Magnetic Chitosan Research Articles

Enhancing Adsorption Performance of Ce(III) by Amine-Thiourea and Aniline-Modified Magnetic Chitosan Nanocomposites.

To enhance the adsorption performance of chitosan for rare earth ions, two novel magnetic chitosan-based adsorbents were prepared by using chitosan-coated magnetic silica nanoparticles modified with amine-thiourea and aniline. The structure of copolymers was analyzed using characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, confirming the successful synthesis of modified magnetic chitosan nanocomposites. The investigation explored the influence of pH, contact time, dosage, initial concentration, and temperature on the adsorption performance. Comparative studies revealed a significantly enhanced adsorption performance after modification. The chitosan-coated magnetic silica nanoparticles modified with aniline (PAN-CS/Fe3O4@SiO2) reached adsorption saturation in about 120 min with a capacity of 136 mg/g, while the chitosan-coated magnetic silica nanoparticles modified with amine-thiourea (TSC-CS/Fe3O4@SiO2) exhibited a higher adsorption capacity of 156 mg/g for Ce(III). Both materials demonstrated strong agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that Ce(III) adsorption is both spontaneous and endothermic. Examination of the adsorption mechanisms suggested that the effective adsorption of Ce(III) is due to the strong synergistic effects of chelation and electrostatic interactions involving amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups. This study demonstrates that chitosan modified with amine-thiourea and aniline is an effective approach to significantly enhance the rare earth ion adsorption by chitosan.

Nanoparticle-based Biosensors for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Many efforts have been made to develop biosensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. Development of nanoparticle-based biosensors is the most effective way to solve this problem. This review presents the latest technology of nanoparticle-based biosensors for environment monitoring to detect heavy metal ions, which are magnetic chitosan biosensor, colorimetric biosensor, and electrochemical biosensor. Magnetic chitosan biosensor acts as a nanoabsorbent, which can easily detect and extract poisonous heavy metal ions such as lead ions and copper ions. There are several methods to prepare the chitosan based on the nanoparticle, which are cross-linking, co-precipitation, multi-cyanoguanidine, and covalent binding method. In colorimetric biosensor, gold and silver nanoparticles are commonly used to detect the lead and mercury ions. In addition, this biosensor is very sensitive, fast and selective to detect metal ions based on the color change of the solution mixture. Meanwhile, electrochemical biosensor is widely used to detect heavy metal ions due to a simple and rapid process, easy, convenient and inexpensive. This biosensor is focused on the surface area, which leads to significant improvement in the performance of devices in terms of sensitivity. The wide surface area can affect the performance of the biosensor due to a limited space for operation of electrode. Therefore, reduced graphene oxide is a suitable material for making the electrochemical biosensor due to a wide surface area, good conductivity and high mechanical strength. In conclusion, these three technologies have their own advantages in making a very useful biosensor in the detection of heavy metal ions.

Magnetic chitosan supported copper particles as a heterogeneous catalyst for benzaldehyde glycol acetal reaction

In this work, a series of magnetic chitosan (CS) supported-metal catalysts were successfully prepared for the acetalization of benzaldehyde (BzH) with ethylene glycol (EG). The structural properties of the catalysts were characterized by TEM, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, TGA-DTG, SEM-EDX and VSM. The results showed that Fe3O4-CS-Cu(20 %) catalyst possessed the best catalytic efficiency in all prepared catalysts due to its suitable acidity and excellent stability when they were utilized in the acetalization reaction to generate benzaldehyde glycol acetal. The response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize acetalization reaction conditions with the optimal yield of 96.26 % obtained via 3D surface diagram. The attractive feature of prepared catalysts was easy separation from solutions via an external magnetic field application. This work sheds light on the design of novel chitosan-supported metal catalysts which could be widely applied in acetalization industry.

Study on the preparation of a novel acrylic modified magnetic chitosan adsorbent and the adsorption behavior on Ga (III)

In the current study, a novel acrylic modified magnetic chitosan adsorbent (M- AA −CTS) was prepared, and then characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XPS. The preparation conditions, adsorption conditions, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were also studied. FTIR results indicate that acrylic acid is grafted onto the amino groups of chitosan in the form of poly acrylic acid and the amino groups are also crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. For the preparation process, the removal efficiency of Ga (III) ions is higher when the amount of acrylic acid is 3 mL, the reaction temperature is 308 K, the crosslinking time is 80 min, and the amount of glutaraldehyde is 0.6 mL. During the adsorption process, the higher adsorption capacity of Ga (III) ions can be achieved under the condition of the initial concentration of Ga (III) ions 50 mg/L, the adsorbent dose 0.05 g, the oscillation temperature 308 K and pH 3. The study on the adsorption kinetic indicates that the adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The study on isotherm adsorption and thermodynamic indicates that the adsorption isotherm fits the Langmuir isotherm model better and the saturated adsorption capacity of Ga (III) ions on M−CTS−AA can reach 183.09 mg/g. Study on desorption and regeneration shows that after four cycles of desorption and reuse, the regeneration rate decreased from the initial 91.47 % to 73.3 %.

