Solenoid Valve Research Articles

Analysis of flow resistance characteristics of solenoid valve based on numerical simulation

Flow resistance characteristic is an important parameter in the design of solenoid valve. It not only affects the determination of structural parameters of valve, but also plays a decisive role in the selection of control method of valve. In this paper, the flow resistance characteristic curve of the solenoid valve is obtained based on a 3D steady-state CFD simulation.

Analisis Otomatisasi Kalibrator Tekanan Udara Portabel dengan Pengontrol PID dengan Metode Ziegler-Nichols dan Åström–Hägglund

Abstract
 Atmospheric pressure is one of the weather parameters that have an important role in meteorological services, especially inflight transportation. Atmospheric pressure sensors must be calibrated regularly to ensure the measurement results. The increasing number of atmospheric pressure sensors makes it impossible to calibrate in the laboratory because it can result in meteorological service downtime. Portable calibrators can be used to overcome this problem, by utilizing peristaltic pumps, solenoid valves, and microcomputers. The PID control is programmed on the microcomputer to control the speed of the peristaltik pump and the cycle of the solenoid valve to generate air pressure according to the set point determined automatically using the PID control. The Åström–Hägglund method has the lowest average stability uncertainty value at 0,003 hPa/

Rancang Bangun Akuarium Portable Menggunakan Teknologi Internet Of Things Untuk Budidaya Ikan Hias

Portable aquarium designed with an automation system for controlling pH levels and temperature information. pH levels are measured using a pH sensor E-201-C and temperature is measured with a DS18B20 sensor. The pH control process is carried out by adding liquid pH up and pH down and is realized with a solenoid valve. The purpose of making this portable aquarium is to control the pH value of the water in the aquarium and provide information about the water temperature. Into this portable aquarium system have been inputted standard values of pH and temperature for each type of fish. This system will work automatically to adjust the living environment of ornamental fish according to their respective needs. The pH control system can work if the pH measurement value indicates a high pH or low pH condition and under these conditions, the water will flow into the pH adjustment tube to control. If the pH measurement value states that the pH is high then the pH down control liquid will flow and if the pH measurement value states that the pH is low then the pH up control liquid will flow. This system has been proven to be able to maintain the environmental conditions of ornamental fish with the results of pH and temperature measurements being 7.48 -7.8 and 28.87 – 29.55 °C.

Smart Water Tank Web-based

In this modern era, automatic equipment dominates human life because it can ease the burden of human work. A variety of practical and flexible electronic devices have been created to help people more easily meet their needs. This research designed an automated water tank monitoring system using microcontrollers and utilizing the internet and websites as visualization of monitoring data. This smart water tank consists of pH sensors, turbidity sensors, and TDS sensors. In addition, there is a water level to detect the water level in the reservoir, a solenoid valve as an automatic faucet, and water flow to calculate the discharge of water that fills the reservoir. When tds sensors and turbidity sensors detect water in a bad state it will automatically drain the Tandon. After the water drain is drained, the water level will be detected and then the water pump will automatically turn on. The purpose of this smart water tank is to make it easier for users to monitor the water tank in real time and accurately. The results of the test were carried out that every time the water detects turbidity levels above 25 NTu and Tds above 1000 mg / l then the water will be automatically wasted even though the reservoir is in full condition. The test results also proved the system is able to work by sending water data and displaying it on the web www.tandonair.online.

