates the solubility of salts and increases calcium ion available on the soil exchange surface which displaced a higher concentration of adsorbed sodium ions. Second, the changes in the microstructure lead to improved soil porosity combined with saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density. This study will provide a method for using magnetic water technology to improve soil properties greatly by increasing soil porosity. Through this porosity, water, solutes, and gases can diffuse through the ground, thus increasing exchange processes.

Evaluation of growth-promoting effects of silver nanoparticles and magnetic water in broilers

Evaluation of growth-promoting effects of silver nanoparticles and magnetic water in broilers

Rare Earth Magnets and Limescale: Analysis of Magnetic Water Treatment Using a Dynamic Scale Rig

Treatment of limescale build-up in process- and municipal pipes by magnetic water treatment has been a topic of research for decades. However, there is no realistic mechanistic hypothesis as to why such treatments would be effective. Therefore, a test regime was established to explore scale inhibition by means of magnetic forces in a robust and reproducible manner. In this study, two magnetic devices were developed using Neodymium-based rare earth magnets for the application of static magnetic fields. One device, based on a Halbach array, is designed to test high-intensity (965 mT) magnetic fields. The other is based on a Halbach trap arrangement, designed to test high magnetic field gradients (490 mT, 82.5 T/m). The precipitation reactions of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcium phosphate were monitored in real-time to determine the effectiveness of these devices for inhibiting scale. No magnetic treatment effects were observed.

Influence of Magnetic Water on Concrete Properties with Different Magnetic Field Exposure Times.

The characteristics of a concrete mix are purely dependent on the hydration of cement that is carried forward by using the water quality used in the mix. Several researchers have focused on incorporating pozzolanic or nanomaterials to improve the hydration mechanisms and impart high strength to concrete. A new technology has been introduced to improve the properties of concrete by magnetic-field-treated water (MFTW). Due to magnetization, water particles become charged and the molecules inside the water cluster decrease from 13 to 5 or 6, which eventually decreases the hardness of water, thus improving the strength of concrete when compared to the use of normal water (NW). In advanced construction techniques and practices, the application of Magnetic Water (MW) plays an important role in boosting physicochemical properties. This research work focused on evaluating the standards of water quality through physiochemical analysis, such as Electrical Conductivity (EC), Viscosity, pH, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) with the MW at different exposure periods (60 min (MW60), 45 min (MW45), 30 min (MW30), 15 min (MW15), and instant exposure (MWI)). Experiments were carried out to evaluate the fresh, hardened, and microstructural behavior of concrete made with magnetic water (MW) using a permanent magnet of PERMAG (N407) under a field intensity of 0.9 Tesla. In addition, optical properties such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Ultraviolet (UV) absorption were considered for the MW60 mix to ensure water magnetization. Characterization methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed for NWC and MWC to quantify the hydrated products. From the results, it was observed that the magnetic effect on water characteristics showed significant improvement in the concrete properties with the increase in exposure duration. There were increments of 25.6% and 24.1% in workability and compressive strength, respectively, for the MW60 mix compared to normal water concrete (NWC).

Growth and biochemical responses of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) to magnetized water and Pb

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency, growth and biochemical responses of vetiver grass (Vetiveria Zizanioides) in response to irrigation with magnetized water [in 3 levels including magnetized water, semi-magnetized water and non-magnetized water] and Pb from the source of Pb-Nitrate salt [in 4 levels including 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L). This study was carried out as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the central nursery of Green Area and Parks Organization Bandar Abbas Municipality, Bandar Abbas, Iran, during 2020–21. A magnetic water generating device called a magnetic ion stirrer with an intensity of 110 Tesla was used in this study. The results showed that irrigation with the magnetized water significantly increased the growth and yield of vetiver, and uptake and translocation factor of Pb to the shoots. Increase in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants affected by the magnetized water was observed which led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated the plant defense system. In general, despite high accumulation of Pb in plant tissues evident from accumulation of ROS, but still vetiver growth and yield were not significantly affected, indicating the phyto-toxic tolerance of vetivar against Pb accumulation. It is concluded that irrigation with the magnetized water through stimulating the antioxidants of vetiver can improve the growth, yield, uptake and translocation of Pb and therewith increases the phytoremediation efficiency of Vetiver.

