Magnetic Source Research Articles

Submarine cable positioning using a residual convolutional neural network based on magnetic features

Accurate positioning is important for improving the efficiency of repairing submarine cables and reducing the related repair costs. The magnetic anomaly produced by a submarine cable can be used to estimate its vertical and horizontal positions. A novel approach using magnetic data for estimating the position of submarine cables based on the 1D residual convolutional neural network (RCNN) is investigated. Infinitely long ferromagnetic cylinder models with different parameters are used to generate data sets for model training and testing. Tests on noisy synthetic data sets show that the developed 1D RCNN method can capture detailed features related to the magnetic source position information, which is more accurate than the conventional Euler method in estimating the position of submarine cables. The developed 1D RCNN method has also been successfully applied to processing field data. Furthermore, the processing workflow of our 1D RCNN method is less noise-sensitive compared with the conventional Euler method. The proposed 1D RCNN method and its workflow open a new window for estimating the position of submarine cables using magnetic data.

Magnetic solid phase adsorption of ceftiofur sodium in water by deep eutectic solvent modified banana peel‐MnFe2O4 biochar

AbstractMagnetic solid phase adsorption separation (MSPA) technology is an efficient and convenient separation method, which can simplify the separation step and shorten the separation time. It has wide application value in the purification of antibiotic pollutants in water. In this study, a novel magnetic biochar adsorbent (DES1@MnFe2O4‐BBC) with strong selectivity and high adsorption capacity was synthesized. It was composed of banana peel as the biochar source, Mn/Fe bimetallic oxide as the magnetic source and deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the functional monomer. The physicochemical properties of DES1@MnFe2O4‐BBC were systematically characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption, synchronous thermal analyzer, vibrating sample magnetometer, X‐ray diffractometer, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field emission electron microscopy. The adsorption conditions were optimized by the single‐factor optimization method. Also, under the optimal adsorption conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity of DES1@MnFe2O4‐BBC for ceftiofur sodium was 75.01 mg·g−1. The test of adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics illustrated that the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation were suitable well with the adsorption system established in this article. Adsorbent regeneration cycle experiment revealed that the DES1@MnFe2O4‐BBC was an efficient and reusable adsorbent. In the end, all research proves the novel magnetic adsorbent synthesized in this study can provide a new idea for the removal of antibiotics in water.

Magnetic field mapping along a NV-rich nanodiamond-doped fiber

Integration of NV−-rich diamond with optical fibers enables guiding quantum information on the spin state of the NV− color center. Diamond-functionalized optical fiber sensors have been demonstrated with impressive sub-nanotesla magnetic field sensitivities over localized magnetic field sources, but their potential for distributed sensing remains unexplored. The volumetric incorporation of diamonds into the optical fiber core allows developing fibers sensitive to the magnetic field over their entire length. Theoretically, this makes distributed optical readout of small magnetic fields possible, but does not answer questions on the addressing of the spatial coordinate, i.e., the location of the field source, nor on the performance of a sensor where the NV− fluorescence is detected at one end, thereby integrating over color centers experiencing different field strength and microwave perturbation. Here, we demonstrate distributed magnetic field measurements using a step-index fiber with the optical core volumetrically functionalized with NV− diamonds. A microwave antenna on a translation stage is scanned along a 13 cm long section of a straight fiber. The NV− fluorescence is collected at the fiber's far end relative to the laser pump input end. Optically detected magnetic resonance spectra were recorded at the fiber output for every step of the antenna travel, revealing the magnetic field evolution along the fiber and indicating the magnetic field source location. The longitudinal distribution of the magnetic field along the fiber is detected with high accuracy. The simplicity of the demonstrated sensor would be useful for, e.g., magnetic-field mapping of photonics- and/or spintronics-based integrated circuits.