Modelling Vineyard Spraying by Precisely Assessing the Duty Cycles of a Blast Sprayer Controlled by Pulse-Width-Modulated Nozzles

The flowrate control of spraying systems with pulse-width-modulated solenoid valves is currently being implemented for precision herbicide application in commodity crops, but solutions for fruit trees set in orchards that require higher pressures are mostly in the development stage. A reason for this has been the higher flowrate and pressure requirements of blast sprayers used for dense canopies typical of high value crops. In the present study, the duty cycles preset by an operator were compared to the actual ones estimated from measuring flowrates. A new developed air-assisted orchard sprayer with shelf hollow disc-cone nozzles was studied, such that flowrates and pressures were registered by a computer for different duty cycles commanded by an operator from 10% to 100% in intervals of 10%. In addition to sensor data, visual assessment was carried out via high-speed video images. The results showed that preset duty cycles were always more than 10% lower than the actual DC estimated from measured flowrates. The effective operational range of the duty cycles went from 20% to 80%. In general, the deviations in transitional periods were higher for lower duty cycles, being difficult to determine the real reduction in flowrate during the transition periods. A correction model has been proposed to adjust the preset duty cycles to make sure that the necessary spray flowrate is released as precisely commanded by prescription maps. Further research will be needed to verify the proper implementation of the developed correction model in field applications.

Design of Farm Irrigation Control System Based on the Composite Controller

Farmland irrigation is an essential foundation for good crop growth, while traditional farmland irrigation techniques cannot fully consider the impact of factors such as natural precipitation and crop transpiration on crop growth, which can, to a certain extent, result in poor irrigation decisions and a complex farmland environment that cannot be monitored promptly, thereby reducing farmland production efficiency. This study designs a farmland irrigation control system based on a composite controller. Firstly, an irrigation control method is proposed to establish a prediction model for future rainfall and crop transpiration using historical meteorological data. The composite controller is designed based on the prediction model to realize an irrigation control operation with an irrigation value as the control quantity, a water and fertilizer machine, and a solenoid valve as the actuators. Secondly, an intelligent irrigation control cloud platform based on Java language is designed to monitor farm information and irrigation operation records in real-time to facilitate visual management. Finally, the prediction accuracy is high, based on the prediction model results, which can provide a specific reference basis. The superiority of the proposed controller is verified by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the proposed controller can be well suited for nonlinear control systems and has good control performance while ensuring high tracking accuracy, strong robustness, and fast convergence.

Automated Plant Watering and Fertilizing with Soil Quality Testing

India is mostly a farming nation. For most Indian households, agriculture is the most important line of work. It is essential to the growth of an agricultural nation. In India, agriculture accounts for 10% of total exports and roughly 16% of GDP. The primary resource for agriculture is water. Water can be supplied by irrigation, although there can sometimes be significant water waste. Consequently, in order to conserve time and water. Agriculture uses the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies a lot these days. As a result, this article discusses a project that is built on the Internet of Things (IoT) and focuses on the agricultural sector with the aim of reducing water usage in the sector. As a result, this essay discusses a project that leverages the Internet of Things (IoT), where all information can be accessed and managed at the touch of a finger, to reduce water consumption in the agricultural sector. We have an idea for a project called an Automated Plant Watering and Fertilizing with Soil Quality Testing. The proposed method makes use of a variety of sensors that sense the different aspects of the soil, such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture sensors, automatically irrigate the land by turning the motor on and off depending on the soil moisture value. Key Words: Sensors,PH Sensor,Arduino Board,Temp Humidity Sensor DHT-11,Soil Moisture Sensor,Water Motor, Internet of Things (IOT), Solenoid Valve

Design and Development of Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System for Modernization of Agriculture

The aim of research is to reduce the utilization of water by irrigating the agricultural fields that have low moisture level through the implementation of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The ARM-based irrigation solution consists of a Solar Tracking System, Wireless Information Unit (WIU), WSN and Remote Access. The Solar Tracking System utilizes maximum solar energy by using Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) to track the sun. The electric energy produced is stored in the battery which powers the ARM processor. Wireless Information Unit will collect the sensor information from Wireless Sensor Network through the use of Wi-Fi. The system monitors soil-moisture and controls the flow of water using a solenoid valve depending upon the set threshold. In the tank, Ultra Sonic sensor identifies the water level controlled by the WIU. An Android application helps the farmer to monitor the water flow and soil moisture remotely. The proposed water management methodologies for agriculture optimizes the water usage and such practices maintain the crop health, keep yield intact, and avoids human intervention. In this proposed system, soil moisture is maintained appropriately to ensure that a good harvest is obtained which in turn preserves different types of nutrients.

