Magnetic Polymer Research Articles

Triple-template surface imprinted magnetic polymers for wide-coverage extraction of steroid hormones from human serum.

In this study, novel triple-template magnetic nanospheres by surface imprinting, called triple-template magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (tri-MMIPs), were prepared for the detection of steroid hormones in human serum. The polymers were constructed by Fe3O4 as support, estrone (E1), progesterone (PROG), and estradiol (E2) as triple templates, acrylic acid (AA) as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker. The resulting tri-MMIPs were further characterized and applied as sorbents in human serum pretreatment. Coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) profiling after derivatization, 15 steroids (E1, 6-ketoE1, 4-OHE1, 16α-OHE1, DHEA, 4-MeOE1, PROG, PREG, 17-OHPROG, 7-DHE2, E2, 2-OHE2, 16-epiE3, E3, 2-MeOE2) were successfully quantified. The developed method exhibited a good recovery (78.9-114%) and low limit of quantitation (LLOQ, 5-10pg/mL), which indicates a great potential for application in the analysis of multiple steroid hormones in complex biological samples.

Performance enhancement of a magnetoactive elastomer actuator through a coupled magnetoelastic topology optimization scheme

Abstract We have found that considering local magnetic fields, large deformations, and magnetoelastic coupling simultaneously significantly affect the resulting shape in magnetoelastic topology optimization in a uniaxial actuator case. In contrast to the work presented here, other works incorporate magnetoelastic formulations that include simplifying assumptions on the local field, and subsequent effects on the magnetization response of the material, or the absence of large deformation mechanics, or both. These assumptions were shown to produce solutions that differ substantively from cases where local fields and large deformations are addressed concurrently. Magnetoelastic topology optimization schemes are needed to optimize magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) devices. MAE devices are magnetic particle-filled polymer matrices designed for specific actuations and controlled remotely by an external magnetic field. They garner considerable research interest as an emerging technology for actuators in soft robots or in applications requiring untethered actuation. The material properties of MAEs are dependent on the volume fraction of particles in the elastomer matrix, where a high-volume fraction increases relative permeability (for soft magnetic particles) but also increases elastic modulus. For optimal actuation, a tradeoff between low stiffness and high magnetic response must be made by adjusting volume fraction and controlling material placement. Using a topology optimization scheme that considers both the magnetic and mechanical properties of the material, the shape and material composition of the device can be tuned to best achieve the desired actuation displacement. In this work, a density-based magnetoelastic multimaterial topology optimization scheme for soft magnetic material is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics. The optimization scheme uses multiphysics coupling that considers local magnetic fields and large deformations at each iteration through a Maxwell stress tensor formulation. A simulated example is then considered to demonstrate the effectiveness and necessity of a coupled optimization. The effect of considering large deformations during optimization is also investigated. It was found that a coupled topology optimization scheme with large deformations produced shapes with modes of actuation not captured by schemes with simplifying assumptions, leading to better performance at lower material cost. Considering large deformations in the coupled scheme offered significantly better performance, with an increase of 81.3% in a side-by-side performance simulation when compared to uncoupled cases.

A magnetic epitope-imprinted microsphere used for selective separation and rapid detection of SHV-type β-lactamases in bacteria: a novel strategy of antimicrobial resistance detection

BackgroundThe production of β-lactamases is the most prevalent resistance mechanism for β-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. Presently, over 4900 β-lactamases have been discovered, and they are categorized into hundreds of families. In each enzyme family, amino acid substitutions result in subtle changes to enzyme hydrolysis profiles; in contrast, certain conserved sequences retained by all of the family members can serve as important markers for enzyme family identification.ResultsThe SHV family was chosen as the study object. First, a unique 10-mer peptide was identified as SHV family's epitope by an approach of protein fingerprint analysis. Then, an SHV-specific magnetic epitope-imprinted gel polymer (MEI-GP) was prepared by an epitope surface imprinting technique, and its sorption behavior and recognition mechanism for template epitope and SHV were both elaborated. Finally, the MEI-GP was successfully applied to selectively extract SHV from bacteria, and the extracted SHV was submitted to MALDI-TOF MS for specific determination. By following this strategy, other β-lactamase families can also be specifically detected. According to the molecular weight displayed in mass spectra, the kind of β-lactamase and its associated hydrolysis profile on β-lactams can be easily identified. Based on this, an initial drug option scheme can be quickly formulated for antimicrobial therapy. From protein extraction to medication guidance reporting, the mean time to detection (MTTD) was less than 2 h, which is much faster than conventional phenotype-based methods (at least 16–20 h) and gene-based techniques (usually about 8 h).ConclusionsThis enzyme-specific detection strategy combined the specificity of epitope imprinting with the sensitivity of mass spectrometry, enabling β-lactamase to be selectively extracted from bacteria and clearly presented in mass spectra. Compared with other drug resistance detection methods, this technique has good specificity, high sensitivity (≤ 15 mg of bacteria), a short MTTD (less than 2 h), and simple operation, and therefore has a broad application prospect in clinical medicine.Graphical

