Magnetic Water Treatment Research Articles

Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water and Seeds and Its Effect on the Productivity and Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) Grown in Saline Soil

ABSTRACT The current research was carried out to evaluate the impact of treating wheat (Triticum aestivum c.v Sakha 93) seeds and irrigation water magnetically in combination with different sources and rates of nitrogen on wheat productivity and grain quality under saline soil conditions. Two field experiments were carried out during the winter seasons 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 in a split split randomized complete block design with four replicates at El-Rabaa village, Bir Al-Abd, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Main plots were assigned to N-sources, urea, and compost; sub-plots were N-rates 0, 119, 179, and 238 Mg N ha−1, while magnetic treatment of irrigation water and wheat grains was in sub-subplots. The highest chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents (3.12 mg g−1 f.w. and 783 g kg−1, respectively) were observed due to compost, N4+ (MS + MW) treatment representing an increasing percentage of 189% and 220%, respectively. The maximum plant height, spike length, No. spike plant−1, and spike weight values were 82.0 cm, 15.1 cm, 13.9, and 24.9 g plant−1. The results were due to the addition of compost at a rate of 238 kg N ha−1 in combination with magnetized seeds and water treatment with 224, 643, 546, and 845% over the untreated treatment. The maximum straw and grain yields (11.7 and 7.29 Mg ha−1, respectively) were achieved due to the application of compost at a rate of N3 + (MS + MW), and the corresponding increments over the non-treatment plants were 718 and 846%, respectively. However, treatment of compost (179 Mg N ha−1 + magnetized seeds and water) resulted in the maximum increases in the No. grains spike−1, grains weight, 1000-grains weight, protein content, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn-uptake by grains. Soil pH and EC values were decreased, especially for plants treated with compost (238 kg N ha−1 + magnetized seeds and water treatment).

Can the use of magnetized water affect the seedling development and the metabolite profiles of two different species: Lentil and durum wheat?

Seedlings of durum wheat and lentil were utilized to investigate the efficiency of magnetic water on growth and metabolic epicotyl profile. Tap water was passed through a magnetic device with a flow rate of max. 12900 - 13200 Gauss (G). Seeds and plantlets were grown on sand-free paper soaked by magnetized water, with unmagnetized tap water used in a control group. The growth parameters were collected at three time points (48, 96, and 144 hours after treatment), the same times at which metabolomic analysis was conducted on seeds, roots, and epicotyls. Although the effects varied with the species, tissues, and time point considered, compared with tap water (TW), the use of magnetized water treatment (MWT) led to higher root elongation in both genotypes. On the contrary, epicotyl length was not affected by treatment both in durum wheat and lentil. The results indicate that the use of magnetized water in agriculture can be considered a sustainable technology to promote plant development and quality with reduced and more efficient water usage, leading to cost-saving and environmental protection.

MACRONUTRIENTS USE EFFICIENCY IN SANDY SOIL CULTIVATED BY MAGNETICALLY TREATED SEEDS PRE-SOWING AND SPRAYED BY N-FERTILIZER DISSOLVED IN MAGNETIZED WATER

Purpose: is to enhance the nutrients use efficiency (NUE) along with the crop yield and quality by magnetic treatment (MT) of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds pre-sowing as well as the MT of water used to dissolve the nitrogen (N) fertilizer under sandy soil field conditions. Methods: Treatments were distributed in a split-plots design in triplicates. The control CL has received the recommended dose RD of the N-fertilizer while other treatments received a 50% of the RD applied to the surface soil 30 days after planting. The main factor (F1) was the N-application rates 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg kg-1 of urea dissolved in the magnetically treated water (MTW) then sprayed on the soil in the liquid form five times after planting. The sub-factor (F2) was the time of MT (15, 30, and 45 min) of the groundnut seeds exposed to a magnetic field MF 1.4 T intensity before planting. Results: The soil available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn (mg kg-1) were increased significantly by 34.8%, 23.0%, 3.49%, 9.4%, 22.2%, and 23.2% respectively, at P ≤ 0.05 by the 45 min MT and 3000 mg kg-1 N relative to its corresponding control (CL). The MT has increased the seeds yield (kg ha-1) significantly in the order 45 min >30 min >15 min for the N-rates 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg kg-1. At the 45-min time, it was increased by 17.5, 15.3, and 14.8% for the N-rates, respectively. Conclusions: The 2000 mg kg-1 rate with MT of seeds for 15 min can be recommended for an acceptable nutrients use efficiency (NUE).