Methanogenic Archaea as Catalysts for Magnetite Formation in Iron‐Rich Marine Sediments

AbstractFine‐grained authigenic magnetite has been recognized increasingly in iron‐rich marine environments affected by methane seepage and is a major sedimentary magnetization source. However, it is unknown whether this magnetite forms via microbial or abiotic processes. We report here abundant fine magnetite crystals, in close association with goethite, within coarse‐grained sediments from two adjacent methane seepage sites in the South China Sea. The magnetite‐ and goethite‐rich horizons have sharply increased Zr/Ti, Zr/Rb, Ti/Al, and Fe/Al ratios, probably reflecting deposition by turbidity currents. Deeper intervals have elevated pyrite content, positive δ34S excursions of chromium reducible sulfur, and low magnetic susceptibilities, which is consistent with past sulfate‐driven anaerobic oxidation of methane in environments with dynamically variable seepage intensity. In magnetically extracted aggregates (>63 μm), magnetite particles are mainly clustered euhedral crystals with 0.2–0.8 μm sizes, which will likely impact sedimentary magnetic signals. The fine, euhedral crystalline nature of the magnetite suggests formation in sulfide‐free, ferrous iron‐rich sedimentary environments. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, anaerobic methanotrophic archaea coincide with pyrite rich horizons. In contrast, two co‐occurring methanogenic archaea groups of the Methanomicrobia class (mainly Methanosarcina and Methanocella) are particularly abundant in turbidites but have low abundance in all other horizons. Increased Methanomicrobia abundances suggest that this class of archaea may be involved in microbial iron reduction in turbidites with abundant goethite as a reactive iron source, and that they apparently trigger magnetite formation. Our findings provide new clues to microbial magnetite formation in iron‐rich marine sediments.

A Rapid Localization Method Based on Super Resolution Magnetic Array Information for Unknown Number Magnetic Sources.

A rapid method that uses super-resolution magnetic array data is proposed to localize an unknown number of magnets in a magnetic array. A magnetic data super-resolution (SR) neural network was developed to improve the resolution of a magnetic sensor array. The approximate 3D positions of multiple targets were then obtained based on the normalized source strength (NSS) and magnetic gradient tensor (MGT) inversion. Finally, refined inversion of the position and magnetic moment was performed using a trust region reflective algorithm (TRR). The effectiveness of the proposed method was examined using experimental field data collected from a magnetic sensor array. The experimental results showed that all the targets were successfully captured in multiple trials with three to five targets with an average positioning error of less than 3 mm and an average time of less than 300 ms.

Enhancing magnetic drug targeting efficiency through computational analysis: Investigating Particle-RBC interaction and non-newtonian blood behavior

Cancer stands as a foremost global mortality determinant, characterized by a persistent deficit in therapeutic modalities capable of reliably and efficiently conveying anti-cancer pharmaceutical agents to profound tissue loci. Within this context, magnetic drug targeting (MDT) has emerged as an innovative approach to cancer management, offering the promise of minimal adverse effects. Accordingly, the current investigation endeavors to evaluate the capture efficacy (CE) of drug-loaded nanoparticles under the influence of an external magnetic field. To this end, a cylindrical neodymium magnet (NdFeB) is employed as the magnetic source. The finite element method (FEM) was utilized to solve the governing equations. The effect of several parameters, including particle diameter, drag force, blood properties, magnetic field intensity, blood’s non-Newtonian behavior, and particle-RBC interaction on the CE of nanoparticles has been investigated. Simultaneous effect of interaction forces and non-Newtonian behavior of blood on the capturing nanoparticles at the tumor site is considered as the novelty of the present work. Taking into account these two parameters will provide more realistic results. Finding showed that the magnetic field intensity and particles’ diameter positively affect the nanoparticles’ CE. For example, by increasing particle diameter from 250 nm to 1500 nm, the CE is increased from 22 % to 53 %, respectively. In addition, it was revealed that consideration of the particle-red blood cell (RBC) interaction, on average, causes a decrease in the CE of nanoparticles by up to 20 %. Regarding the non-Newtonian behavior of blood, it was found that considering blood as non-Newtonian fluid would decrease, on average, 25 % of CE of nanoparticles compared to Newtonian fluid. Results revealed that simultaneous considering the non-Newtonian behavior of blood and interaction forces significantly affect the CE of nanoparticles.