Investigation of the effect of sustainable magnetic treatment on the microbiological communities in drinking water

The drinking water scarcity is posing a threat to mankind, hence better water quality management methods are required. Magnetic water treatment, which has been reported to improve aesthetic water quality and reduce scaling problems, can be an important addition to the traditional disinfectant dependent treatment. Despite the extensive market application opportunities, the effect of magnetic fields on (microbial) drinking water communities and subsequently the biostability is still largely unexplored, although the first patent was registered already 1945.Here flow cytometry was applied to assess the effect of weak magnetic fields (≤10 G) with strong gradients (≈800 G/m) on drinking water microbial communities. Drinking water was collected from the tap and placed inside the magnetic field (treated) and 5 m away from the magnet to avoid any background interferences (control) using both a static set-up and a shaking set-up. Samples were collected during a seven-day period for flow cytometry examination. Additionally, the effects of magnetic fields on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in autoclaved tap water were examined. Based on the fluorescent intensity of the stained nucleic acid content, the microbial cells were grouped into low nucleic acid content (LNA) and high nucleic acid content (HNA). Our results show that the LNA was dominant under nutrient limited condition while the HNA dominates when nutrient is more available. Such behavior of LNA and HNA matches well with the long discussed r/K selection model where r-strategists adapted to eutrophic conditions and K-strategists adapted to oligotrophic conditions. The applied magnetic fields selectively promote the growth of LNA under nutrient rich environment, which indicates a beneficial effect on biostability enhancement. Inhibition on an HNA representative Pseudomonas aeruginosa has also been observed. Based on our laboratory observations, we conclude that magnetic field treatment can be a sustainable method for microbial community management with great potential.

Applying Different Magnetic Water Densities as Irrigation for Aeroponically and Hydroponically Grown Strawberries

Due to the scarcity of water, it is necessary to develop an environmentally friendly method for increasing water productivity and crop production. An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different magnetic levels (magnetic water level 1 (MWL 1) = 3800 Gauss, magnetic water level 2 (MWL 2) = 5250 Gauss, and magnetic water level 3 (MWL 3) = 6300 Gauss, as well as normal water (NW) as a control) in combination with three soilless culture systems (a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics system, a tower aeroponics system, and a pyramidal aeroponics system. The results showed that the utilization of magnetic water had significant effects on the yield and growth of strawberry plants The tower aeroponic system under MWL 3 produced the highest yield and water productivity, with increases of 80.9% and 89%, respectively, over the control. The tower aeroponic system under MWL 3 produced the highest yield and water productivity, with increases of 80.9% and 89%, respectively, over the control. In addition, as compared to the NW, the NFT system increased yield and water productivity by 71.1% and 79.3%, respectively, whilst the pyramidal system increased yield and water productivity by 66.87% and 82%, respectively. Furthermore, when compared to the control, the combination of the NFT system and magnetic water level 3 (MWL 3) resulted in the most leaves, largest stem diameter, and largest leaf area of the strawberry plants resulted in the most leaves, stem diameter, and leaf area of strawberry plants. In comparison to all other treatments, this combination produced the best fruit quality and yield, as well as its constituents, such as titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and fruit hardness. This study found that combining magnetic therapy with soilless culture techniques resulted in increased yield and water productivity. In addition, water and fertigation solution usage in the NFT, tower, and pyramidal systems dropped by 4.8%, 6%, and 4.8%, respectively. Furthermore, it enhanced plant morphology and plant quality.