Application of microreactor constructed with micro-mixing channel featuring 3D lateral secondary flow structure for ultra-small particle size preparation of magnetic chitosan nanodrug carriers

Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles serve as reliable carriers for drug delivery, but conventional macroscopic synthesis methods are associated with a number of disadvantages. Efficient micromixing is a crucial aspect of the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles. However, enhancing the mixing efficiency of micromixers at low Reynolds numbers (Re) remains a significant challenge. Fortunately, the addition of lateral structures to the microchannel sidewalls has been demonstrated to be an effective method for enhancing mixing performance at low Re. In this work, the secondary flow effect of 3D lateral structure was numerically studied, and the reason why the multi-dimensional secondary flow effect can effectively promote mixing was analyzed. A high-efficiency microreactor (3D(S)-SWM) was constructed by combining the spherical (S) 3D lateral structure with the square wave (SW) channel. In comparison to other microreactors, 3D(S)-SWM exhibits a shorter full mixing cycle and a smaller pressure drop. Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles were prepared in one step by using the 3D(S)-SWM. The introduction of the 3D lateral structure enables the rapid preparation of magnetic chitosan nanoparticles at low Re. The production of a product with a particle size as low as 18–26 nm, while maintaining superparamagnetic. The nanoparticles prepared can effectively load drugs and achieve sustained drug release. This has significant implications for the targeted transport of drug carriers and their metabolism in vivo. It is anticipated that 3D(S)-SWM will expand the scope of drug delivery applications and facilitate the treatment of diseases.

Plasma‐Assisted Preparation and Properties of Chitosan‐Based Magnetic Hydrogels

Chitosan‐based magnetic hydrogel has become a research hotspot in the field of material science due to the driven deformation or movement under the action of magnetic field. The unique properties make it show great application potential in medicine, biosensing, environmental protection, and other fields. Herein, the chitosan‐based nanomagnetic composite hydrogels are prepared by plasma assistance. The surface morphology, infrared spectra, mechanical properties, swelling ratio, water absorption, porosity, and degradation of the prepared hydrogels are investigated. The results prove the superiority of plasma‐assisted preparation of magnetic chitosan hydrogels and provide a new method for the design of smart hydrogels.

Novel magnetic chitosan Schiff base impregnated with ZnO for removal of malachite green dye from aqueous environment

Novel magnetic chitosan Schiff base impregnated with ZnO for removal of malachite green dye from aqueous environment

Exploring the promising role of chitosan delivery systems in breast cancer treatment: A comprehensive review

Breast cancer presents a significant global health challenge, driving the development of novel treatment strategies for therapeutic interventions. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising avenue for addressing this challenge, with Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles receiving prominence due to their unique characteristics and multitude of potential applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of Chitosan nanoparticles in breast cancer therapy. The review begins by emphasizing the prevalence and importance of breast cancer as a major health issue, underscoring the necessity for effective treatments. It then delves into the application of Chitosan nanoparticles in breast cancer therapy. One key aspect discussed is their role as carriers for anticancer drugs, enabling targeted delivery and improved cellular uptake. Furthermore, the review explores modified Chitosan nanoparticles and strategies for enhancing their efficacy and specificity in breast cancer treatment. It also examines Chitosan conjugates and hybrids, which offer innovative approaches for combination therapy. Additionally, metal and magnetic Chitosan nanoparticles are discussed spanning their capacity to assist in imaging, hyperthermia, as well as targeted drug delivery. In conclusion, the review summarizes the current research landscape regarding Chitosan nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy and offers insights into future directions. Overall, the review highlights the versatility, potential benefits, and future prospects of Chitosan nanoparticles in combating breast cancer.

Adsorption of haem by magnetic chitosan microspheres: Optimal conditions, adsorption mechanisms and density functional theory analyses

Magnetic chitosan microspheres (Al@CTS@Fe3O4) were prepared for haem separation via chemical cross-linking of chitosan, Fe3O4 and AlCl3·6H2O. The properties of the Al@CTS@Fe3O4 microspheres were investigated through techniques including XRD, TEM, FTIR, BET analysis, SEM, TG, VSM, XPS and pHpzc analysis. The haem adsorption of Al@CTS@Fe3O4 was optimized via a Box–Behnken design (BBD) with three operating factors: Fe3O4 dose (0.5–1.3 g), AlCl3·6H2O concentration (0.25–1.25 mol/L) and glutaraldehyde dose (2–6 mL). The optimal haem adsorption effect was achieved with 1.1 g of Fe3O4, 0.75 mol/L AlCl3·6H2O, and 3 mL of glutaraldehyde. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms demonstrated that haem adsorption by the Al@CTS@Fe3O4 microspheres was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity is 33.875 mg/g at pH 6. After six adsorption–desorption cycles, the removal of haem still reached 53.83 %. The surface adsorption mechanism of haem on Al@CTS@Fe3O4 can be attributed to electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and n-π interactions. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous, with the microspheres preferentially accepting electrons and haem preferentially providing electrons. Consequently, the Al@CTS@Fe3O4 microspheres exhibit considerable potential as adsorbents for haem separation.