New nanoadsorbent based on magnetic iron oxide containing 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane in outer chain (Fe3O4@SiO2-cyclen) for adsorption and removal of selected heavy metal ions Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+

Magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2-cyclen nanoparticles were prepared and used as adsorbent for Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ from aqueous solution removal process controlled with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and hanging mercury drop electrode (HDME). Nanomaterial was synthesised in three-step process co-precipitation of Fe3O4 core, coating with silane and N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-carboxamide silane functionalisation. The effectiveness of each step of the synthesis was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The Fe3O4@SiO2-cyclen nanoparticles were employed for Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions elimination from individual and mixed solutions by carrying out titration with a suspension of nanocomposites. The binding level for all ions both in the individual solutions and in the mixture was very similar at high levels. For Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions sorption efficiency level was from 83% to 89%, while for Pb2+ ions it was slightly lower at the level over 73%. In all cases, the equilibrium adsorption capacity parameter was over 1 mg/g and reached definitely higher values for individual ions solutions. The research results revealed that Fe3O4@SiO2- cyclen nanoparticles can be a promising adsorbent for magnetic heavy metal ions water treatment agents.

Magnetic treatment of irrigation water: Its effect on water properties and characteristics of eggplant (Solanum melongena

Poor quality water is a potential source for demand management in irrigated agriculture after essential treatment. Magnetic water treatment (MWT) is one of the emerging technologies among water treatment methods for the above-cited problems without harming the environment. The optimum configuration of the 7000 gauss magnetic treatment device and the effect of magnetized water on the yield parameters of the eggplant in a pot culture experiment were examined in this study. The maximum significant (P< 0.05) changes in physicochemical properties (pH, EC, total hardness, Langelier Saturation Index, Na, etc.) of water occurred at an optimized velocity of 0.8 m/s and less. The mean plant height was maximum under magnetized bore water treatment compared to all other treatments (P< 0.05). In particular, the average yield per plant was increased by 17 per cent in magnetized bore water treatment compared to the control. Overall, the results have shown that an optimum configuration of the water treatment device is needed before the start of the experiment based on magnetic strength. Moreover, magnetically treated irrigation water positively impacted plant growth parameters and the yield of the eggplant.
 Keywords: Irrigation, Magnetic water, Total hardness, Langelier Saturation Index, yield per plant

Bench scale investigation of the effects of a magnetic water treatment device in pool systems on chlorine demand

Chlorination is the most common form of water disinfection for recreational swimming pools and represents a major cost for many large-scale operations. Reducing the chlorine demand in a system may alleviate these costs by decreasing the amount of chlorine required to maintain a target disinfection residual. While magnetic water treatment is common for removal of pipe scale, impacts on chlorine demand have not been evaluated. The application of a commercial magnetic treatment device significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the chlorine demand by 13.8 % within 24 h, due to a reduction of monochloramine (NH2Cl), when applied to a simulated pool system. Subsequent breakpoint chlorination through the addition of calcium hypochlorite (CaOCl2) resulted in a 30.8 % increase in free chlorine concentration. Additionally, a 1-h exposure to the magnetic field resulted in a 6.1 % reduction in monochloramine compared to the control, demonstrating that transient flow-through treatment can yield a reduced yet still significant effect. Mechanistically this effect could be due to the magnetic field effects (MFE) influencing the electron configuration of compounds in the system, thus altering reaction equilibria to favor more volatile chloramine species. This treatment is potentially a cost-effective method to improve the efficiency of chlorination via the demonstrated reduction of chlorine demand.