Function of the Speech Recognition of the Smartphone to Automatically Operate a Portable Sample Pretreatment Microfluidic System.

We proposed a portable sample pretreatment microsystem, which can be automatically operated through speech recognition in a smartphone app. The proposed sample pretreatment microsystem consists of a microfluidic chip, an air router, pressure and vacuum lines with air pump motors, six 3-way solenoid valves, and a microcontroller with a Bluetooth module. The command of a human voice conducted the whole process of DNA extraction from pathogenic bacterial samples. Thus, manual interference during the DNA extraction is eliminated, preventing any potential infection from human touch. The palm-sized sample pretreatment microsystem can be run by a portable battery or a conventional smartphone charger. Genomic DNA ofSalmonella typhimuriumwas purified on a chip in less than 1 min with an extraction efficiency of 70 ± 5%.

Minimizing the harmonics generated in magnetically controllable reactors by shaping the iron core using the variational method and Gauss–Legendre integral

Magnetically controllable reactors (MCRs) are widely used to flexibly control reactive power flow in power systems. However, owing to the nonlinear characteristics of saturation of the iron core, the MCR generates large amounts of harmonics that pollute the power network. This paper proposes an optimal shape of the magnetic valve (MV) in the iron core to minimize the harmonics. The variational method analyzes the premise of harmonic optimization of MCR; Gauss–Legendre integral simplifies the evaluation function of harmonic optimization, then the optimal shape of the MV is searched by particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results of simulations show that the generated harmonics of the MCR with the optimal MV can be reduced to less than 1% of the rated current. Models of 380 V/20 A systems verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Armature Structure Optimization of Annular Multipole Solenoid Valves Based on Electromagnetic Force Distribution

To improve the dynamic response speed of high-speed solenoid valves in electric fuel injection systems of marine diesel engines, a numerical simulation model of the solenoid valve is described in this paper. The accuracy of the simulation model was verified on the test bed of the solenoid valve. The effect of the punch position and the size of the dynamic response of the solenoid valve were investigated by using the distribution law of the electromagnetic force in the armature. The results of the test showed that armature drilling in the inter-yoke zone can optimize the solenoid closing response time, but it has little impact on the solenoid opening response time. From this rule, two groove schemes were further designed. Through comparison and calculation, it can be concluded that the fan groove scheme is better than the trapezoidal groove scheme, and that the opening and closing response times of the solenoid valve should be targeted in order to multi-target optimize the fan groove geometric parameters and the armature thickness. The results show that after optimization, the weight of the motion part is reduced by 21.6%, the opening response time of the solenoid valve is reduced by 11.1%, and the closing response time is reduced by 30.0%. While reducing the oil film damping of the armature motion, the overall dynamic response characteristics of the solenoid valve are improved.

Development of multi-channel whole-air sampling equipment onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle for investigating volatile organic compounds' vertical distribution in the planetary boundary layer

Abstract. To achieve near-continuous vertical observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), multi-channel whole-air sampling equipment onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform was developed in this study. The equipment consists of a multi-position solenoid valve and specially designed lightweight quartz sampling canisters. The canisters have little adsorption loss of VOCs and good inter-canister reproducibility. The 7 d recovery test shows that most VOC species (97 %) had a 1-week decay within 20 %. Online instruments for measuring O3, NO2, CO, SO2, and meteorological parameters are also integrated into the UAV platform. During one take-off and landing, the UAV platform can reach 800 m above the ground within 40 min and take whole-air samples at six heights. Vertical profiles of VOCs and trace gases during the evolution of the PBL in south-western China are successfully obtained by deploying the newly developed UAV system.

