Magnetic Susceptibility Values Research Articles

Application of biomagnetic analysis technique using roadside trees for monitoring and identification of possible sources of atmospheric particulates in selected air pollution hotspots in Delhi, India

With increasing atmospheric pollution and health issues associated with size of the particulate matter, it has become important to look for techniques that may improve the monitoring resolution. Magnetic bio-monitoring of particulate matter has been used in recent years in some countries as an approach for better spatial resolution that provides proxy indicators for the measurements over large areas. Delhi, which is one of the most polluted cities of not just India, but the whole world, is still probing to understand the possible sources. The present magnetic biomonitoring study was therefore, carried across different land use areas in some air pollution hotspots of Delhi, using common roadside tree species Morus alba, Ficus religiosa, Ficus virens and Ficus benghalensis to understand the magnitude and nature of the particulate pollution, and possible sources by studying magnetic properties (Magnetic susceptibility, Frequency-dependent susceptibility, S-ratio, and SIRM) of the dust deposited on leaves. Mass specific magnetic susceptibility (10−8 m3 kg−1) values were found to follow the order: Traffic intersection area (25.6–66.5) > Industrial area (25.4–41.3) > Residential area (13.2–30.1) > Institutional area serving as control (2.7–6.6). High magnetic susceptibility values indicated particulates with ferrimagnetic grains of anthropogenic or technogenic origin. Frequency-dependent Susceptibility indicated dominance of coarse multidomain (MD) and Pseudo Single Domain (PSD) +MD grains in industrial area and major traffic intersection. Average S ratio across all study sites ranged from 0.92 to 0.99 indicating presence of soft magnetic mineral with low coercivity. High SIRM values (10−5Am2 kg−1) from 58.1 to 862.3 suggested prevalence of magnetite dominating atmospheric particulates particularly in traffic intersection and industrial area, and to some extent in residential area. Morus alba and Ficus religiosa were found more suitable bio-monitors and the technique provided useful information on size, mineralogy and possible source of the particulates.

North-Gondwana – Laurussia dynamic paleogeography challenged by magnetic susceptibility through the Famennian

Large-scale magnetic susceptibility (MS) variations in ancient sediments are usually interpreted as related to sea-level and climate changes affecting the erosional regime and the amount of detrital input. To constrain such environmental changes during the Famennian, we compared MS records in representative sections of pelagic limestones of (1) the Avalonian margin of Laurussia [Sessacker (SES) and Beringhauser Tunnel (BHT), Rhenish Slate Mountains, Germany] and (2) in Gondwana related terranes [Erfoud (ERF), Tafilalt, Morocco; Col des Tribes (CT), Montagne Noire, France; Buschteich (BU), Thuringia, Germany; Corona Mizziu (CM I, II), Sardinia and Pizzul West (PZW) in the Carnic Alps, Italy]. Very low MS values throughout the Famennian characterize sections from Avalonia. In contrast, MS values are high and oscillating in Gondwana during the early Famennian; they drop significantly all together in the middle Famennian Palmatolepis marginifera marginifera Zone to match the pattern of low MS values of the Avalonian margin thereafter. To evaluate the importance of partial diagenetic overprint, MS data were compared to hysteresis parameters and geochemical proxies in sections BU, CM I, II and CT. The degree of thermal diagenesis is estimates taking into account the Color Alteration Indices (CAI) of conodonts. Striking dissimilarities in MS records between Laurussia and Gondwana are in favor for an existing remnant oceanic barrier between these continents during early Famennian times, when the amount of detrital supplies was obviously different. Uniformity is reached after the drop of MS values in N-Gondwana, when oceanic barriers could have vanished during the early middle Famennian T-R fluctuations of the sea-level. All sites remained under a rather similar regime of detrital supply through middle to uppermost Famennian. Comparison of MS trends with trends of conodont biofacies in five sections (CT, BU, CM I, II and SES) allows emphasizing the concordance of their relationship to sea level fluctuations.