Effect of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on germination, growth, yield and popping-quality of popcorn under deficit irrigation

Popcorn is an important crop that is grown for consumption and snacks production in Nigeria however; it has low production and poor yield to meet the demand in the country. This study was conducted to determine the effect of magnetic treatment of irrigation water (MTIW) on the percentage germination (GP), growth rate (GR), popping-quality and yield of popcorn under deficit irrigation. MTIW was produced by passing the water through pipe surrounded with neodymium magnet rated 1.3 Tesla. Popcorn (FRESHTOP variety) was planted in 16 buckets for MTIW and 16 buckets for non-magnetic water (NMW, as control). Four levels of water application as the treatments with 100% water requirements (1.5 liters), 80% (1.2 liters), 60% (0.9 liters) and 50% (0.75 liters) were applied to the popcorn irrigated with MTIW or NMW and monitored for 100 days. The popcorn was thinned to 1 bucket-1 and grown in a garden shed of 5 by 5m and 3m high at the center and 2.5m at the edges. GP of the popcorn at 100%, 80%, 60% and 50% for MW were 75%, 88%, 75%, 63% and for NMW, were 50%, 63%, 50% and 50%, respectively. Mean grain yield after shelled for 100%, 80%%, 60% and 50% with MTIW were 43.43, 50.86, 39.65 and 35.80 g/bucket and corresponding grain yield for NMW were 29.20, 39.43, 37.27 and 28.41 gbucket-1. Water applied at 80% produced the highest yield. MTIW increased the yield of popcorn by 48.73%, 28.88%, 6.39% and 26.01% for 100%, 80%, 60% and 50%, respectively. MTIW is recommended for growing ‘FRESHTOP’ variety popcorn.

The Effect of Salinity (NaCl) Stress and Different Magnetic Applications on The Germination of Cucumber Seeds (Cucumis sativus L.)

Salinity stress is one of the main factors that limit seed germination and plant growth. Therefore, magnetic water was used because it had a positive effect on seed germination. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetic (MT1, MT2, MT3, MT4, and MT5) treatment of water passing through magnets 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 times respectively, and non-magnetic (NMT) treatment on the germination of cucumber seeds (Cucumis sativus L.) under salinity stress (NaCl) (S1 = 0.38 dSm-1, S2 = 4.0 dSm-1, S3 = 8.0 dSm-1). The experiment was conducted by the design of a one-way ANOVA with three replications. The results showed that water salinity stress a significantly decrease in the final germination percentage (FGP), germination index (GI), coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG), germination percentage 4th day (GP), and germination rate index (GRI), while the mean germination time (MGT) increased significantly. In addition, the FGP, GP, GI, CVG, and GRI were significantly increased and the MGT was significantly decreased when using magnetic water compared to non-magnetic water. The highest values of FGP, GP, GI, CVG, and GRI were at S1 while they decreased by 7.8%, 10.0%, 15.8%, 2.4% and 16.2%, respectively in S3 (8.0 dSm-1), compared to S1 (0.38 dSm-1). The highest FGP values of 92.20% at MT4 were obtained with S1 salinity (0.38 dSm-1) and the lowest FGP value of 72.20% at NMT with water salinity S3 (8.0 dSm-1). The results of the research showed that magnetic water treatment has a positive effect on the germination of cucumber seeds and that salinity stress reduced the germination of seeds. Finally, it can be recommended to apply MT4 (water passed through the magnetic 5 times) to achieve the best germination of cucumber seeds.

