Magnetic Field Probe Research Articles

Model of the boundary layer of a vacuum-arc magnetic filter

A model is developed to describe the electrostatic boundary layer in a positively biased magnetic filter in filtered arcs with low collisionality. The set of equations used includes the electron momentum equation, with an anomalous collision term due to micro-instabilities leading to Bohm diffusion, electron mass conservation, and Poisson equation. Analytical solutions are obtained, valid for the regimes of interest, leading to an explicit expression to determine the electron density current to the filter wall as a function of the potential of the filter and the ratio of electron density at the plasma to that at the filter wall. Using a set of planar and cylindrical probes it is verified experimentally that the mentioned ratio of electron densities remains reasonably constant for different magnetic field values and probe bias, which allows to obtain a closed expression for the current. Comparisons are made with the experimentally determined current collected at different sections of a positively biased straight filter.

INTERFEROMETRIC UPPER LIMITS ON MILLIMETER POLARIZATION OF THE DISKS AROUND DG Tau, GM Aur, AND MWC 480

Millimeter-wavelength polarization measurements offer a promising method for probing the geometry of magnetic fields in circumstellar disks. Single dish observations and theoretical work have hinted that magnetic field geometries might be predominantly toroidal, and that disks should exhibit millimeter polarization fractions of 2-3%. While subsequent work has not confirmed these high polarization fractions, either the wavelength of observation or the target sources differed from the original observations. Here we present new polarimetric observations of three nearby circumstellar disks at 2" resolution with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) and the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy (CARMA). We reobserve GM Aur and DG Tau, the systems in which millimeter polarization detections have been claimed. Despite higher resolution and sensitivity at wavelengths similar to the previous observations, the new observations do not show significant polarization. We also add observations of a new HAeBe system, MWC 480. These observations demonstrate that a very low (<0.5%) polarization fraction is probably common at large (>100 AU) scales in bright circumstellar disks. We suggest that high-resolution observations may be worthwhile to probe magnetic field structure on linear distances smaller than the disk scale height, as well as in regions closer to the star that may have larger MRI-induced magnetic field strengths.

Analysis of Magnetic Flux Through Magnetic Film With Negative Permeability

This paper clarified that a magnetic film becomes transparent for the magnetic flux when the relative permeability of the magnetic film becomes negative above the intrinsic ferromagnetic resonance frequency. We evaluated the magnetic flux through the magnetic film based on magnetic circuit considering leakage magnetic flux from the magnetic film and demonstrated by the near field measurement using shielded loop coil type magnetic field probe. In this case, we used the coplanar transmission line and amorphous CoZrNb film as a source of the magnetic field and a magnetic film, respectively. As a result, we clarified that the magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit increases when the total reluctance of the magnetic film and leakage magnetic flux path decreases because of a negative reluctance of magnetic film. Thus, the magnetic flux through the magnetic film increases only around this frequency. And the magnetic film behaves as a bandpass filter.

Optofluidic magnetometer developed in a microstructured optical fiber

A directional, in-fiber optofluidic magnetometer based on a microstructured optical fiber (MOF) Bragg-grating infiltrated with a ferrofluidic defect is presented. Upon application of a magnetic field, the ferrofluidic defect moves along the length of the MOF Bragg grating, modifying its reflection spectrum. The magnetometer is capable of measuring magnetic fields from 317 to 2500 G. The operational principle of such in-fiber magnetic field probe allows the elaboration of directional measurements of the magnetic field flux.

Triplet Exciton Dissociation in Singlet Exciton Fission Photovoltaics

Triplet exciton dissociation in singlet exciton fission devices with three classes of acceptors are characterized: fullerenes, perylene diimides, and PbS and PbSe colloidal nanocrystals. Using photocurrent spectroscopy and a magnetic field probe it is found that colloidal PbSe nanocrystals are the most promising acceptors, capable of efficient triplet exciton dissociation and long wavelength absorption.

Magnetic field sensor

Earlier papers1–3 in this journal have described experiments on measuring the magnetic fields of current-carrying wires and permanent magnets using magnetic field probes of various kinds. This paper explains how to use an iPad and the free app MagnetMeter-3D Vector Magnetometer and Accelerometer4 (compass HD) to measure the magnetic fields.

A novel magnetic field probing technique for determining state of health of sealed lead-acid batteries

State of Health (SOH) is a critical index for a Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) battery diagnostic which provides the information about battery replacement and aging effects. SOH is a complex function of chemical parameters of a battery such as stratification in electrolyte, electrode structure (sulfation and hard sulfation) in addition to electrical parameters of a battery. This paper describes a method of online determination of stratification, electrode structure, electrode polarization and current profile within the battery under the influence of a magnetic field. An AC magnetic field is used as a noninvasive tool during battery cycles. An induced emf in a secondary coil (SCV) is used as a measure of change in the magnetic field.The H+ proton density varies with change in sulfuric acid (electrolyte) concentration during battery cycles. The magnetic flux lines are affected by the density of H+ protons whose magnetic dipole moments try to align along the magnetic flux lines. The stratification is seen by a 12% decrease in magnetic flux linking from the top to the bottom of the electrolyte in a battery. Additional experimental results demonstrate the variation in magnetic flux linking which correlates with current profile across the electrode and electrode structure.