Fabrication of Magnetic Ink Chromium Ferrite Using Iron Sand

In this research iron sand was used as raw material for fabrication of magnetic ink of chromium ferrite. The first step of research was synthesizing iron sand into pigment of chromium ferrite using powder metallurgy method. The second step was processing pigment into magnetic ink. The ink was produced by mixture pigment into binder solution of polyvinyl alcohol and heated. While stirring the mixture was added alcohol as a solvent and additives of polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerine by certain composition. The variation of pigment mass was 6 g, 8 g, 10 g, 12 g, 14 g, and 14 g. The produced ink was characterized its properties, those were structure using XRD method, colour, density, viscosity, organoleptic, CCD microscope, and magnetic susceptibility. Using XRD was found that the pigment have a structure of CrO.Fe2O3 with size of 84.81nm. The colour of ink was dark green. The brightness of the ink decreases with increasing pigment mass. The coordinates values of a* and b* was fluctuated. The ink viscosity was around 7.64 cP until 19.59 cP, the density was around 0.954 gr/cm3 until 1.007 gr/cm3. By organoleptic study was found that the ink can be used on the whiteboard. From CCD microscope was known that distribution of ink more evenly white increasing of pigment mass. The value of magnetic susceptibility was around of 1.500175×10−5 m3/kg until 1.504662×10−5 m3/kg.

Chiral magnetic properties of QCD phase-diagram

The QCD phase-diagram is studied, at finite magnetic field. Our calculations are based on the QCD effective model, the SU(3) Polyakov linear-sigma model (PLSM), in which the chiral symmetry is integrated in the hadron phase and in the parton phase, the up-, down- and strange-quark degrees of freedom are incorporated besides the inclusion of Polyakov loop potentials in the pure gauge limit, which are motivated by various underlying QCD symmetries. The Landau quantization and the magnetic catalysis are implemented. The response of the QCD matter to an external magnetic field such as magnetization, magnetic susceptibility and permeability has been estimated. We conclude that the parton phase has higher values of magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, and permeability relative to the hadron phase. Depending on the contributions to the Landau levels, we conclude that the chiral magnetic field enhances the chiral quark condensates and hence the chiral QCD phase-diagram, i.e. the hadron-parton phase-transition likely takes place, at lower critical temperatures and chemical potentials.

Statistical analysis and susceptibility properties of heavy/light metal pollution in surface seawater of Izmir Bay.

The inner bay of Izmir is known as the part between Sasalı/Karşıyaka coastline and Güzelbahçe/Bayraklı. It is used extensively in transportation. There is constant ferry transportation and an international port operates in this region. There are also a few streams that flow into the inner bay. Therefore, the inner bay can be exposed to continuous chemical pollutants, and these wastes can intensively be observed in its natural structure. In this study, the magnetic susceptibility values and elemental analyses of the samples taken from the surface sea waters of the inner bay coastline were performed. Silicon, strontium, and manganese elements were mostly observed in the samples. The greatest susceptibility values were seen in the Bostanlı ferry port and Göztepe ferry. In addition, the standard deviation and correlation coefficient values of the samples were calculated and discussed. According to the correlation coefficient value, it can be said that there is a positive correlation between metal ion ratios and magnetic susceptibility.

Monitoring magnetic susceptibility and spatial distribution of soil attributes in different land uses: a case study in an arid and semi-arid region, southern Iran