Concrete strength development by using magnetized water in normal and self-compacted concrete

Abstract The main objective of this work was to adopt an environmentally friendly technology with enhanced results. The technology of magnetic water (MW) treatment system can be used in concrete mixture production instead of potable water (PW) to improve both workability and strength. Two types of concrete were adopted: normal concreter production with two grades 25 and 35 MPa and the self-compacted concrete (SCC) with 35 MPa grade. The concrete mixes containing MW instead of PW results showed that, for 25 MPa grade, an improvement in a compressive strength of 15.1, 14.8, and 10.2% was achieved for 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively. For 35 MPa grade, an improvement of 13.6, 11.5, and 9.1% was achieved for 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively. The mixture of SCC showed the highest improvement up to 16.2, 15.8, and 12.4% for 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively. The effect of MW is significant for 7 days compared to 28 and 90 days. An increase in the water content to cementitious material presents the more efficiency of MW, while the combined effect of MW and superplasticizer in SCC showed the best improvement with less water content for 35 MPa grade.

Impact of using magnetic water on the micro structure of leached saline-sodic soil.

Structural changes in the porous media are critical in evaluating the soil pore system and other physical properties of leached soil. In this work, the combination of selected physical parameters such as bulk density and hydraulic conductivity with images of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) was used to study the impact of five levels (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 magnets) of magnetically treated water (MTW) on the structural changes in pore spaces of leached high saline-sodic soil, compared with leached soil with non- magnetically treated water (NMTW) and unleached soil. Results show that leaching saline-sodic soil with MTW leads to a remarkable increase in soil pore network as confirmed by SEM observations and ImageJ software program. The influence of MTW is important in all cases but the changes in pores of leached soil were mainly observed when the magnetic fields of 7 and 9 were used. It has been found that the value of total percentage area of pores in the leached soil was found to be 7.55 and 9.53, respectively, while the total percentage area of pores in both leached soil with NMTW and unleached soil were 0.69 and 0.1 respectively. It can be concluded that MTW can improve the physiochemical properties of soils in two ways: first, it accelerates the solubility of salts and increases calcium ion available on the soil exchange surface which displaced a higher concentration of adsorbed sodium ions. Second, the changes in the microstructure lead to improved soil porosity combined with saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density. This study will provide a method for using magnetic water technology to improve soil properties greatly by increasing soil porosity. Through this porosity, water, solutes, and gases can diffuse through the ground, thus increasing exchange processes.

Rare Earth Magnets and Limescale: Analysis of Magnetic Water Treatment Using a Dynamic Scale Rig

Treatment of limescale build-up in process- and municipal pipes by magnetic water treatment has been a topic of research for decades. However, there is no realistic mechanistic hypothesis as to why such treatments would be effective. Therefore, a test regime was established to explore scale inhibition by means of magnetic forces in a robust and reproducible manner. In this study, two magnetic devices were developed using Neodymium-based rare earth magnets for the application of static magnetic fields. One device, based on a Halbach array, is designed to test high-intensity (965 mT) magnetic fields. The other is based on a Halbach trap arrangement, designed to test high magnetic field gradients (490 mT, 82.5 T/m). The precipitation reactions of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcium phosphate were monitored in real-time to determine the effectiveness of these devices for inhibiting scale. No magnetic treatment effects were observed.

Fruit Yield of Tabasco Pepper Under Water Deficit with Magnetically Treated Water

Magnetically treated water (MTW) has been used to promote biomass yield in different crops. Tabasco pepper is a high water-demanding crop often cultivated in areas with limited water supply. This study aims to evaluate the effect of MTW on the physiology and biomass yield of Tabasco pepper under water deficit. The experiment consisted of two groups of randomly distributed plants receiving normal water and MTW at two irrigation levels (100 % and 50 % of field capacity, FC) during the whole life cycle under mesh-house. Water was magnetically treated with a commercial irrigation device. Fruit biomass, photosynthesis, water potential, and leaf tissue status were measured. Fruit yield showed a non-significant increase in plants with MTW at both irrigation levels, although large- and medium-sized effects were detected regarding dry weight and fruits per plant (&gt; 16 % increase). Concerning photosynthesis parameters, only quantum yield significantly increased, even though net assimilation and stomatal conductance exhibited a 17 % and 28 % increment, respectively. At 50 % FC, photosynthetic parameters and leaf water potential were severely impaired no matter the treatment used, but surprisingly, relative water content and electrolyte leakage in leaves were not significantly affected. Despite the minor physiological effects of MTW observed in this study, the size effect on fruit yield was noticeable at the end of the experiments. Hence, the application of MTW could help improve water use efficiency in Tabasco pepper in combination with reduced irrigation strategies.