A dual-capture-system polymer based on imprinted cavities and post-imprinting modification sites with significantly improved affinity and specificity for sialic acid and sialylated glycoprotein

The abnormal expression of N-acetylneuraminic acid (SA) and sialylated glycoproteins in biological fluids are closely associated with various diseases including cancer. However, the low content of SA and the strong interference of complex matrix greatly influence the effective capture of SA in biosamples prior to analysis. Herein, a dual-capture-system strategy based on molecular imprinting and post-imprinting modification (PIM) was proposed to precisely capture SA with improved binding affinity and specificity. After imprinting with SA as template, dynamic imine bonds are introduced by post-imprinting modification, enabling sufficiently high specificity to capture SA through imprinting cavities and the dynamic imine bonds hydrolysis reaction simultaneously. The prepared magnetic PIM polymers (Mag-MIPs-PIM) exhibited significantly high specificity both for SA (IF = 4.24) and sialylated glycoprotein (IFTRF = 3.50). In addition, the feasibility of Mag-MIPs-PIM for practical application was demonstrated by association with HPLC for the determination of SA in human serum, and an LOD of 0.01 × 10−2 g L−1 was obtained. The proposed strategy based on molecular imprinting and PIM provides a new inspiration for the improvement of selectivity of the molecularly imprinted polymers.

Improving enzyme immobilization: A new carrier-based magnetic polymer for enhanced covalent binding of laccase enzyme

In the quest for effective enzyme immobilization methods, this study focuses on synthesizing carrier-based magnetic polymer to enhance the covalent binding of T. versicolor laccase. Utilizing chitosan (CS) and alginate (ALG) composites, modified with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), we aimed to improve the enzyme's stability, reusability, and performance under varying conditions. The ionic gelation method was employed to prepare CS-ALG and CS-ALG-Fe3O4 MNPs composites, resulting in an 84 % and 91 % immobilization efficiency. The immobilized enzyme demonstrated superior thermal stability, retaining 48 % activity for CS-ALG-laccase and 67 % for CS-ALG-Fe3O4 MNPs-laccase at 70 °C, compared to 29 % for the free enzyme. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the composites, revealing significant morphological changes and successful enzyme integration. Kinetic studies indicated that immobilization increased the Vmax to 141 μmol/min for CS-ALG-laccase and 111 μmol/min for CS-ALG-Fe3O4 MNPs-laccase, while slightly reducing substrate affinity (Km) to 1.42 mM−1 and 1.32 mM−1, respectively. The immobilized laccase retained higher activity after ten reaction cycles (81 % activity for CS-ALG-Fe3O4 MNPs-laccase) and during prolonged storage (75 % activity retention), showcasing its potential for industrial applications. Additionally, the enzyme exhibited increased resistance to various organic solvents, enhancing its practical utility.

Fabrication of functional interface on magnetic beads via various amino acids and their application in chemiluminescent immunoassay as carrier

Magnetic polymer microspheres with superparamagnetism, high specificity, and monodispersity play a crucial role in the field of in vitro diagnostics. However, the surface modification process of magnetic beads is often complex, and it remains a significant challenge to prepare high-performance magnetic beads easily. To overcome these drawbacks, herein we fabricated functional interface on magnetic bead with the various amino acid via the ring-opening reaction of amino acids with epoxy groups, with attempt to produce carboxylated magnetic beads (MPS-GA) in a convenient way. Results indicate that when compared to other amino acids, the phenylalanine magnetic beads (MPS-GA1) developed in this study exhibit strong adsorption for mouse immunoglobulin (IgG), streptavidin (SA), and protamine (PA), with an IgG adsorption capacity of 53.5μg/mg and a coupling capacity of 52.5μg/mg. It is found that electrostatic forces and hydrophobic interactions are key factors influencing biomolecular interactions. Additionally, these magnetic beads can generate strong chemiluminescent signals, significantly reducing background levels by up to 99.7%. Therefore, the magnetic beads proposed in this paper can serve as carriers for chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), providing new insights into the synthesis of high-quality magnetic bead.