First-principles study on the coexistence of different valence states of Zn vacancy, Cu1+/2+ doping, and Hi in ZnO magnetic switch

In this study, we used first principles to investigate the magnetic sources and switches of Zn34Cu1+HiO36(VZn0), Zn34Cu1+HiO36(VZn2−), Zn34Cu2+HiO36(VZn0), and Zn34Cu2+HiO36(VZn2−) systems. On the basis of formation energy, phonon spectrum, and temporal variation of energy, we concluded that the above systems were all in a stable state. The doped system can be magnetized by adjusting the valence state of Zn vacancy, and the Zn34Cu1+HiO36(VZn0) and Zn34Cu2+HiO36(VZn2−) systems demonstrated magnetism. We found that the Zn34Cu1+HiO36(VZn0) system acquired magnetism through (O.↓↑+VZn")x⇔(↑O.+VZn"+↑O.)x⇔(↑O.+VZn"+↓O.)x super- and double-exchange interactions, whereas the magnetism of the Zn34Cu2+HiO36(VZn2−) system originated mainly from the action of the O1−–VZn2−–Cu2+-bound magnetic polaron and double exchange. Our theory provides a new approach for the use of magnetic switches in magnetic semiconductors.

Theoretical analyses and experimental study on the factors influencing the pressure resistance of the magnetorheological grease seal with pinch mode pole piece

This paper mainly focuses on experimental research and theoretical analysis on the pressure resistance capability of magnetorheological grease rotary shaft sealing with pinch mode pole piece structure. Combining magnetorheological grease and pinch mode pole piece structure, the using of permanent magnet as magnetic source is aiming to reduce the lag of yield stress establishment and release. Herein, the micro-nano composite magnetorheological grease was prepared. Right after the synthesis process, its magnetization properties and rheological properties were scientifically and systematically characterized. The influence of different gaps and tooth widths on the magnetic induction intensity is analyzed by finite element method. Based on the theoretical method, the pressure resistance capacity induced by magnetic force is calculated. By comparing the theoretical calculation and experimental results of the pressure resistance, the cause of error and failure is analyzed.

Selection of Euler deconvolution solutions using the enhanced horizontal gradient and stable vertical differentiation

Abstract Euler deconvolution is widely used for interpreting magnetic anomalies as it estimates the edges and depths of magnetic sources. Since this method was proposed, there has been an intensive effort to mitigate its primary deficiencies, namely, the generation of many spurious solutions and the high noise sensitivity. To select the most significant solutions, we adopt the strategy of constraining the moving window to the source edges, whose locations are estimated using the enhanced horizontal gradient amplitude method. On the other hand, we reduce noise propagation by performing a stable calculation of the vertical derivatives. For this purpose, we use the β-VDR method, a finite-difference method that yields a robust approximation of the vertical derivatives of magnetic data. The accuracy of the proposed technique is demonstrated on synthetic magnetic anomalies, providing the depths more precisely and being insensitive to noise. Application of this technique is also demonstrated on aeromagnetic anomalies from the Olympic Peninsula (USA), where the obtained result is in good agreement with known information of the study region.

Simultaneous and Independent Control of Multiple Swimming Magnetic Microrobots by Stabilizer Microrobot

This paper presents a new strategy for simultaneous control of multiple magnetic Micro Robots (MRs) improving stability and robustness with respect to external disturbances. Independent control of multiple MRs, can enhance efficiency and allows for performing more challenging applications. In this study, we present a system consisting of a Helmholtz coil and 2N Permanent Magnets (PMs), rotated by servomotors, to control several MRs. We have also improved the system’s stability by adding a larger MR (stabilizer MR). This MR can be moved all around the workspace and works as a moving internal magnetic field source. Thanks to this moveable magnetic field, other MRs are more stable against environmental disturbances. By simulating simultaneous and independent control of multiple MRs, we demonstrate the advantages of using the stabilizer MR (more than 20 percent reduction in tracking error and control effort). In addition, we evaluate experimentally our proposed method to independently control the position of three MRs using a stabilizer MR demonstrating the efficacy of the strategy.

Influence of cross baffle on heat transfer of nanofluid flow inside circular pipe in existence of electromagnetic field: Computational study

The usage of electromagnetic sources for the improvement of the heat transfer of ferrofluid is an efficient method in heat exchangers. In this article, the effects of the non-uniform electromagnetic field on the thermal characteristics of the nanofluid with 4 % nanoparticles of Fe3O4 streaming inside the pipe with a double cross barrier are extensively investigated. To simulate the nanofluid flow, Computational Fluid Dynamic is applied and a three-dimensional model is chosen to reveal the main effects of the electromagnetic field on the thermal efficiency of the nanofluid flow. The main novelty of this work is related to the application of the cross baffle and non-uniform magnetic field for the heat transfer improvements. The achieved results show that the existence of the electromagnetic field and cross barrier facilitates the production of the vortex inside the pipe. Therefore, the thermal layer diffusion into the stream more efficiently, and the thermal efficiency of nanofluid is improved. The influence of magnetic field intensity also shows that increasing the thermal efficiency is a direct function of magnetic source intensity.