Investigation of the effect of sustainable magnetic treatment on the microbiological communities in drinking water

The drinking water scarcity is posing a threat to mankind, hence better water quality management methods are required. Magnetic water treatment, which has been reported to improve aesthetic water quality and reduce scaling problems, can be an important addition to the traditional disinfectant dependent treatment. Despite the extensive market application opportunities, the effect of magnetic fields on (microbial) drinking water communities and subsequently the biostability is still largely unexplored, although the first patent was registered already 1945.Here flow cytometry was applied to assess the effect of weak magnetic fields (≤10 G) with strong gradients (≈800 G/m) on drinking water microbial communities. Drinking water was collected from the tap and placed inside the magnetic field (treated) and 5 m away from the magnet to avoid any background interferences (control) using both a static set-up and a shaking set-up. Samples were collected during a seven-day period for flow cytometry examination. Additionally, the effects of magnetic fields on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in autoclaved tap water were examined. Based on the fluorescent intensity of the stained nucleic acid content, the microbial cells were grouped into low nucleic acid content (LNA) and high nucleic acid content (HNA). Our results show that the LNA was dominant under nutrient limited condition while the HNA dominates when nutrient is more available. Such behavior of LNA and HNA matches well with the long discussed r/K selection model where r-strategists adapted to eutrophic conditions and K-strategists adapted to oligotrophic conditions. The applied magnetic fields selectively promote the growth of LNA under nutrient rich environment, which indicates a beneficial effect on biostability enhancement. Inhibition on an HNA representative Pseudomonas aeruginosa has also been observed. Based on our laboratory observations, we conclude that magnetic field treatment can be a sustainable method for microbial community management with great potential.

Magnetically treated water influences soil properties, water absorption and nutrients in Beta vulgaris L.

The effect of magnetically treated water on the physico-chemical properties of water and soil as well as nutrient absorption during the growth of Beta vulgaris L. was evaluated in this study. The plants were either irrigated with magnetically treated water (MW), i.e., treatment group, or irrigated with common water (C), i.e., control group. The MW was obtained using a magnetic device in the range of 0.8 - 0.9 T of magnetic induction. Magnetic treatment caused a higher dissolution of salts and an increase in electrical conductivity in the water of the irrigated soil compared to common water. At the same time, the soil irrigated with MW showed a decrease in the concentrations of Ca2+ (16.6 %), K+ (9.7 %), and Na+ (13.4 %) with significant differences compared to the soil irrigated with control. However, in plants irrigated with MW, an increase in the concentration of Na+ (4.91 %) in the leaves and Fe2+ (126.3 %) in the roots was observed with significant differences compared to the control plants. In addition, several biometric parameters were significantly increased in plants irrigated with MW compared to control plants, more specifically for their fresh and dry weights of leaves (25.5 - 25.1 %) and roots (6.4 - 39.8 %), respectively. In conclusion, the magnetic treatment caused an increase in electrical conductivity in the soil and water. Consequently, an increase in the mineral absorption and the behaviour of the physiological activity in Beta vulgaris L. culture were obtained.