Green and Mild Fabrication of Magnetic Poly(trithiocyanuric acid) Polymers for Rapid and Selective Separation of Mercury(II) Ions in Aqueous Samples.

The removal and detection of highly toxic mercury(II) ions (Hg2+) in water used daily is essential for human health and monitoring environmental pollution. Efficient porous organic polymers (POPs) can provide a strong adsorption capacity toward heavy metal ions, although the complex synthetic process and inconvenient phase separation steps limit their application. Hence, a combination of POPs and magnetic nanomaterials was proposed and a new magnetic porous organic polymer adsorbent was fabricated by a green and mild redox reaction in the aqueous phase with trithiocyanuric acid (TA) and its sodium salts acting as reductive monomers and iodine acting as an oxidant. In the preparation steps, no additional harmful organic solvent is required and the byproducts of sodium iodine are generally considered to be non-toxic. The resulting magnetic poly(trithiocyanuric acid) polymers (MPTAPs) are highly porous, have large surface areas, are rich in sulfhydryl groups and show easy magnetic separation ability. The experimental results show that MPTAPs exhibit good adsorption affinity toward Hg2+ with high selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics (10 min), a large adsorption capacity (211 mg g-1) and wide adsorption applicability under various pH environments (pH 2~8). Additionally, MPTAPs can be reused for up to 10 cycles, and the magnetic separation step of MPTAPs is fast and convenient, reducing energy consumption compared to centrifugation and filtration steps required for non-magnetic adsorbents. These results demonstrate the promising capability of MPTAPs as superior adsorbents for effective adsorption and separation of Hg2+. Based on this, the prepared MPTAPs were adopted as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) materials for isolation of trace Hg2+ from aqueous samples. Under optimized conditions, the extraction and quantification of trace Hg2+ in water samples were accomplished using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection after MSPE procedures. The proposed MPTAPs-based MSPE-ICP-MS method is efficient, rapid, sensitive and selective for the determination of trace Hg2+, and was successfully employed for the accurate analysis of trace Hg2+ in tap water, wastewater, lake water and river water samples.

Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic Polymeric Micro- and Nanocomposites for Industrial Applications

ABSTRACT To optimize cost and weight and streamline the manufacturing process of existing soft magnetic components, which currently rely on metallic soft magnetic particles, an innovative approach involving the preparation of high-performance magnetic polymeric composites is proposed. These composites are based on soft magnetic ferrite particles with high Curie temperature and magnetic saturation, along with low coercivity and remanent magnetization, and are used as fillers in thermoplastic polymers. To achieve these goals, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) micro- and nanoparticles were synthesized by two different methos: solid-state reaction and coprecipitation. The as-obtained particles were used to fabricate soft magnetic polymer composites by extrusion and injection molding methods. The successful synthesis of cobalt ferrite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. The magnetic behavior of cobalt ferrites and polymer composites was also investigated by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). This study shows that these new high-performance soft magnetic polymer composites can be used as alternative materials for the manufacture of magnetic components such as inductors and transformers and that their low cost and lightweight make them suitable for the manufacture of magnetic components.

Stimulus-responsive magnetic enzyme-encapsulated coordination polymer for the potential field monitoring of alkaline phosphatase using personal glucometer

Stimulus-responsive magnetic enzyme-encapsulated coordination polymer for the potential field monitoring of alkaline phosphatase using personal glucometer

Porous polymeric materials prepared via pickering emulsion templating targeted as a bronsted acid catalyst in room-temperature biodiesel production

The present work is about preparing a set of magnetic macroporous polymers using the Pickering high internal phase w/o emulsions (HIPEs) templating method. The octyl-modified core-shell magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2-Octyl) were used as a solid stabilizer and Span 80 surfactant to stabilize the HIPEs. The effect of Fe3O4@SiO2-Octyl content, Span 80 content, and molar ratio of styrene/divinylbenzene (St/DVB) on physical properties, morphology, pore size, and void size of the macroporous polyHIPEs was precisely evaluated. The optimized polyHIPE prepared by 2 wt% of Fe3O4@SiO2-Octyl nanoparticles, 9 wt% of Span 80, and St/DVB molar ratio of 8 with the porosity of 86±1.1 % and an average pore size of 4.1 µm was selected as catalyst support to functionalize with sulfonic acid groups. The resulting catalyst (polyHIPE–SO3H) showed excellent performance in reacting long-chain free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol to give fatty acid monoalkyl esters (FAMEs) at room temperature. In this way, the polyHIPE–SO3H was found to be very active and reusable in the mentioned process, giving high yields (∼92–98 %) of various biodiesel compounds under very mild reaction conditions and recycling in the next subsequent runs without significant loss of activity.