Application of Euler and Werner deconvolution techniques in delineating tin deposit in Okeso area, Southwestern, Nigeria

The Okeso pegmatites field was evaluated using magnetic method within abandoned mining site close to the southeastern region of Ojoku area. The study aims to delineate, identify geological boundaries and determine depth of tin deposits in the area. The acquired magnetic data was enhanced with the combination of 3D Euler and Werner deconvolution methods. Five magnetic profiles were selected and carried out on the residual anomalies around the abandoned mine site at Okeso with three of the profile lines were in the NW-SE direction and two in the NE-SW direction. The residual magnetic anomalies showed the magnetic susceptibilities of ≤ 4.5118 × 10−3 nT in the ore bearing pegmatite within the basement rocks. Results from profiles of Werner deconvolution identified some shallow tectonic structures like fractures, pegmatites and faults which are capable of hosting metallic tin deposits. The depth to the magnetic source varies from a minimum to a maximum of 300 m to 1200 m below the subsurface in all selected profiles, suggesting the shallow nature of the magnetic source in the area. Additionally, the dip angle ranges from 5.60 to 81.20, potentially attributed to Pan-African shallow structures according to the contact model. Solutions obtained from the structural index of contact and dyke reveals the presence of dyke formation and boundaries which separate rocks from one another. The trend of the lineaments/ fractures which were likely established during the Pan-African orogeny is dominant in the NE-SW direction, conforms with the trends obtained for basement structures in previous studies. Depth range produced by 3D Euler deconvolution is from 50 - 1000 m for all the lineaments. This gives an insight of approximate depth range of all the lineaments/ fractures across the whole map in the study area unlike, Werner deconvolution which is profile biased. The identical signature from all profiles implies that the tin deposit is relatively uniform, extending to a great depth in the area. This represents economically viable quantity and makes it a worthy target for investors.

Application of Euler and Werner deconvolution techniques in delineating tin deposit in Okeso area, Southwestern, Nigeria

The Okeso pegmatites field was evaluated using magnetic method within abandoned mining site close to the southeastern region of Ojoku area. The study aims to delineate, identify geological boundaries and determine depth of tin deposits in the area. The acquired magnetic data was enhanced with the combination of 3D Euler and Werner deconvolution methods. Five magnetic profiles were selected and carried out on the residual anomalies around the abandoned mine site at Okeso with three of the profile lines were in the NW-SE direction and two in the NE-SW direction. The residual magnetic anomalies showed the magnetic susceptibilities of ≤ 4.5118 × 10−3 nT in the ore bearing pegmatite within the basement rocks. Results from profiles of Werner deconvolution identified some shallow tectonic structures like fractures, pegmatites and faults which are capable of hosting metallic tin deposits. The depth to the magnetic source varies from a minimum to a maximum of 300 m to 1200 m below the subsurface in all selected profiles, suggesting the shallow nature of the magnetic source in the area. Additionally, the dip angle ranges from 5.60 to 81.20, potentially attributed to Pan-African shallow structures according to the contact model. Solutions obtained from the structural index of contact and dyke reveals the presence of dyke formation and boundaries which separate rocks from one another. The trend of the lineaments/ fractures which were likely established during the Pan-African orogeny is dominant in the NE-SW direction, conforms with the trends obtained for basement structures in previous studies. Depth range produced by 3D Euler deconvolution is from 50 - 1000 m for all the lineaments. This gives an insight of approximate depth range of all the lineaments/ fractures across the whole map in the study area unlike, Werner deconvolution which is profile biased. The identical signature from all profiles implies that the tin deposit is relatively uniform, extending to a great depth in the area. This represents economically viable quantity and makes it a worthy target for investors.