Arc-discharge monitoring system of a high-power repetitively-pulsed TEA CO2 laser

High-power repetitively-pulsed TEA CO2 lasers are excited by a glow discharge, and it turns out to be the arc discharge under some conditions. The arc-discharge is a disadvantageous condition and must be avoided. According to the Faraday electromagnetism induction principle, the arc-discharge monitoring system with a magnetic-field probe is designed for high-power repetitively-pulsed TEA CO2 lasers. The magnetic-field variation induced by the discharge current can be tested, and the discharge state can be distinguished according to the output induction voltage. Experimental results show that the magnetic-field induction voltages generated by a glow discharge and an arc discharge are very different ones. The maximum induction voltage of the glow discharge is 2.0 V, while the minimum induction voltage of the arc discharge is 2.5–4 V. Three alarm levels are set by measuring the arc-discharge intensities. At the first level, automatic filling–exhausting equipment starts to refresh the gas media, at the second level, the laser repetition rate is reduced, and at the third level the laser operation stops immediately. As a result, the working reliability of a high-power repetitively-pulsed TEA CO2 laser system can be improved significantly by using the arc-discharge monitoring system.

Cosmic Microwave Background Trispectrum and Primordial Magnetic Field Limits

Primordial magnetic fields will generate non-gaussian signals in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) as magnetic stresses and the temperature anisotropy they induce depend quadratically on the magnetic field. We compute a new measure of magnetic non-gaussianity, the CMB trispectrum, on large angular scales, sourced via the Sachs-Wolfe effect. The trispectra induced by magnetic energy density and by magnetic scalar anisotropic stress are found to have typical magnitudes of approximately a few times 10(-29) and 10(-19), respectively. Observational limits on CMB non-gaussianity from WMAP data allow us to conservatively set upper limits of a nG, and plausibly sub-nG, on the present value of the primordial cosmic magnetic field. This represents the tightest limit so far on the strength of primordial magnetic fields, on Mpc scales, and is better than limits from the CMB bispectrum and all modes in the CMB power spectrum. Thus, the CMB trispectrum is a new and more sensitive probe of primordial magnetic fields on large scales.

THE GALACTIC PLANE INFRARED POLARIZATION SURVEY (GPIPS): DATA RELEASE 1

The Galactic Plane Infrared Polarization Survey (GPIPS) covers 76 deg{sup 2} of the first Galactic quadrant midplane, 18 Degree-Sign {<=} l {<=} 56 Degree-Sign and -1 Degree-Sign {<=} b {<=} +1 Degree-Sign , in H-band (1.6 {mu}m) linear polarimetry to reveal the plane-of-the-sky orientation of the magnetic field in diffuse and denser atomic and molecular clouds. The Survey consists of 3237 overlapping 10 Multiplication-Sign 10 arcmin fields observed using the Mimir instrument on the 1.8 m Perkins telescope. Here, the first community release of GPIPS data for 559 fields (17% of the Survey) is announced and basic characteristics are described. Data products consist of H-band stellar photometry and polarimetry as well as combined images. The formats and contents of the products are described and quality cuts are explored to provide insight into opportunities and limitations of the data. The Survey probes to distances as far as the Galactic bulge, revealing magnetic field properties that correlate with spiral arms and also show significant small-scale structure. The polarizations are classified into three 'usage' samples, based on stellar brightness and polarimetric uncertainty. The brightest, lowest uncertainty polarizations are suitable for individual use and direct magnetic field mapping. The next two fainter samples aremore » useful, once averaged, for probing magnetic fields to greater distances, albeit with lower resolution. Based on this release, the full GPIPS data set will number about 5.6 million stars, with more than 1 million in the high-quality sample. This increases, by many orders of magnitude, the number of polarimetric probes of the Milky Way's magnetic field.« less

Sensitive chemical compass assisted by quantum criticality

The radical-pair-based chemical reaction could be used by birds for the navigation via the geomagnetic direction. An inherent physical mechanism is that the quantum coherent transition from a singlet state to triplet states of the radical pair could response to the weak magnetic field and be sensitive to the direction of such a field and then results in different photopigments in the avian eyes to be sensed. Here, we propose a quantum bionic setup for the ultra-sensitive probe of a weak magnetic field based on the quantum phase transition of the environments of the two electrons in the radical pair. We prove that the yield of the chemical products via the recombination from the singlet state is determined by the Loschmidt echo of the environments with interacting nuclear spins. Thus quantum criticality of environments could enhance the sensitivity of the detection of the weak magnetic field.