The magnetic susceptibility (MS) technique could be used as an efficient tool for management, monitoring, and analysis of soil properties. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among the magnetic parameters and soil surface properties as well as their spatial variation in different land uses in Fars Province, southern Iran. Three dominant land uses in the study area including cropland, barren, and pasture were selected, and a total of 72 samples were collected from the soil surface (0–15 cm). Physicochemical properties, total free (Fed) and amorphous (Feo) iron forms, and MS in both high (xhf) and low (xlf) frequencies were determined. The results showed a significant difference (p˂0.05) for xlf average values among different land uses which were decreased in the order of cropland (45.31× 10−8 m3 kg−1), barren (31.68 × 10−8 m3 kg−1), and pasture (17.84 × 10−8 m3 kg−1), respectively. There was a positive significant correlation (p <0.01) between the MS values and Fed and Fed-Feo, while a negative significant correlation was observed among xlf and EC, gypsum, and Feo/Fed. The spherical model suitably described the spatial behavior of magnetic parameters and soil properties. The spatial distribution maps represented an almost parallel pattern in the spatial variations of MS, Fed, Fed-Feo, and evolution index, but an inconsistent pattern for Feo, CaCO3, gypsum, and EC in the study area. This indicates the role of diamagnetic materials in decreasing the soil magnetic properties. Results of this study clearly revealed that the MS technique is of great potential in monitoring the spatial variations of soil properties.

Magnetic susceptibility of soils as affected by lithology, geomorphology and climate in Jazmoorian Watershed, central Iran

Magnetic susceptibility (MS) as a fast, non-destructive, and reasonable technique is very useful in soil genesis and evolution studies. The MS of soils along a climolithotoposequence in Jazmoorian Watershed was studied in the present research and the vertical distribution of MS in the representative pedons affected by soil forming factors (parent material, climate and relief) was also investigated. Rock pediment, mantled pediment, piedmont plain, alluvial fan, and playa geomorphic positions with two igneous (gabbro, diorite, granite, and andesite) and sedimentary (limestone, conglomerate and playa deposits) parent materials were selected. Thirteen representative pedons which best reflected the variations of soil forming factors were studied. Results of the study showed that the maximum (877.8 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) and the minimum (5.2 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) low frequency (χlf) MS were respectively determined in the soils formed on igneous and sedimentary parent materials. The χlf values were increased with depth in soils affected by igneous parent material, but the opposite trend was found in soils with a sedimentary origin. The activity ratio of Feo/Fed in xeric and aridic moisture regimes were 0.03 and 0.09, respectively. Meanwhile, MS value in surface soil of pedon 2 (with xeric moisture regime) is lower than its parent material which is a support for the higher weathering of this soil due to higher moisture compared to pedon 5 with an aridic moisture regime. Decreasing evolution trend of soils on igneous parent material was in the order of alluvial fan < piedmont plain < mantled pediment, but in the soils on sedimentary parent material was in the order of playa < rock pediment < mantled pediment < alluvial fan. Results of the study clearly showed that the soil χlf values changed with variations in climate, parent material, and topography.

Propriedades físicas de um Argissolo após 17 anos de florestamento com Eucalyptus spp.

A expressiva expansão do setor florestal no Brasil tem dado evidencia a estudos que direcionam suas ações de investigação para a preservação e utilização racional dos recursos naturais. A pesquisa tem demonstrado que mudanças no uso do solo, alteram as suas condições pedoambientais. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar ações antrópicas de longa duração sobre área do bioma Pampa no Rio Grande do Sul: Efeito nos atributos físicos de solo com substituição do uso sob campo para o uso do solo com florestamento comercial de Eucalyptus spp. Amostras de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico foram coletadas em horto florestal, em triplicata e em cinco profundidades e também foi coletado um solo de controle, vegetado com campo natural. Não houve alteração na distribuição granulométrica do solo. Após 17 anos de florestamento foi observado um incremento no teor de hematita nos solos da floresta e rizosfera da floresta, aumento nos valores da suscetibilidade magnética e diminuição da área superficial específica das partículas em profundidade.