Investigation of heat transfer enhancement using ferro-nanofluids (Fe3O4/water) in a heated pipe under the application of magnetic field

Different volume concentrations (1.2, 0.6, 0.3 wt%) of Fe3O4/water nanofluids and for different Reynolds number (Re) varying from 2180 to 9160 were used experimentally. The aim of work is to study the effect of applying various magnetic field intensity 15.1, 30.3, 45.5 mT on heat transfer enhancement in a horizontal pipe heated with constant heating flux of 420 W. Results showed that Nusselt number (Nu) increases with increasing Re for the nanofluids and water regardless the presence or absence of the magnetic field. Also, higher values were obtained than water. The average increase in Nu for Fe3O4-nanofluids is 16.7% relative to water when the magnetic field is not applied. However, the average increase in heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number are 9.4%, 26.1%, 31.3% and 8.8%, 13.1%, and 23.9% in the presence of magnetic field [Formula: see text] compared to the absence of magnetic field and base fluid water, respectively. Furthermore, pressure drop increases with the increase of Reynolds number and magnetic field strength. It can be concluded that the magnetic field has a big effect on the thermal transfer performance of Fe3O4/water nanofluid when compared with the thermal motion of magnetic nanoparticles. Finally, it is found that the performance factor is above unity in the presence and absence of magnetic field strength. This means that Nusselt number enhancement is higher than friction changes, which indicates the applicability of the heated pipe in the improvement of heat transfer. These results can be useful for enhancing heat transfer in many engineering applications such as heat exchangers, medical devices, and electronic devices.

Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Magnetized water has been a promising approach to improve crop productivity but the conditions for its effectiveness remain contradictory and inconclusive. The objective of this research was to understand the influences of different magnetized water with varying quality on seed absorption, germination, and early growth of cotton. To this end, a series of experiments involving the seed soaking process, germination test, and pot experiment were carried out to study the effects of different qualities (fresh and brackish water) of magnetized water on seed water absorption, germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass of cotton in 2018. The results showed that the maximum relative water absorption of magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water relatively increased by 16.76% and 19.75%, respectively, and the magnetic effect time of brackish water was longer than fresh water. The relative promotion effect of magnetized brackish water on cotton seed germination and growth potential was greater than magnetized fresh water. The cotton seeds germination rate under magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water irrigation relatively increased by 13.14% and 41.86%, respectively, and the relative promoting effect of magnetized brackish water on the vitality indexes and the morphological indexes of cotton seedlings was greater than magnetized fresh water. Unlike non-magnetized water, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) of cotton irrigated with magnetized water increased significantly, while the stomatal limit value (Ls) decreased. The influences of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of cotton under magnetized brackish water were greater than magnetized fresh water. Magnetized fresh water had no significant effect on biomass proportional distribution of cotton but magnetized brackish water irrigation markedly improved the root-to-stem ratio of cotton within a 35.72% range. Therefore, the magnetization of brackish water does improve the growth characteristics of cotton seedlings, and the biological effect of magnetized brackish water is more significant than that of fresh water. It is suggested that magnetized brackish water can be used to irrigate cotton seedlings when freshwater resources are insufficient.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Magnetized Water and Its Comparison with Chlorhexidine 0.2% in Young Children for 3 Weeks