Design of New Test System for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

A comprehensive test system for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is designed and developed for monitoring and controlling the inlet and outlet parameters and safety issues of fuel cells. The data acquisition and output instruction rely on the connection between PLC (programmable logic controller) and OPC (object linking and embedding for process control). Based on Siemens S7-200 series PLC and PID (proportion integration differentiation) technology, the margin of error in relative humidity of inlet air is controlled at less than 0.7%. Furthermore, a hydrogen recycling system and an alarm module are introduced, considering the hydrogen or nitrogen solenoid valve power failure, cooling fan power failure, temperature anomaly, and hydrogen leakage. This developed test system is evaluated by the experimental investigation of PEMFC performance. The results show that the test system has very good test and control performances. At a cell temperature of 40 °C, enhanced performance in the polarization tests is depicted at a high humidification temperature of 60 °C.

Control of Lean Blowout in a Swirl-Stabilized Dump Combustor at Different Levels of Premixing Based on Flame Colour

ABSTRACT Presently, the use of lean combustion has been growing in industrial furnaces, aero-engine, and rocket engine applications due to their low N O X emission and minimum maintenance requirements. On the other hand, due to the excessively low combustion reaction rate, the operation at a low fuel–air ratio leads to the sudden shutdown of the engines, which is termed lean blowout (LBO). Therefore, to operate land-based and aircraft engines at an extremely lean fuel–air mixture, control of LBO has become indispensable. In the present work, we develop several feedback in-loop control strategies using a pixel-averaged intensity ratio between the red and blue components of the flame emission. During a lean operation, based on the quantification of the proximity of the combustion dynamics to the LBO limits using this color ratio, the control strategies make the solenoid valves active to inject a secondary pilot fuel and energize the flame base. We notice that a proper choice of the color ratio as a threshold enhances the stability of both premixed and partially premixed combustion using a low pilot fuel. Besides, we test N O X emission for unpiloted and piloted operations and find that the emission is only marginally affected during a pilot injection.

COVID-19 clinical waste reuse: A triboelectric touch sensor for IoT-cloud supported smart hand sanitizer dispenser

Earth's plastic pollution has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the world is on the doorstep of an enormous waste pandemic. The extensive use of mandatory personal protectives like masks, gloves, and PPE kits and the lack of proper waste management systems lead to a rise in the plastic pollution content of the earth. Such disposable and non-biodegradable personal protectives are thrown out to the environment after use. These distributed wastes pollute land, soil, and water bodies and effects their ecosystems. This research work establishes the concept of a waste-to-energy conversion approach to reuse COVID-19 scraps for green and sustainable development. Three-layered surgical masks and nitrile gloves were reused in this work after sterilization for energy harvesting and sensing applications by fabricating a 3D-printed contact-separation-based triboelectric nanogenerator. A piece of three-layered mask and nitrile gloves were placed inside the 3D structure as the top negative and bottom positive triboelectric materials with copper and aluminum as corresponding electrodes (MG-CS TENG). It can convert external mechanical motions into electrical energy. The maximum voltage, current, and power density obtained from the device are 50.7 V, 4.8 µA, and 6.39 µW/cm2, respectively, for a mechanical force of 9 N. The harvested energy was sufficient to power small-scale electronic devices like digital tally counters, wristwatches, lumex displays, and series connected 25 LEDs. MG-CS TENG was also performed as a pedal-operated touch sensor to dispense hand sanitizer. MG-CS TENG was pedal pressed to trigger a microcontroller and control the solenoid valve's opening and closing to regulate sanitizer flow. The setup was integrated using the internet of things (IoT) and Blynk cloud services for the remote monitoring and controlling of the sanitizer dispenser using a smartphone. This work contributes a substantial role in disaster management to suppress microplastic environmental pollution by reusing pandemic wastes for energy harvesting and sensing applications and preventing the spread of coronavirus through proper hand sanitization.