PURIFICATION OF LIQUID BY ELECTROMAGNETIC FOCUSING OF IMPURITIES

The article discusses topical issues of increasing the efficiency of the filtrate purification system by physical methods developed at the Institute of Energy Saving and Energy Management «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute». The work is devoted to the urgent problem of introducing the latest resource-saving, energy-saving integrated technologies for the purification of contaminated liquid media. To date, not a single theoretical base has been developed, there are only hypotheses, and there are no practical methods for calculating the magnetic treatment of water. The article is devoted to the purification by physical methods of the filtrate of domestic and industrial wastewater of industrial and domestic waste. An electromagnetic control unit was used to clean the fluid flow. Reducing the aggressiveness of the filtrate involves multi-stage control of the trajectory of impurities when they are removed from the main stream. Taking into account the properties of the experiment planning matrix, the coefficients of the regression equation were calculated, which adequately reflect the processes of liquid purification during its magnetization. Pollutant ions are charged particles. To remove them from the general flow, it is necessary to place generators on the pipeline to create developed cavitation in the fluid flow and inductance. Cavitation bubbles are internal oscillators and, releasing energy upon impact, crush and purify impurities.&#x0D; In practical water purification, insufficient attention is paid to the control of the dynamics of charged impurities by the action of external and internal forces. Magnetic treatment of an aqueous medium has a number of advantages over other physical methods: it acts on all groups of impurities; influence on both chemical and physical processes in the aquatic environment; leads to the vivacity of the environment within the enterprise due to the destruction of electromagnetic bonds between the molecules of the indium and impurities, activates the aquatic environment. The main advantage in the purification of an aqueous medium from ions of impurities is the ability to control mobile ions in a magnetic field, and therefore direct vidions of impurities per stream. Magnetic treatment of aqueous media has found its application in many industries, which, in turn, confirms the effectiveness of such devices.

Effects of magnetic field treatment of broad bean seeds and irrigation water on the growth and yield of plants

AbstractTechniques for the magnetic treatment of water have become one of the most common practices for improving the agricultural sector. The effects of alternating magnetic field treatment of broad bean (Luz de Otoño) seeds and irrigation water on plant growth and yield were investigated under pot conditions. The magnetic treatments included (i) magnetically treated seeds (MTS), (ii) magnetically treated irrigation water (MTIW), and (iii) no magnetic treatment of both seeds and irrigation water, which were considered controls. Dry broad bean seeds were exposed to a magnetic field induced by an electromagnet at 165 mT for 2 and 4 min. Water for irrigation was exposed to a 165 mT magnetic field. The results showed that MTS for 2 min and MTIW led to significant increases in plant growth and yield of broad bean plants in comparison with the control plants, while MTS for 4 min and MTIW affected the most seedling attributes of the plants. It was found that the pods of MTS for 2 min and MTIW emerged 6 days earlier than those of the control plants, while the pods of MTS for 4 min and MTIW emerged 5 days after those of the control plants. The most affected parameter was the number of seeds, which increased by 21% for MTS for 2 min and MTIW compared with the control. These results suggest that MTS enhance the growth and yield of broad bean plants under pot conditions.

Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Magnetized water has been a promising approach to improve crop productivity but the conditions for its effectiveness remain contradictory and inconclusive. The objective of this research was to understand the influences of different magnetized water with varying quality on seed absorption, germination, and early growth of cotton. To this end, a series of experiments involving the seed soaking process, germination test, and pot experiment were carried out to study the effects of different qualities (fresh and brackish water) of magnetized water on seed water absorption, germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass of cotton in 2018. The results showed that the maximum relative water absorption of magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water relatively increased by 16.76% and 19.75%, respectively, and the magnetic effect time of brackish water was longer than fresh water. The relative promotion effect of magnetized brackish water on cotton seed germination and growth potential was greater than magnetized fresh water. The cotton seeds germination rate under magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water irrigation relatively increased by 13.14% and 41.86%, respectively, and the relative promoting effect of magnetized brackish water on the vitality indexes and the morphological indexes of cotton seedlings was greater than magnetized fresh water. Unlike non-magnetized water, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) of cotton irrigated with magnetized water increased significantly, while the stomatal limit value (Ls) decreased. The influences of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of cotton under magnetized brackish water were greater than magnetized fresh water. Magnetized fresh water had no significant effect on biomass proportional distribution of cotton but magnetized brackish water irrigation markedly improved the root-to-stem ratio of cotton within a 35.72% range. Therefore, the magnetization of brackish water does improve the growth characteristics of cotton seedlings, and the biological effect of magnetized brackish water is more significant than that of fresh water. It is suggested that magnetized brackish water can be used to irrigate cotton seedlings when freshwater resources are insufficient.