The goal of this study was to compare the effects of magnetized water and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on gingivitis and plaque prevention in children aged 12-15 years for a period of 21 days. A total of 24 youngsters between the ages of 12 and 15 years were chosen. A computer-generated random number sequence was used to split the research participants into two groups. Magnetized water was utilized as a mouthrinse in Category 1, while 0.2% chlorhexidine was employed in Category 2. Water purified with reverse osmosis was stored in glass bottles, which were then put near the magnets to create magnetic water. The magnets had 1000 Gauss power. The bottles were put for a period of 24 hours. The youngsters were given 140 mL of mouthrinse. These mouthrinses were to be used at home, they were told. The Gilmore Turesky adaptation of Quigley Hein's plaque index was used to assess the plaque whereas the gingival index recommended by Loe and Sillness was utilized to assess the gingiva. The plaque index and gingival index were analyzed at baseline, 14 days, and 21 days, as well as history and examination for adverse effects such as bitter taste, brownish discoloration, and so on, were recorded. The trial lasted 21 days with a follow-up period of another 21 days. Both magnetic water and chlorhexidine were similarly successful in managing periodontal and gingival infections; however, magnetized water had less side effects, such as a bitter metallic taste and brown stains. Because of its well-accepted flavor, softer nature, and lower frequency of brown stains, magnetized water can be a safer and more acceptable alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwashes, especially in youngsters. The use of chlorhexidine as a mouthrinse in the oral cavity has been linked to side effects. These side effects are mostly localized, such as brownish discoloration of teeth, alterations in taste perception, and erosion of the oral mucosa. As chlorhexidine has such negative side effects, it was necessary to do research, particularly in children, to identify a replacement that is similarly efficient against germs but does not have these side effects. Water treated with a magnetic field (magnetized water) was compared with chlorhexidine in the current study.

Magnetic Treatment of Fertigation Solutions Can Change the Phosphorus Adsorption Dynamics on a Typic Hapludox Soil

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of preparation procedure of magnetically treated phosphate solutions and the evaluation time after the magnetic treatment, in the phosphorus adsorption on a Typic Hapludox soil, for different initial concentrations. The experimental treatments were defined by the combination of three evaluation times after magnetization (5 min, 60 min, and 24 hours), three forms of phosphate solution preparation (control, solution preparation with magnetic water, and phosphate solution magnetically treated), and five initial concentrations of phosphorus (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg L−1) obtained from solutions of purified NH4H2PO4. The phosphorus adsorption evaluation was made by the decantation sorption method. To evaluate the adsorption behavior, the data were fitted to the Linear, Freündlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. It was observed that magnetically treated phosphate solutions determined different phosphorus adsorption behavior and magnitudes than the untreated solution, with potential to decrease the amount of adsorbed phosphorus up to 60 minutes after treatment, for solutions prepared with previously magnetized water, and for up to 24 hours for magnetized phosphate solutions.

Relationship between chloride migration coefficient and pore structures of long-term water curing concrete

The chloride migration coefficient is a useful index for quality control and durability design of reinforced concrete. This paper explored the relationship between chloride migration coefficient and pore structures of long-term water curing concrete. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and water absorption were used to probe the total porosity and pore sizes distribution. An appropriate dosage of supplementary cementitious materials reduced the total porosity and increased the proportion of capillary pores in the concrete. Fly ash, slag and silica fume effectively increased the capillary pores in the concrete. The capillary pores of 0.35 water to cement ratio concrete with 25% slag was 20% higher than that of the 0.35 water to cement ratio plain concrete at 415 days. The capillary pores of 0.45 water to cement ratio concrete with 25% slag was 32% higher than that of the 0.45 water to cement ratio plain concrete at 415 days. The big pores in the concrete were significantly reduced. According to our analysis, pores were divided into four parts: 0 ∼ R12, R12 ∼ R23, R23 ∼ 50 μm, ≥ 50 μm. R12 and R23 were the sequential minimum distribution frequency pore sizes in the pore size distribution figures tested by the Low-field NMR method. The chloride migration coefficient was dependent on the porosity which included the pore size over R23 and the pore radius R3. R3 was the biggest pore size among several peak frequency pore sizes in the figure of pore size distribution. Their relationship was non-linear. This meant the controlling factors of chloride migration in the concrete were larger capillary pores, voids and the porosity made up of these large capillary pores and voids. The persistent evolution of pores determined the permeability of concrete in late age.