Study on the sealing test method of hydraulic solenoid valve in nuclear power station

In order to improve the reliability of tripping solenoid valve and switching solenoid valve of steam turbine valve in nuclear power plant and reduce abnormal valve closing. According to the working principle of valves in nuclear power plant, this paper designs a kind of electromagnetic valve sealing test system, including test base, measurement and control system and hydraulic system. The detection system is an offline system. By simulating the real load condition of the steam turbine system, the tightness of the tripping solenoid valve and the switching solenoid valve is tested to improve the reliability of the solenoid valve. The actual application results show that the system operates stably and reliably, is simple to operate, has high detection efficiency and accuracy, and has good use effect.

Air-Pinch PWM Valve to Regulate Flow Rate of Hollow-Cone Nozzles for Variable-Rate Sprayers

Highlights Air-pinch PWM valve was investigated as an alternative to electric PWM valves to manipulate hollow-cone nozzles. Air-pinch and electric PWM valves performed comparable accuracy in flow rate modulations. Droplet sizes from hollow-cone nozzles with both PWM valves were comparable across DUCs ranging from 20% to 100%. Air-pinch PWM valve had great potential of use due to its capacity to isolate the internal parts of the valve from chemicals. Abstract. Electric pulse width modulation (PWM) solenoid valves are commonly used to regulate nozzle flow rates to achieve precision variable-rate spray applications. However, some pesticide formulations, such as wettable powders and adhesive additives, can potentially cause a malfunction such that the valve cannot completely shut off during flow rate modulation if spray lines are not cleaned thoroughly after spray applications. An air-pinch PWM valve was evaluated as a potential alternative to conventional PWM valves to modulate the flow rates of hollow-cone nozzles used on air-assisted orchard sprayers. With the air-pinch valve, spray mixtures only passed through a flexible tube to avoid chemicals directly contacting the moving components inside the valve chamber. The flow rate modulation was performed by pinching and releasing the tube back and forth with air-pilot PWM actions. Evaluations included the flow rate modulation capability along with droplet size distributions from three disc-core hollow-cone nozzles coupled with the PWM pinch valve and compared with a conventional electric PWM valve. Both air-pinch and electric PWM valves performed comparably in the flow rate modulation accuracy and droplet size distribution for hollow-cone nozzles operated at 414 and 827 kPa pressures across the duty cycles (DUCs) ranging from 10% to 100%, except for the air-pinch valve that could not activate at 10% DUC. The flow rates of nozzles modulated with both PWM valves at all DUCs were 5.3% greater on average than the target flow rates, while the flow rates were similar at 90% and 100% DUCs. Droplet size classifications based on ASABE Standard S-572.3 were generally consistent across DUCs ranging from 20% to 100% for the same nozzle and pressure with the air-pinch PWM valve and from 10% to 100% with the conventional electric PWM valve. The consistency of droplet sizes across DUCs and accuracy of flow rate modulations demonstrated the potential advantage of using the air-pinch PWM solenoid valve as an alternative for precision variable-rate sprayers to accurately apply different chemicals. Keywords: Droplet size, Flow rate control, Pesticide, Pinch valve, Precision farming, Pulse width modulation.

Assessment of PWM Solenoid Valves to Manipulate Hollow-Cone Nozzles with Different Modulation Frequencies