A generic method for real time detection of magnetic sensor failure on tokamaks

In tokamaks, magnetic field probe sensors are used to measure the plasma position. If a sensor provides a wrong data, the error may propagate through the control loop and cause undesirable contact between the vessel wall and the plasma. In the case of a tokamak with water cooled walls, these types of event may be very serious. Despite of these unlikely faults, the potential damages call for a real time check of magnetic sensor data before using them for control. In this paper a simple and generic method based on the comparison of each sensor to a weighted sum of its neighbors is proposed. From the analysis of the residue (the result of the comparison), the fault can be detected and compensated. The method is tuned and tested against Tore Supra experimental data. Then, the method is adapted to ITER and assessed on a reference ITER scenario using simulated magnetic sensor data.

ESDガンのテーパー型垂直結合板への間接放電に対する発生磁界のばらつき低減と実験検証

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) prescribes in IEC 61000-4-2 immunity tests of electronic equipment against electrostatic discharge (ESDs), in which indirect discharges of an ESD gun onto a vertical coupling plane (VCP) in the vicinity of equipment under test (EUT) are specified for simulating human discharges to conductive materials being adjacent to the EUT. According to IEC 61000-4-2 2008-04, the VCP shall be placed at a distance of 0.1m from EUT to be tested, and the indirect discharges of an ESD gun should be conducted to the centre of a vertical edge of the VCP, though the reference arrangement of EUT is not specifically determined. In the previous study, we measured electromagnetic fields due to indirect discharges of an ESD gun onto a VCP to investigate their variations with respect to EUT positions, which showed that indirect discharges onto a vertical edge from the back side of a VCP are very likely to reduce the above-mentioned variations, while the induced voltage levels become low. In the present study, to cope with this problem, we proposed a tapered-type VCP in lieu of the IEC-specified VCP, and by using a magnetic field probe in place of EUT, we measured its induced voltages of a magnetic field probe for indirect discharges of an ESD gun onto the VCP, and examined the variations in peaks and waveform energy with respect to the probe positions. As a result, we found that the tapered-type VCP suppresses the variations in peaks by 71% and waveform energy by 40% compared to the IEC-specified VCP. To further validate the above findings, as an actual EUT, we used a commercially available ESD detector for an impulsive electric field to reveal that the tapered-type VCP provides 16%-reduced variations in its detection rates with respect to the detector positions in comparison with the present VCP.

S056036 PSJA作動時の電磁干渉特性の解析

PSJA (Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuator) is an electric device designed for flow control that is composed of the two electrodes and the insulator. By applying an ac voltage to the electrodes, PSJA induces jet by a discharge of electricity. PSJA produces an electromagnetic wave so has a possibility that affect to other electronic equipment. Then, we perform the measurement of the electric field intensity radiated noise and the magnetic field strength when PSJA is operated. To assess the impact of electronic equipment were analyzed for the characteristics of electromagnetic interference when PSJA is operated. Spectrum analyzer and dipole antenna is used for the measurement of the electric field intensity radiated noise, spectrum analyzer and magnetic field probe is for the electromagnetic interference. As a result, we confirmed that value of the electric field intensity radiated noise is smaller than the value of consumer electronics. So it is thought that the influence by PSJA is small. We measured the magnetic field strength at 0.1cm in non-operated time and operated time, we confirmed the big difference of magnetic field strength from high frequency band to very high frequency band from 13.2 to 171 MHz.

Circulating Currents and Magnetic Moments in Quantum Rings

We consider a quantum ring connected to leads and the current which is excited by biasing the circuit in the absence of external magnetic field. The magnetic moment Mring that arises in this way depends on the current distribution inside the ring. We perform a thought experiment in which Mring is determined by measuring the torque due to an infinitesimally small probe magnetic field. This leads to a new definition Mring, which is given by the derivative of the grand-canonical energy of the quantum ring with respect to an external magnetic flux in the zero flux limit. We develop the many-body formalism by Green’s function techniques and carry on illustrative model calculations. The resulting theory predicts that at small bias the current in the ring is always laminar, that is, the magnetic moment vanishes in linear response theory. The approach most naturally lends itself to include induction effects by a self-consistent procedure.

Design and use of an Elsässer probe for analysis of Alfvén wave fields according to wave direction

We have designed an electric and magnetic field probe which simultaneously measure both quantities in the directions perpendicular to the background magnetic field for application to Alfvén wave experiments in the Large Plasma Device at UCLA. This new probe allows for the projection of measured wave fields onto generalized Elsässer variables. Experiments were conducted in a singly ionized He plasma at 1850 G in which propagation of Alfvén waves was observed using this new probe. We demonstrate that a clear separation of transmitted and reflected signals and determination of Poynting flux and Elsässer variables can be achieved.