Sediment Provenance in the Baker-Martínez Fjord System (Chile, 48°S) Indicated by Magnetic Susceptibility and Inorganic Geochemistry

Fjord sediments are increasingly used as high-resolution archives of climate and environmental change, including variations in glacier mass balance and terrestrial hydrology. To accurately interpret such sediment records, it is crucial to comprehend sediment transport processes and determine sediment provenance. With this in mind, our main objective is to identify cost-effective parameters that can be used to reconstruct relative variations in the origin of sediments deposited in the Baker-Martínez fjord system, which is located between the Northern (NPI) and Southern (SPI) Patagonian Icefields. We focus on estimating the proportions of sediment derived from each icefield, taking advantage of the clearly distinct lithologies that underlie NPI (Patagonian Batholith) and SPI (Eastern Andean Metamorphic Complex) glaciers. The magnetic susceptibility and inorganic geochemistry of 21 surface sediment samples collected along the fjord system and that of suspended sediment samples from the four main rivers that discharge at its heads were investigated. Results indicate that sediments derived from the NPI are characterized by higher magnetic susceptibility and log(Ti/Al) values than those from the SPI, reflecting the mafic nature of the batholith. In fjords that receive contributions from both the NPI and SPI, magnetic susceptibility and log(Ti/Al) primarily reflect sediment provenance. In fjords receiving sediment from only one icefield, however, these parameters are positively correlated with grain size and reflect the progressive settling of particles from the surficial plume. Our results suggest that magnetic susceptibility and log(Ti/Al) can be used to reconstruct sediment provenance within the Baker-Martínez fjord system, but that only log(Ti/Al) can provide quantitative estimates of the proportions of sediment derived from each icefield. Ultimately, applying these provenance indicators to long sediment cores from the Baker-Martínez fjord system could allow reconstructing relative variations in sediment input from each icefield, which may in turn be interpreted as changes in river discharge and/or glacier mass balance.

Magnetic susceptibility of surface sediment in the Tallo tributary of Makassar city

Activities along the tributary of the Tallo river cause discoloration and unpleasant odors in the river water. This condition indicates that the river was polluted by anthropogenic waste. Therefore, a scientific study was conducted to determine the environmental conditions of the Tallo tributary through a preliminary study of the mineral characteristics of the surface sediments based on magnetic susceptibility data. The surface sediment was taken and its magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out, followed by the interpretation of mineral types, element content, the presence of superparamagnetic minerals, and magnetic grains. The results showed that the minerals contained in the sediment samples were predominantly ferrimagnetic. The elemental content of the sediment samples indicated that Fe, Mn, and Cr were classified as heavy metals. Traces of the presence of superparamagnetic minerals show almost none. Meanwhile, the magnetic susceptibility values at low and high frequencies are identical, indicating that the grains contained in the sediment samples are multi-domain (MD), where the dominant magnetic minerals come from anthropogenic minerals.

Drilling the Aptian–Albian of the Sergipe–Alagoas Basin, Brazil: paleobiogeographic and paleoceanographic studies in the South Atlantic

Abstract. The Aptian–Albian interval is characterized by significant paleoclimatic, paleoceanographic, and paleogeographic changes, which in turn affected the distribution and evolution of marine ecosystems. Despite the importance of such studies, there have been few correlations between Aptian–Albian sections of the Tethys Sea and those of the South Atlantic Ocean. This interval, including the Aptian–Albian transition, is preserved in the deposits of the Riachuelo Formation (Sergipe–Alagoas Basin, Brazil) located in the South Atlantic Ocean; therefore, this location was chosen for drilling four new cores. The goals of this paper are as follows: (1) to explain the drilling operation carried out in the deposits of the Riachuelo Formation and the methods used; (2) to present a brief lithostratigraphic characterization of the holes and the paleomagnetic data of core SER-03; and (3) to describe the high potential of the cores recovered for additional investigation in the future. The lithostratigraphic units of the SER-01 core consist mainly of coarse- to fine-grained sandstone, shales, marls, and mudstones; the SER-02 core was excluded due to low recovery; the SER-03 core is mainly composed of fine-grained sediments (shale, marls, and packstone) and bears some ammonite shells; the lithology of core SER-04 is mainly sandstones. Magnetic susceptibility values (χlf and χhf) and frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) data suggest that the section is located within the Cretaceous Normal Superchron. Future studies on these cores integrating micropaleontological, paleoichnological, geochemical, stratigraphic, and paleomagnetic (e.g., relative intensity) data will allow for a better understanding of paleoceanographic and paleogeographic events related to the early evolution of the South Atlantic Ocean and how these events correlate to similar events in Tethyan sections.