Assessment of Osteogenesis Enhancement in Rats Using Bone Densitometry: An In Vivo Study

Background: Human survival depends on the availability of water. Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right as well as a basic need for a good health. At the mineral and organic levels of water composition, exposure to electromagnetic fields can cause considerable changes in the quality of drinking water. As a result, water is more easily absorbed into the cell walls throughout the body, making it better suited for organ growth and development. When drunk on a daily basis, magnetic water causes dramatic changes in bone mineral density and content. Due to the necessity for distinct beam filtering and near-perfect spatial discography of the two attenuations, DXA (DualEnergy X-ray Absorptiometry) was included with general-purpose X-ray systems. In rats that drink magnetized water on a daily basis, the DXA can be used to calculate the weight and area of all head compartments. Objective: By employing a Bone Densitometry scan on the head regions of rats, this study aims to assess the changes in the rat's skull bone measures (area, weight, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density) after feeding the animal with magnetized water. Methods: This study involved thirty adult male rats (6 weeks old). For 30 days, 15 rats were given a magnetized water to drink and used as experimental animals. For comparison purposes, the remaining 15 rats were given regular water for 30 days. After the experimental procedure was done, each rat's head was scanned with a DXA to determine bone weight, area, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. Before drinking water, each rat in both the experimental and control groups was examined. The head of each rate was scanned using a DXA to get the values of bone: weight, area, mineral density, and mineral content after 30 days of consuming magnetized water. The four bone measures were statistically compared in the experimental and control rats, p-values below 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Comparing to control rats, experimental rats showed a significant increase in the bone’s weight and area of the skull (p&lt;0.05, Wilcoxon test). Bone marrow content and bone marrow density enhanced significantly as well in experimental rats after drinking the magnetized water for 30 days. Conclusions: Drinking water that has been subjected to electromagnetic fields for 30 days can improve bone marrow content and density in rats. Drinking magnetized water also has a substantial impact on bone mass and area.

The Effect of Drinking Magnetic Water in Comparison to Water Treated by Microwave Oven on Bone Minerals Changes

The Effect of Drinking Magnetic Water in Comparison to Water Treated by Microwave Oven on Bone Minerals Changes

Improved magnetic resonance myelin water imaging using multi-channel denoising convolutional neural networks (MCDnCNN).

Myelin water imaging (MWI) is powerful and important for studying and diagnosing neurological and psychiatric diseases. In particular, myelin water fraction (MWF) is derived from MWI data for quantifying myelination. However, MWF estimation is typically sensitive to noise. Improving the accuracy of MWF estimation based on WMI data acquired using a magnetic resonance (MR) multiple gradient recalled echo (mGRE) imaging sequence is desired. The proposed method employs a recently introduced the multi-channel denoising convolutional neural networks (MCDnCNN). Five different MCDnCNN models, denoted as Delevel1, Delevel2, Delevel3, Delevel4 and DelevelMix corresponding to five noise levels (Level1, Level2, Level3, Level4 and LevelMix), were trained using the data of the first echo of the mGRE brain images acquired from 15 healthy human subjects. Using simulated noisy data that employed a hollow cylinder model, we first evaluated the improvement in estimating MWF based on data denoised by the five different MCDnCNNs, by comparing the MWF maps calculated from the denoised data with ground truth. Next, we again evaluated the improvement using real-world in vivo datasets of 11 human participants acquired using the mGRE sequence. The datasets were first denoised by five different MCDnCNNs (Delevel1, 2, 3, 4 and DelevelMix), and subsequently their MWF maps were calculated and compared with the MWF maps directly calculated from the raw mGRE images without being denoised. Experiments using the simulation data denoised by the appropriate MCDnCNN models showed that the standard deviation (SD) of the absolute error (AE) of the derived MWF results was significantly reduced (maximal reduction =15.5%, Level3 simulated noisy data, orientation angle =0, all the five MCDnCNN models). In the test using in vivo data, estimating MWF based on data particularly denoised by the appropriate MCDnCNN models was found to be the best, compared to otherwise not using the appropriate models. The results demonstrated that the appropriate MCDnCNN models may permit high-quality MWF mapping, i.e., substantial reduction of random variation in estimating MWF-maps while preserving accuracy and structural details. Appropriate MCDnCNN models as proposed may improve both the accuracy and precision in estimating MWF maps, thereby making it a more clinically feasible alternative.