1ES 0229+200: an extreme blazar with a very high minimum Lorentz factor

The blazar 1ES 0229+200 is a high frequency peaked BL Lac object with a hard TeV spectrum extending to 10 TeV. Its unusual spectral characteristics make it a frequently used probe for intergalactic radiation and magnetic fields. With new, simultaneous observations in the optical, ultraviolet (UV) and X-rays, the synchrotron emission is probed in great detail. The X-ray emission varies by a factor of ~2 in 2009, while being rather stable in 2010. The X-ray spectrum is very hard (\Gamma ~ 1.8) and it shows an indication of excess absorption above the Galactic value. The X-ray emission is detected up to ~100 keV without any significant cut-off, thus 1ES 0229+200 belongs to the class of extreme blazars. The simultaneous measured, host galaxy- and extinction-corrected optical and UV fluxes illustrate that the cut-off of the low energy part of the synchrotron emission is located in the UV regime. The minimum energy of the electron distribution has to be rather high to account for this cut-off. This implies that there is a narrow-band energy distribution function of radiating electrons, which is responsible for the unusually hard TeV spectrum. Other extreme blazars have similar synchrotron peak frequencies but much softer TeV spectra, hence 1ES 0229+200 has one of the highest inverse Compton (IC) peak frequency and the narrowest electron distribution among the extreme blazars known to date.

Study on metal detection with electromagnetic induction probe utilizing rotating magnetic field

AbstractThe present paper describes an investigation conducted on metal detection with a scanning probe. The authors applied a rotating magnetic field probe to metal detection. The rotating magnetic field probe was composed of two vertically placed rectangular exciting coils and a circular detecting coil. The experimental results confirmed that the probe could detect metal objects and provide more information about their shape, direction, and electromagnetic characteristics than conventional metal detector probes. A two‐dimensional signal display shows a blurred image of the metal object and the signal phase indicates the object's direction and electromagnetic characteristics. The experimental results showed that excellent restoration of the surface shapes of metal objects can be obtained for both magnetic and nonmagnetic metals under present conditions. There is also a possibility that the rough shape of a metal object can be estimated from the restored image. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(4): 1–11, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21178

MR safety: simultaneous B 0, dΦ/dt, and dB/dt measurements on MR-workers up to 7 T

The EU directive on safety requirements (2004/40/EC) limits the exposure to time varying magnetic fields to dB /dt=200 mT/s. This action value is not clearly defined as it considers only the temporal change of the magnitude of B. Thus, only the translational motion in the magnet's fringe field is considered and rotations are neglected. A magnetic field probe was constructed to simultaneously record the magnetic flux density B(x, y, z) with a 3-axis Hall sensor and the induced voltage due to movements with a set of three orthogonal coils. Voltages were converted into time-varying magnetic flux d Φ(x, y, z)/dt serving as an exposition parameter for both translations and rotations. To separate the two types of motion, d B/dt was additionally calculated on the basis of the Hall sensor's data. The calibrated probe was attached to the forehead of 8 healthcare workers and 17 MR physicists, and B and dΦ/dt were recorded during standard operating procedures at three different MR systems up to 7 T. The maximum percentage of the translational motion referring the data including both translations and rotations amounts to 32%. During volunteer measurements, maximum exposure values of dΦ/dt=21 mWb/s, dB/dt=1.40 T/s and |B|=2.75 T were found. The findings in this work indicate that both translations and rotations in the vicinity of an MR system should be taken into account, and that a single regulatory action level might not be sufficient.

Occupational exposure to magnetic fields from transformer stations and electric enclosures in Turkey

We aimed to provide a systematic evaluation of magnetic field (MF) exposure of staff working in the offices located above or close to transformer stations (TS) and electric enclosures (EE). Occupational short-term “spot” measurements with Narda EFA-300 and isotropic magnetic field probe were carried out in two National Banks and one Industrial Company having more than 500 employees. Extremely low-frequency (ELF) MFs up to several tens of μT were measured in the mentioned working environments. 25% of the measured MFs were found less than 0.3 μT, the background exposure level that staff receive at home, 75% were above 0.3 μT with the highest value of 6.8 μT. The mean and median personal exposures were calculated to be 1.19 μT and 0.56 μT, respectively. Most of the staff (83%) is under risk based on epidemiological studies that reported a statistically significant association between risk of leukemia and averaged magnetic fields of 0.2 μT or over. Results showed that risk evaluation should be considered to minimize the possibility of the workers being harmed due to exposure to work-related electromagnetic sources.