Enhancement of thermal energy transfer behind a double consecutive expansion utilizing a variable magnetic field

This research focuses on utilizing non-uniform magnetic fields, induced by dipoles, to control and enhance thermal energy transfer in a two-dimensional cooling conduit including a double backward-facing step. The presence of electronic equipment along the straight channel path creates such arrangements, and cooling is often ineffective in the corners of the formed steps. The use of a non-constant magnetic field is a passive technique to improve the cooling rate in these sections without changing the internal geometry, thereby increasing the heat transfer rate. A commercial software based on the finite volume technique is employed to solve the governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer. Multiple parameters are examined in this study, including the flow Reynolds number (12.5–50), dipole location and strength (0.1–5 A-m), and the number of dipoles (single or double). The results indicate that all of these parameters have a significant impact on the thermal energy transfer. The results of the study show that a single dipole increase the average heat transfer by about 22%, two magnetic fields by 40%, the strength of the magnetic source by 24% with respect to the non-magnetic field in the present study.

Magnetic hyperfine interaction made easier

We present two derivations of the hyperfine interaction in the ground state of hydrogen using classical electrodynamics. We calculate, at the site of the proton moment m→p, the magnetic field B→e due to the magnetization source M→e(r→) of the relatively extended 1 s electron state. This gives the magnetic interaction via −m→p·B→e. One derivation applies the Biot–Savart law to the bound 1 s electric current J→b=∇→×M→ to directly find B→e; the other derivation applies the magnetic version of the Coulomb Law to the bound 1 s magnetic charge density ρb=−∇→·M→ to first obtain μ0H→e and then adds μ0M→ to find B→e. We show, for any source M→, that these two approaches give the same B→(r→), as is expected within classical electrodynamics.

Thermal analysis of the water-based micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow comprising diamond and copper nanomaterials past an extending surface

This research demonstrates that hybrid nanofluids are superior to traditional fluids in terms of their capacity to transmit heat. An intensive investigation of hybrid nanofluids is needed to fill gaps in knowledge of heat transmission improvement methods. Therefore, scientists and researchers are combining different solid particles in various base fluids to boost the material's thermal conductivity. That's why the author has combined diamond and copper nanoparticles in a water solvent to examine the two-dimensional, steady, and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) hybrid micropolar nanofluid flow over a permeable extending surface through the porous media. The Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux model is used to assess the heat and mass diffusion occurrences in temperature and concentration distributions. The similarity transformations are used to convert the PDEs along with their related boundary constraints into a set of nonlinear ODEs. A semi-analytical method known as HAM is used with the help of MATHEMATICA software to perform an analytical analysis on the set of nonlinear ODEs. The impacts of many important factors on the velocity, microrotation, thermal, and concentration functions are demonstrated through graphs and discussed in detail. The study results demonstrate that velocity distribution is a declining function of the magnetic field and porosity parameter. The magnetic field, Brownian motion, heat source, thermophoresis, and radiation parameters have positively influenced the thermal profile, while the thermal relaxation parameter has a negative influence on it. Nanoparticle volume fraction improves the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Heat transfer and skin friction are both amplified by the magnetic field. The skin-friction coefficient improves with an increase in the permeability parameter and the volume percentage of nanoparticles. Also, nanoparticles volume fraction enhances the mass transfer rate. Hybrid nanofluids have superior thermal characteristics over regular fluids.

Geothermal resource potentials estimation from the interpretation of aeromagnetic data over parts of Southwestern Nigeria

In a bid to explore unconventional electricity generation sources and reduce effects of fossil fuels, this study evaluates geothermal resource potentials over parts of Southwestern Nigeria, precisely depth to the bottom of magnetic source (DBMS), heat flow, geothermal gradient and their relationships. Regional-residual anomaly separation was conducted, and spectral analysis was applied on the residual anomaly component of 14 aeromagnetic data sheets. Depth to the bottom of magnetic source varies between 1.87 and 6.26 km, with average value of 3.50 km, heat flow varies between 23.18 and 77.38 mWm−2, with average value of 43.79 mWm−2, while geothermal gradient varies between 9.27 and 30.95 oC/km with average value of 17.52 oC/km. Northcentral region has the highest heat flow (77.4 mWm−2), followed by Northeast (68.3 mWm−2), Southwest has the least (< 40.0 mWm−2) while Southeast has values in between the extremes. A comparison between the average heat flow and that of ‘thermally stable’ continental regions of the world (60 or 65) mW/m2 gives 72.98 or 67.37% respectively. The estimated heat is probably from mantle plumes, radioactive sources or heat generated from pressures within basements that are overlaid by thick thermally insulated sediments, hence hot magmatic fluid flows into fractured basement and cause hydrothermal alterations of surrounding rocks. Since most geodynamic operations depends on thermal structure of the earth’s crust, the result of this study has undoubtedly contributed significantly to the body of existing thermal knowledge and closed the information gap regarding crustal temperature distribution at depth in Southwest part of Nigeria and Nigeria in general.