HighlightsTwelve industrial PWM valves were investigated to manipulate high-pressure agricultural hollow-cone nozzles.Modulation frequencies ranged between 5 and 50 Hz and duty cycles between 10% and 100%.Upstream and downstream pressure profiles were used to determine maximum duty cycle ranges.Two out of 12 PWM valves could be potentially used for future variable-rate orchard sprayer designs.Abstract. Integration of high-speed pulse-width-modulation (PWM) solenoid valves into variable-rate orchard sprayers is needed to accurately regulate spray outputs for matching changes in plant canopy structure characteristics. Capability of 12 PWM valves to modulate hollow-cone nozzles for variable-rate applications was investigated with PWM frequencies of 5 to 50 Hz and duty cycles of 10% to 100%. The PWM valves were assembled on a laboratory spray system with a hollow-cone disc-core nozzle of 2.84 L min-1 flow capacity operated at 1380 kPa pressure. The upstream and downstream pressures on the PWM valves were recorded and analyzed to determine the maximum functional duty cycle ranges and maximum PWM frequency at which the PWM valves could manipulate the nozzle functionally. Test results showed that there were noticeable differences in the modulation capability among the 12 PWM valves due to their design differences. Two out of 12 valves were able to manipulate the hollow-cone nozzles with duty cycles ranging from 30% or 40% to 70% at the modulation frequency of 40 Hz. These two PWM valves performed the highest capability among the 12 valves to manipulate the hollow-cone nozzle. As a result, these two valves would be selected for future investigations on their flow rate modulation accuracy and droplet size distributions before they could be recommended for adaptation in the variable-rate orchard sprayers. Keywords: Duty cycle, Flow control, Orchard sprayer, Pesticide, Precision farming, Pulse width modulation.

Automatic Water Recycling Plant

The project aims to automate the water recycling plant which is used for the wastewater treatment plant at Rajarambapu Institute of Technology (RIT). The current wastewater treatment plant process is manual, and requires a significant amount of manpower. This project will automate the plant using sensors, actuators, and controllers to reduce the need for manual labour and improve the efficiency of the water recycling process. A PIC18F4520 microcontroller is used in the project to control the entire process. Normal valves are replaced by solenoid valves which will be operated by a relay driver circuit. Different modes are created with a keypad and displayed on a 16x2 LCD. A water sensor has been made to sense the water level in tanks.

An Advanced Robotic System for Precision Chemical Thinning of Apple Blossoms

Highlights A cartesian robotic spraying system was developed for precision apple blossom thinning. Flower clusters were detected and localized with deep learning model for target spraying. A communication algorithm was developed for positioning the spray end-effector to the target flowers. The cartesian robotic system greatly reduced chemical usage while maintaining thinning effectiveness in the final green fruit set. Abstract. Crop thinning, including blossom thinning, is one of the critical management strategies that determines the annual profitability of apple orchards. Challenges still remain for applying appropriate amounts of chemical thinner; if thinning is inadequate and too many fruits remain on the tree, fruit size will be small, fruit quality will be poor, and flower bud initiation for the following year’s crop may be either reduced or eliminated. Over-thinning also carries economic perils since yield and crop value in the year of application will be reduced. In addition, chemical thinning with excessive spray volume may cause leaf damage and fruit russeting. Thus, a robotic apple blossom thinning system was proposed, aiming to reduce the usage of chemical thinner while maintaining good thinning performance. The robotic system consisted of three major components: (1) a machine vision system that can identify and localize the apple flower clusters in tree canopies, (2) a cartesian robotic system with the guidance of a machine vision system to reach target flower clusters, and (3) a flat-shaped spraying nozzle connected with a solenoid valve as a spraying end-effector to deposit chemical thinner to the targeted flower clusters. A set of field tests was conducted to evaluate the performance of the robotic thinning system by comparing it to conventional air-blast and boom-type sprayers. In the test, the flower cluster detection reached a precision of 93.82%. The integrated robotic system used 2.3 L of chemical thinner to finish the chemical thinning for 18 apple trees, followed by the boom sprayer and air blast sprayer with 4.2 and 6.8 L usage, respectively. The robotic system also obtained an average fruit set of 2.4 per cluster after thinning, which was comparable to that of the air blast sprayer. The results showed that the robotic thinning system saved 66.7% and 45.5% of chemicals compared to the air-blast sprayer and boom-typed sprayers, respectively, while achieving a similar fruit set per cluster. The outcomes of the study provided guidance for developing a full-scale robotic chemical thinning system for modern apple orchards. Keywords: Apple orchard, Blossom thinning, Cartesian robot, Chemical thinning, Machine vision.