Preparation and Application of Magnetic Water Treatment Materials Based on Iron Sludge

In recent years, solid waste iron sludge (red mud, iron-containing water treatment residues, and iron-rich sludge) has been widely used to remove pollutants in the water environment; however, the difficulty of separating powdered iron sludge from the water environment media makes it impossible to apply it as a water treatment material on a large scale, and preparing iron sludge into magnetic materials that are easy to be separated is one of the effective strategies to solve this bottleneck. According to the existing research on iron sludge-based magnetic materials at home and abroad, the preparation methods of magnetic materials using iron sludge as raw materials are summarized, including a series of methods, including the thermal decomposition method, hydrothermal and solvothermal method, co-precipitation method, reduction roasting method, and carbonization method. Additionally, it is pointed out that the currently commonly used preparation methods are thermal decomposition, hydrothermal and solvothermal, and co-precipitation. In addition, the performance and application of these magnetic materials as adsorbents or catalysts in water treatment are also summarized. In general, iron sludge-based magnetic materials can better absorb heavy metals and organic pollutants in water. The main adsorption mechanisms are complexation, electrostatic interaction, reduction, cation exchange, and precipitation. As a catalyst, it can efficiently oxidize and degrade organic pollutants by generating strong oxidizing substances:SO4-· and ·OH. Although there have been many studies on the preparation and application of iron sludge-based magnetic materials, because the raw material iron sludge contains many impurities, the magnetic materials prepared from iron sludge also have certain impurities. Therefore, it is still necessary to strengthen the research on the safety of iron sludge-based magnetic materials in the future to further ensure that they can be used as environmentally friendly materials for water environment restoration.

INFLUENCE OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE GAS CONTENT OF WATER

The conclusions drawn from previous studies, which showed that the magnetic field stimulates the formation of nanobubbles in seawater, are discussed. It was found that the air content in nanobubbles in freshwater can be neglected. Seawater contains air mainly in the form of nanobubbles, and its concentration increases with an increase in the magnetic field. The mechanism behind the influence of the magnetic field on the solubility of air in water is related to the scale reduction process during the magnetic treatment of water. The Lorentz force during the Brownian motion of charged nanobubbles decreases their electrokinetic potential and stimulates coalescence. On the one hand, this leads to the absorption of additional atmospheric air; however, on the other hand, it accelerates the rise of bubbles to the surface, reducing the total gas content of air in the water.

Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water and its Influence on Radish (Raphanus sativus) crop: A Green Technology

Implementation of water treatment technologies for poor quality water may help reduce dependency on freshwater. One promising technology among water treatment technologies is magnetic water treatment (MWT). This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of bore water, hard water (1000 ppm) and saline water (electrical conductivity of 3 dS/m) on the plant biometric parameters and the yield of the radish. The water was treated in three stages: electrolysis, de-ionization and magnetization. In the pot culture experiment conducted, leaf length and leaf area index (LAI) was maximum under magnetized bore water treatment which was 22.7 cm and 6.2 compared to all other treatments respectively. The fresh weight (66.2 g) was highest in magnetically treated bore water, which was statistically significant over control. Among bore water treatments, the average yield per plant (48.5 t/ha) was maximum under magnetized bore water over control (43.9t/ha). Overall, the findings suggest that magnetically treated irrigation water positively influences plant growth parameters and the yield of radish.