Leveraging anchoring ligands for efficient one-pot solvothermal synthesis of PDMS functionalized iron oxide polymer nanocomposites (PNC’s)

Producing substantial quantities of high purity, narrow size distribution, magnetic polymer nanocomposites (PNC’s) has been a challenge for the nanoparticle synthesis community. In this study, we introduce a novel one-pot solvothermal synthesis technique to produce a type of PNC known as a ferrofluid. By employing a polymer (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) modified with anchoring ligands as the surfactant, we eliminate the need for a post-synthesis ligand exchange, resulting in high yield and purity of the final product. This approach offers greater flexibility in polymer selection and simplifies the synthetic process. Electron microscopy, magnetic characterization, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis were employed to investigate particle size, crystallinity, magnetic behavior, and surface environment. Our findings suggest that this new synthetic technique could significantly advance the development of magnetic nanoparticle-based theranostics.

Regulating the N-functional hydrogen bond donors over magnetic nanoparticles supported imidazole tribromide zinc ionic liquid for CO2 cycloaddition

The design of catalysts for the mile production of cyclic carbonates by CO2 cycloaddition is of value. Magnetic polymer nanoparticles-supported imidazole tribromide zinc ionic liquid catalysts, incorporating N-functional hydrogen bond donors (HBD), was successfully accomplished. The correlation between the N-functional HBD and catalytic activity was thoroughly investigated through experimental studies and DFT calculations. The catalyst featuring a secondary amine group (NHM) demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance in CO2 cycloaddition reactions. Under optimized conditions, including 0.12 mol% catalyst dose, 100 °C, and nPO:nCO2 = 1:1.2 for 3 h, a complete conversion was achieved. The exceptional performance of the catalyst was attributed to the multicenter synergistic effect, arising from the appropriate electronegativity, minimal spatial site resistance, a balanced distance between the NHM and imidazolium ion, and the presence of multiple active centers (NHM, Zn2+, and Br−). The integration of a magnetic component enabled swift separation and exceptional recovery stability over 8 consecutive cycles.

Simultaneous Removal of Eriochrome Black T and Chromate Anions from Aqueous Solution Using Functionalized Hybrid Magnetic Polymers

Simultaneous Removal of Eriochrome Black T and Chromate Anions from Aqueous Solution Using Functionalized Hybrid Magnetic Polymers

β-Cyclodextrin based magnetic hyper-crosslinked polymer: A recyclable adsorbent for effective preconcentration of triazine herbicides in complex sample matrices

High efficiency enrichment and trace analysis of triazine herbicide residues are crucial for ensuring environmental and food safety. Herein, a series of magnetic hyper-crosslinked polymers (CD-gs-MHCPs) were synthesized with different crosslinkers, which might possess different pore structure and surface area, so they might dispay variable adsorption performance. CD-gs-MHCP2 with dichloroxylene as crosslinker delivered superior adsorption ability for triazine herbicides (THs). The synergistic effect of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction, π-π stacking interaction and pore adsorption were proved to be the main adsorption mechanism. Combined CD-gs-MHCP2 based magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) with high-performance liquid chromatography, the quantitative analysis of THs in river water and vegetable samples (zucchini, pakchoi) was achieved. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factors for three different samples ranged from 94 to 244 and low detection limit (S/N = 3) of the four THs were obtained from 0.05 to 0.15 ng mL−1 for river water and 0.31–3.10 ng g−1 for vegetable samples. The method recoveries were in the range of 86.2 %–120 % with relative standard deviations lower than 7.4 %. This work not only offers a new strategy for fabrication β-CD-based HCPs, but also provided a practical and effective method for efficient isolation and sensitive detection of trace THs residues in complex samples.