In situ measurement of triaxial coil constants for optically pumped magnetometer based on higher-order parametric resonance

We demonstrated a method for in-situ measurement of triaxial magnetic field coil constants of optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) operating in the spin-exchanged relaxation-free (SERF) regime based on higher-order parametric resonances. The triaxial coil constants play a vital role in achieving optimal operation of the OPM and amplitude calibration of weak signals such as magnetoencephalography (MEG). The measurement of the triaxial magnetic field coil constants is therefore particularly critical. Compared to the previous methods, our method is convenient and universal for practical application and commercialization. It does not require a complicated fitting process for measurements, and is applicable to both single- and dual-beam configurations of OPMs which are prevalent in current applications. The feasibility of the method is verified by simulation and experiment, and the average measurement errors of the triaxial coil constants of the OPM in single- and dual-beam configurations are 0.75 % and 1.74 %, respectively. This method holds substantial implications for calibrating and optimizing arrayed OPM systems, with the potential to enhance the measurement sensitivity and the accuracy of magnetic source localization in triaxial OPM-MEG systems.

Novel hybrid chemical magnetorheological fluid for polishing Ti–6Al–4V alloy

ABSTRACT This study presents a highly efficient chemical and magnetorheological fluid (C-MRF) hybrid polishing process established by using an eco-friendly slurry of malic acid, Fe3O4–SiO2 abrasive particles, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant, all mixed with purified water, highlighting its efficacy in a wide range of polishing applications. Herein, the polishing processes of Ti–6Al–4V alloy utilizing C-MRF with on Fe3O4–SiO2 abrasives are detailed, and the polishing performance is assessed by investigating the influence of oxidizing agent H2O2 and acid malic to the surface finish of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The linear variable magnetic field by improved Halbach array was proposed to improve the material removal rate and surface quality and create a polishing process with a highly efficient magnetic field source. Single-factor and orthogonal experimental analysis methods are applied to provide the technological parameters factors with varying influences on surface quality and material removal ability.

Further insights into steady three-dimensional MHD Sakiadis flows of radiating-reacting viscoelastic nanofluids via Wakif’s-Buongiorno and Maxwell’s models

AbstractKeeping in mind the stress relaxation tendency of many viscoelastic multi-phase flows (e.g., polymer solution flows and transport phenomena of red cell suspensions within blood media), the present research investigation intends principally to develop a realistic model for revealing properly the aspects of reacting-radiating Maxwell nanofluids during their laminar boundary layer flows in the steady regime over a horizontal impermeable surface under a transversal magnetic influence. For this purpose, the principal leading differential formulation is derived theoretically by linking Wakif’s-Buongiorno approach with Maxwell’s model. By invoking fundamentally the general boundary layer assumptions and the passive control strategy for the nanoparticles, the governing PDEs’ formulation is simplified accordingly and then stated properly for the case of the convective heating condition at the impermeable bi-stretching surface. By executing a feasible non-dimensionalization technique, the monitoring ODEs’ system is achieved successfully, whose solutions are presented precisely in different illustrative scenarios using Richardson’s extrapolation method. After carrying out successfully several validating tests, it is demonstrated that the weakly viscoelastic feature has generally a slight delaying effect on the nanofluid motion. This dynamical weakening can be reinforced more with the generation of thermal energy by intensifying the external magnetic field source. Additionally, these physical factors show an intensifying influence on the surface drag forces. However, a dropping impression is seen for the local heat transfer at the contact surface. Contrary to the broadening impact of the radiative heat transfer as well as the convective heating and thermophoresis mechanisms on the thermal and mass boundary layer regions, it is witnessed that the first-order chemical reaction mechanism and Brownian’s motion exhibit a shrinking impact on the mass boundary layer region.