Sources of Magnetic Particles from Air Pollution in Mountainous Area

Measurement of magnetic susceptibility of topsoil represents a very useful tool for the detection of atmospherically depositedmagnetic particles. The samples of forest soils from the Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains (the Czech Republic) were used foridentification of emissions sources of particles with magnetic ordering. Magnetic susceptibility was measured at bulk samples ofgrain size class under 2 mm. Microanalysis using electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used forthe determination of particles in the magnetic fraction. The samples of dust from the sintering plant of the Iron Works in the townof Třinec were analysed. The values of magnetic susceptibility of forest soils in the Třinec region are increased. In the relatively nearvicinity of the industrial area, the average value for Javorový Mount was 7.90×10-6 m3/kg, for Ostrý Mount it was 6.69×10-6 m3/kg. It was proved that they were higher than the average values from the Beskydy Mountains (4.64×10-6 m3/kg). The concentrationsof lead and magnetic susceptibility in soils showed significant correlation dependence (rs = 0.85). The iron and steel industryrepresent the primary source of the pollution load in forest soils of the studied area. Statistically, significant dependences betweenthe organic matter content and the lead and zinc concentrations as well as between the magnetic susceptibility values and the ironconcentrations in forest soils were found. It was confirmed that the airborne particles are deposited on vegetation and accumulatedin the organic horizon of forest soils.

Heavy metal contamination of topsoil in Denizli Organized Industrial Zone, Western Anatolia, Turkey

This paper deals with determination of the environmental pollution in Denizli Organized Industrial Zone and its surroundings. Denizli is one of the biggest industrial cities of Turkey hosting several factories with immense production, regularly shipped by a vast haulage system. The study area is traversed by one of the most crowded highways in the country, ensuring the transportation between Western and Central Anatolia. It is also traversed by a railroad connecting Denizli city to Izmir city located on the Aegean Sea coast. Therefore, covering an area of about 30 km2, 154 samples were collected to be subject of the magnetic susceptibility measurements end up at highlighting contaminated zones in the study area. The spatial distribution maps plotted for both magnetic susceptibility measurements acquired at high (χHF) and low (χLF) frequencies showed coherent anomalies following the direction of the roads (east-west). According to the magnetic susceptibility measurements, 40 initial samples were chosen to be chemically analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The soil nature was determined by examining 10 supplementary samples collected from the study area. Concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) and magnetic parameters were statistically analysed for the best understanding of the correlation of the heavy metal pollution and magnetic susceptibility values. The environmental status of the study area was evaluated by the aid of elaboration and interpretation of the contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and the pollution load index (PLI) which allowed the comparison between the different polluted parts of the study area. The results obtained as maximum values from the calculation of the contamination factor were found as follows: Cr (31.12), Ni (12.88), Fe (11.42), Cu (11.20), Zn (4.71), and Pb (2.87). The maximum values obtained for the implemented geoaccumulation index were found for each element as follow: Cr (4.37), Ni (3.1), Fe (2.93), Cu (2.9), Zn (1.65), and Pb (0.9), while the enrichment factor’s results were found as follow: Fe (2.93), Cr (4.37), Ni (3.10), Zn (1.65), Cu (2.90), and Pb (0.93). Results showed that the Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) calculated for the six elements is reflecting a heavy pollution of the study area by reaching the value of 6.41 as a mean of the total analysis results and 11 as a maximum value. The magnetic susceptibility and heavy metals distribution showed similar anomaly locations especially out of the area of Denizli organized industrial zone which seems to be less contaminated giving a sign of the liberation of industrial wastes into the surrounding areas. The farming lands were also found to be acting in the enrichment of the heavy metal content in the study area soils. The main anomalies introduce the contamination of the lower zones of the study area which is the result of the transportation of anthropogenic pollutants by wind and stream. Considering the study results, it is recommended to regularly evaluate the environmental status of the study area in order to prevent irremediable diseases.

Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of Venous Vessels in Neonates with Perinatal Asphyxia.

Cerebral venous oxygen saturation can be used as an indirect measure of brain health, yet it often requires either an invasive procedure or a noninvasive technique with poor sensitivity. We aimed to test whether cerebral venous oxygen saturation could be measured using quantitative susceptibility mapping, an MR imaging technique, in 3 distinct groups: healthy term neonates, injured term neonates, and preterm neonates. We acquired multiecho gradient-echo MR imaging data in 16 neonates with perinatal asphyxia and moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (8 term age: average, 40.0 [SD, 0.8] weeks' gestational age; 8 preterm, 33.5 [SD, 2.0] weeks' gestational age) and in 8 healthy term-age controls (39.3 [SD, 0.6] weeks, for a total of n = 24. Data were postprocessed as quantitative susceptibility mapping images, and magnetic susceptibility was measured in cerebral veins by thesholding out 99.95% of lower magnetic susceptibility values. The mean magnetic susceptibility value of the cerebral veins was found to be 0.36 (SD, 0.04) ppm in healthy term neonates, 0.36 (SD, 0.06) ppm in term injured neonates, and 0.29 (SD, 0.04) ppm in preterm injured neonates. Correspondingly, the derived cerebral venous oxygen saturation values were 73.6% (SD, 2.8%), 71.5% (SD, 7.4%), and 72.2% (SD, 5.9%). There was no statistically significant difference in cerebral venous oxygen saturation among the 3 groups (P = .751). Quantitative susceptibility mapping-derived oxygen saturation values in preterm and term neonates agreed well with values in past literature. Cerebral venous oxygen saturation in preterm and term neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, however, was not found to be significantly different between neonates or healthy controls.

Records of hydrological change and environmental disasters in sediments from deep Lake Issyk‐Kul

AbstractIn the context of global warming, the mountainous areas of Central Asia are sensitive to climate and environmental changes and are highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Here, we use high‐resolution lacustrine grain‐size and geochemical records from Lake Issyk‐Kul to infer hydrological changes, environmental events, and their driving factors in the western Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia over the last 350 years. The regional hydrological and environmental changes can be divided into three phases. In stage I (1674–1860 AD), the values of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and magnetic susceptibility (MS) were high, and the element contents changed indistinctively, suggesting that lake water levels were relatively stable. In Stage II (1860–2000 AD), the TOC and TN contents increased, the MS values decreased, and the grain size changed markedly, suggesting that water levels fluctuated dramatically. In Stage III (2000–2013 AD), the coarse particle and migratory element contents increased dramatically, indicating that regional rainfall and runoff increased and that the water level rose. Studies have also shown that the synchronous increases in sedimentary coarse particles, TOC and migratory elements indicate multiple flood events. Extreme floods have been frequent and intense in recent years, which indicates that the climate is generally warming, which is in good agreement with tree ring data, ice core records and other sediment records in alpine regions. Additionally, the lake sediments recorded a seismic event in approximately 1910 AD, which was consistent with historical documentation. Comparative analysis of records suggests that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is one of the dominant factors driving climate and hydrological changes in the study area. Climate change, combined with natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes) and anthropogenic activities, is generating extreme floods and variations in hydrological patterns in the mountain basin. These findings can provide crucial information about sedimentary physicochemical clues for tracking past hydrological and environmental conditions and contribute to a better understanding of hydrological processes and driving factors in the mountainous areas of Central Asia.