Simulation and experimental study of tool passivation based on magnetic elastic abrasive particles

The presence of micro-cracks and serrations on the tool often leads to its premature failure. However, these microscopic defects can be mitigated through passivation treatment of the tool. Magnetoelastic abrasive particles are new composite particles formed by using abrasive phase particles, magnetic media phase particles and polymer matrix according to a certain ratio, the abrasive particles have both viscoelasticity and magnetic conductivity. The introduction of magnetoelastic abrasive grains into the dual-disk tool passivation equipment can effectively improve the surface quality of the tool and increase the passivation efficiency. At the outset, a model for tool passivation was crafted employing the ABAQUS simulation software. This model aimed to evaluate the effects of diverse passivation variables on the stress levels, the shape of the impact, and the depth of the impact experienced by the tool. Subsequently, by applying statistical theory combined with fitting function techniques, a mathematical model was constructed to determine the passivation volume of the tool subjected to multiple magnetic elastic abrasive particles. This model was then used to examine the impact count and passivation volume associated with each passivation factor. Finally, a tool passivation experiment was conducted using a dual-disk magnetic tool passivation device. The results showed that the smaller the impact velocity of magnetic elastic abrasive particles, the stress and impact depth of the cutting tool are decreasing, and the deformation of the cutting edge is caused by compressive stress. The error of impact depth calculated by simulation and mathematical model is within 20 %, which proves that the mathematical model can better calculate the impact depth of magnetic elastic abrasive particles on the cutting edge of the tool.

Selective solid phase extraction of folic acid from tomato as a biological source with a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer measured by fluorescence spectroscopy

AbstractA novel magnetic molecular-imprinted polymer (MMIP) was used to selectively extract folic acid directly from real samples. Folic acid was used as template molecule, Fe3O4/SiO2-3-triethoxysilyl-propyl-acrylamide as functional monomer, azobisisobutyronitrile as initiation, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker agent, and acrylamide as the secondary monomer in a mixed ethanol-water solvent. The effect of different parameters on the extraction efficiency was studied, and the optimum conditions were established as follows: the concentrations of crosslinking and template were fixed at 0.05 and 0.06 g, absorption percentage was 96.5, pH was adjusted to 8, and extraction time was 8 h with a temperature of 25 °C. By examining the effect of pH, we tried to investigate the effect of the amide groups that present in MMIP and its intermolecular hydrogen interaction with folic acid. After optimising the effective parameters in polymer synthesis and adsorption rate, a magnetic imprinting dispersive solid-phase extraction method combined with fluorescence spectrophotometry at λem = 367 nm (MMIP-DSPE-FL) was constructed for sensitive determination of folic acid in tomato samples. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) values were 30.00 ± 0.01 μg L−1 and 10.00 ± 0.03 μg L−1, respectively, after the MMIP-DSPE preconcentration. Three tomato samples were analysed to give recoveries in the range of 80.2–81.6%, with relative standard deviation values below 0.6% (n = 3). The prepared MMIP-DSPE showed high selectivity toward folic acid, which could be used six times without changing adsorption capacity. The adsorption isotherm of the folic acid-imprinted polymer pursued the Langmuir model (RL = 0.029), and the kinetics model followed pseudo-first-order (R2 = 0.9974).

Magnetically-Actuated Endoluminal Soft Robot With Electroactive Polymer Actuation for Enhanced Gait Performance

Abstract Endoluminal devices are indispensable in medical procedures in the natural lumina of the body, such as the circulatory system and gastrointestinal tract. In current clinical practice, there is a need for increased control and capabilities of endoluminal devices with less discomfort and risk to the patient. This paper describes the detailed modeling and experimental validation of a magneto-electroactive endoluminal soft (MEESo) robot concept that combines magnetic and electroactive polymer (EAP) actuation to improve the utility of the device. The proposed capsule-like device comprises two permanent magnets with alternating polarity connected by a soft, low-power ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) EAP body. A detailed model of the MEESo robot is developed to explore quantitatively the effects of dual magneto-electroactive actuation on the robot’s performance. It is shown that the robot’s gait is enhanced, during the magnetically-driven gait cycle, with IPMC body deformation. The concept is further validated by creating a physical prototype MEESo robot. Experimental results show that the robot’s performance increases up to 68% compared to no IPMC body actuation. These results strongly suggest that integrating EAP into the magnetically-driven system extends the efficacy for traversing tract environments.

DFT Modeling of Polyethylene Chains Cross-linked by Selected ns1 and ns2 Metal Atoms.