PENENTUAN NILAI SUSEPTIBILITAS DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL MAGNETIK PASIR PATAI KATA PARIAMAN SUMATERA BARAT MENGGUNAKAN METODE BALL MILLING

Determination of magnetic properties and magnetic particle size of sand from Kata Pariaman Beach, West Sumatera have been carried out using Pasco Magnetic Probe and scanning electron microscope (SEM) method. Sand samples that have been dried beforehand are then synthesized using two stage ball milling, namely 40 hours first stage, and second stage as a function of 10, 20, 30, and 40 hours with an iron ball with a diameter of 1.5 cm. The results showed that the value of magnetic susceptibility and mass susceptibility increases as milling time increases. The magnetic and mass susceptibility values obtained included iron oxide particles such as Magnetite Fe 3 O 4 , hematite and maghemit with a value interval of 20,000 to 110,000. The results of the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) test showed the composition of Fe and Ti increased after ball milling, while other elements such as Si decrease. The results of the study particle size by SEM had a small size with increasing ball milling time from 10, 20, 30, and 40 hours.

PEMETAAN SUSEPTIBILITAS MAGNETIK DAN PENENTUAN KANDUNGAN LOGAM PADA AIR GAMBUT DI KELURAHAN TUAH MADANI KECAMATAN TAMPAN PEKANBARU

Research on mapping the value of magnetic susceptibility and determination of metal content in peat water in Tuah Madani Village, Tampan District, Pekanbaru has been carried out. Samples were taken with each distance 50 meters to the north and east at 64 different points of 150 ml. The results of the calculation of susceptibility with the Quincke method obtained the lowest susceptibility value of 1.551 × 10-5 and the largest of 1.760 × 10-5. AAS test results and susceptibility calculations indicate that the peat water under study is paramagnetic. Mapping of magnetic susceptibility was carried out using the surfer 11 application while determining the metal content using AAS. The sample density was measured to produce values at intervals of 989,000 kg/m3 to 998,000 kg/m3. AAS test results were carried out on five samples chosen based on the value of magnetic susceptibility with the measured parameters namely Mn, Zn, Cr and Mg. Based on the standard threshold value of heavy metals as pollutants, it is known that the content of Mn, Zn, Cr and Mg. Mg in this peat water sample is still categorized as safe because it has not exceeded the standard threshold so it is suitable to be in the environment and not pollute the environment. Testing the parameters most contained in the sample are Mg.

Potential Therapeutic Effects of New Ruthenium (III) Complex with Quercetin: Characterization, Structure, Gene Regulation, and Antitumor and Anti-Inflammatory Studies (RuIII/Q Novel Complex Is a Potent Immunoprotective Agent)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the new [Ru(Q)(Cl)2(H2O)2] complex (RuIII/Q). A new vital complex containing quercetin flavonoid compound (Q) with ruthenium (III) ions was synthesized. The molar conductivity of the RuIII/Q complex was measured in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with value 12 (Ω−1 mol−1 cm−1, indicating their non-electrolytic nature. Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic investigation of the RuIII/Q complex indicated that Q is coordinated as a bidentate with Ru metal ions through the oxygen of carbonyl C(4)=O group and oxygen of phenolic C(3)−O group based on the wavenumber shifts at 1654 and 1335 cm−1 respectively. The electronic (UV−Vis) spectra and the magnetic susceptibility value (1.85 B.M.) revealed that the Ru(III) complex has an octahedral geometry. The average diameter of the RuIII/Q nanoparticles was approximately 7–15 nm according to the transmission electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric study (TG/DTG) indicates that the RuIII/Q compound is quite stable until 300 °C. To assess biological activity, 60 male rats were allocated to six groups, namely control, DG (D-galactose), Q, RuIII/Q, DG plus Q, and DG plus RuIII/Q. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GRx), markers of lipid peroxidation (such as MDA), expression of genes (namely Nrf2, Cu-ZnSOD, CAT, GPx, cyto c, P53, Bax, BCl2, caspase-3, and caspase-9 in testicular tissue), glutamate, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), GSH, HCY, amyloid beta, and GABA levels were evaluated in brain tissues. Cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, histological and ultrastructural studies were estimated in both the brain and testicular tissues, while the comet assay was performed in the brain tissue. RuIII/Q administration either alone or combined with DG reduced oxidative injury to normal levels and decreased apoptotic activities. Thus, RuIII/Q inhibited injury in both the testis and brain and reduced oxidative stress in male rats. The (RuIII/Q) complex has a potent ameliorative effect against aging neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and antihepatic cancer activity induced by D-galactose (DG).