We analyze the structures, stabilities, and thermochemical properties of polyethylene (PE) oligomer chains cross-linked by metal (M) atoms through C-M-C bonds. Representative PEn-Mm-PEn complexes contain between 7 and 15 carbon atoms in each oligomer and one to three Li, Be, Mg, Zn, Ag, or Au cross-linking metal elements. PEn-Mm-PEn complexes are quasiplanar with nearly parallel PE chains. Their stability is determined by covalent C-M-C bonds accompanied by noncovalent dispersion interactions between PEn chains. Using the CAM-B3LYP+D3BJ+ABC functional, the binding energies of PE15-M-PE15 with respect to two PE15 radicals and metal fragments are -225, -230, -322, -551, -289, and -303 kJ/mol for Li, Ag, Au, Be, Mg, and Zn atoms, respectively. Entropy contributions (109 to 121 kJ/mol at 298.15 K) destabilize all complexes significantly. With two cross-linking metal elements in PE15-M2-PE15 complexes, binding energies are about double. Complexes with several open-shell Li, Ag, or Au doublet atoms have spins located on separated C-M-C bonds. High-spin PE15-Mm1-PE15-Mm2-PE15 complexes of three PE oligomers cross-linked by up to five doublet metal atoms create parallel PE tubes, which are suggested as elementary cells for modeling magnetic polymer tubes.

Interpreting the removal behaviours of aniline and 3,4-diaminotoluene on aromatic carbon-rich magnetic polymer: Statistical modelling, DFT quantitative calculations and new perspectives

The widespread presence of harmful and stubborn amine organic contaminants in aquatic environments motivated the exploration of efficient technologies for alleviating their serious environmental crisis. Herein, the recyclable magnetic Schiff base polymer (Fe3O4-TENE) with satisfactory and promising capacity in treating aniline and 3,4-diaminotoluene as representative amine organic contaminants was fabricated via a simple in-situ polymerization method, which combined the magnetic separability advantage of magnetic oxides with the abundant aromatic carbon content properties of Schiff base polymer. Multiple characterization methods verified the effectiveness of the in-situ polycondensation coating reaction and analyzed the physicochemical properties of Fe3O4-TENE. The Fe3O4-TENE possessed abundant homogeneous reaction sites and excellent regeneration performance, multiple diffusion driving forces and micro-mechanisms co-participated in the removal reaction. The adsorption pathway, underlying reaction mechanism and the most probable bonding system were identified based on the statistical modelling and DFT quantitative calculations. Especially, the visible electrostatic potential molecular and molecular orbitals verified the π-π interaction and electrostatic forces greatly contributed to the removal reaction. The Driving forces – Challenges – Breakthrough – Application framework was proposed for comprehensively assessing the possible environmental application of Fe3O4-TENE. Overall, this work not only provides important insights into the utilization of magnetic polymer composite to alleviate ecological and environmental risks caused by amine organic pollutants, but also contributes to an in-depth excavation of the bonding types and removal mechanisms from both micro and macro perspectives.

Preparation of Magnetic Spongy Porous Carbon Skeleton Materials for Efficient Removal of BTEX.

Magnetic polymer microspheres have been extensively utilized as separable and highly efficient adsorbents in wastewater treatment. In this study, a series of novel magnetic spongy porous carbon skeleton materials (Mag-SPCS) have been designed and synthesized by acetonitrile suspension precipitation polymerization, which combines the advantages of the acetonitrile precipitation method and the suspension polymerization method. It was demonstrated that the transformation of the material morphology from microspheres to a porous sponge was achieved by a gradual decrease in the usage amount of ethylene glycol. After N,N-dimethyloctadecylamine (C18) was grafted onto the Mag-SPCS materials, the C18-Mag-SPCS materials with a superhigh saturation adsorption capacity and superfast adsorption efficiency were used for the removal of BTEX (toluene, benzene, and para-xylene) in wastewater. Subsequently, the adsorption properties of the composites with different morphologies were evaluated, and the effect of the usage amount of C18 on the adsorption properties of the C18-Mag-SPCS was further investigated. The maximum adsorption capacities of C18-Mag-SPCS for benzene, toluene, and para-xylene were 714.84, 564.32, and 394.48 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process was conducted in accordance with the proposed secondary and Langmuir models. Finally, the FTIR, XPS, and XRD characterization results before and after adsorption demonstrated that the adsorption mechanism of toluene onto C18-Mag-SPCS was primarily hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and van der Waals forces. These findings of the study indicate that the composite material exhibits an ultrahigh saturation adsorption capacity and ultrafast adsorption efficiency, thereby confirming its considerable potential for application in wastewater treatment.