Climatic and limnological changes 12,750 to 3600 years ago in the Issyk-Kul catchment, Tien Shan, based on palynology and stable isotopes

Arid Central Asia is at the border between the prevailing Westerlies and monsoonal climates. Lake Issyk-Kul, a large mountain lake, and its sediment record are key to reconstructing complex interactions between these two major climatic systems over time. We present for the first time sedimentological (magnetic susceptibility, CaCO3, δ13C and δ18O values of benthic ostracods and fine-grain carbonates) and palynological investigations of a sequence covering the last 12,750 years, with additionally some proxies at a lower resolution above 3590 years ago. From 12,750 until 10,000 years ago, vegetation reflects desert to semi-desert conditions around the lake. Soil erosion is intensive as reconstructed from high Glomus percentages and high magnetic susceptibility. The values of fine-grain carbonate δ18O are very negative. This is explained by intensive glacial meltwater runoff from surrounding mountain tops and slopes. Negative δ13C values of carbonates reflect the presence of C3 plants near the glacial edge, such as Kobresia sedges. From 10,000 to c. 6500 years ago, the increase of the Artemisia steppe occurring at the same time as an increasingly positive trend in fine-grained carbonate δ18O values are apparently contradictory. This is interpreted by a Westerly trend (increasing humidity) at the altitude of the lake (1607 m) and a monsoonal trend (increasingly dry) at the elevation of the glaciated mountain tops (a reconciliation hypothesis developed for multiple sites, illustrated here within one site only). Whereas the steppe is widespread around the lake, the fine-grain carbonates are precipitated from surface waters strongly influenced by meltwater having spilled down the surrounding mountains that are >2 km higher. Additionally after low lake levels until 10,000 years ago, our data suggest a lake level rise between 10,000 and 8000 years ago.

A 43-ka mineral magnetic record of environmental variations from lacustrine sediments of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica

Glacial-interglacial climatic and environmental variations recorded in lake-bed sediments of Schirmacher Oasis (SO), East Antarctica, are rare; limited data exist on the past behavior of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). In this work, we present the mineral magnetic properties of a radiocarbon-dated sediment core, spanning the past 43,000 years, from a land-locked lake L-49 in SO. We also performed Scanning Electron Microscopic-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic (SEM-EDS) studies on magnetic extracts to confirm the magnetic mineralogy. The values of magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) are relatively low during the Holocene but high during the last glacial period. Sediments of the last glacial period are composed mainly of coarse-grained (multi-domain - MD) magnetite/titanomagnetite (high values of S20 – an MD proxy, low susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetism (χARM)/SIRM ratio values and high S-ratio values) indicating a stronger intensity of physical weathering in the Lake L-49 catchment. The mineralogy is confirmed by SEM-EDS data for magnetic extracts. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the data suggests three processes affecting magnetic properties of the lake sediments, i.e., ferrimagnetic input, biogenic processes and aeolian input. During deglaciation, a shift in the magnetic properties is documented: a decrease in χlf values from 18.6 cal ka BP onwards suggests melting of the snow and ice in the catchment thus leading to a significant production of fine-grained iron oxide minerals. At ~12.77 cal ka BP, high values of χlf and S20 ratio indicates cooling which is related to the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR). The Early Holocene Climate Optimum is distinctly imprinted in our record as a sudden decrease in χlf values and an increase in magnetic grain size ratio values (indicating finer iron oxide grains), suggesting a rapid thawing of the ice-sheet in response to a warm climate. The Mid-Holocene Hypsithermal (from 5.8 to 3.5 cal ka BP) and Neoglaciation (3.6 cal ka BP onwards) that are evident in this study correspond with reconstructions from lake and marine sediment, and ice-core records from Antarctica.