Removal of ivermectin from aqueous medium on chitosan-based magnetic adsorbent

This work focused on the uptake of ivermectin from aqueous media using chitosan derivative as an adsorbent material. The adsorbent was synthesized through the co-precipitation approach, controlling the iron oxide quantity on the polymer surface. FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, textural properties, and surface charge characterized magnetic chitosan (CS⋅Fe3O4). The adsorption efficiency was affected by different experimental conditions, especially by adsorbent dosage and ionic strength. The shifts in the FTIR spectrum of CS⋅Fe3O4 after adsorption suggest the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between the adsorbent surface and adsorbate molecules. The kinetic modeling showed that the Elovich model was well suitable to describe the kinetic data. Meantime, the Sips and Liu models described well the adsorption isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity (81.86 mg g−1) was reached at pH 7.0 and 298 K, using an adsorbent dosage of 0.6 g L−1. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the process was spontaneous and exothermic. The regeneration and reuse assays displayed that the recovery of adsorbent was more effective using ethyl alcohol than sodium hydroxide.

Encapsulation of Immobilized β-Glucosidase with Calcium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Stability in Hydrolysis of Cellobiose.

β-Glucosidase (β-G) holds promising applications in various fields, such as biomass energy, food, pharmaceuticals, and environmental protection, yet its industrial application is still limited by issues of stability and recycling. Herein, we first immobilized β-G onto the surface of magnetic chitosan nanoparticles (MCS/β-G) through adsorption methods. Subsequently, utilizing the metal-organic framework (MOF), CaBDC, which possesses good stability under acidic conditions, we encapsulated MCS/β-G. The resulting biocatalyst (MCS/β-G@CaBDC) exhibited excellent activity and recyclability. MCS/β-G@CaBDC can convert 91.5% of cellobiose to glucose in 60 min and maintained 81.9% activity after 10 cycles. The apparent Km value of MCS/β-G@CaBDC was 0.148 mM, lower than free β-G (0.166 mM) and MCS/β-G (0.173 mM). The CaBDC layer increased the mass transfer resistance of the reaction but also triggered structural rearrangement of β-G during the encapsulation process. This resulted in the β-sheet content rising to 68.4%, which, in turn, contributed to enhancing the rigidity of β-G. Moreover, the saturated magnetic strength of this biocatalyst could reach 37.3 emu/g, facilitating its magnetic recovery. The biocatalyst prepared in this study exhibits promising application prospects, and the immobilization method can provide valuable insights into the field of enzyme immobilization.

Properties, evaluation and application of naringin magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer based on synergistic imprinting strategy.

A novel and facile surface molecularly imprinted polymer coated on magnetic chitosan (Fe3O4@CS@MIP) was fabricated for the selective recognition and enrichment of naringin (NRG). The Fe3O4@CS@MIP was prepared based on covalent-noncovalent synergistic imprinting strategies, utilizing 4-vinyl phenyl boric acid as covalent functional monomer, deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride/methacrylic acid [ChCl/MAA]) as non-covalent functional monomer and Fe3O4@CS nanoparticles as the magnetic support. The obtained Fe3O4@CS@MIP exhibited a uniform morphology, excellent crystallinity, outstanding magnetic properties, and high surface area. Owing to the double recognition abilities, the resultant polymer showed exceptional binding performance and rapid mass transfer in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The maximum binding amount of Fe3O4@CS@MIP was found to be 15.08mgg-1, and the equilibrium adsorption could be achieved within 180min. Moreover, they also exhibited stronger selectivity for NRG and satisfactory reusability, with only 11.0% loss after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Additionally, the Fe3O4@CS@MIP, serving as an adsorbent, presented practical application potential in the separation and enrichment of NRG from pummelo peel, with extraction efficiency in the range of 79.53% to 84.63%. This work provided a new strategy for improving the performance of MIP and contributed an attractive option for the extraction of NRG in complex samples.

Development of Chitosan Polysaccharide-Based Magnetic Gel for Direct Red 83:1 Removal from Water.

Water pollution caused by dyes is a significant environmental issue, necessitating the development of effective, cost-efficient decolorization methods suitable for industrial use. In this study, a Chitosan-Fe polymeric gel was synthesized, characterized, and tested for removing the azo dye Direct Red 83:1 from water. The polymeric magnetic chitosan was analyzed using various techniques: Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed a porous structure, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated the thermal stability, Infrared Spectrophotometry (IR) indicated the successful coordination of iron at the C3 position, and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature of the polymeric structure. Optimal conditions for kinetic and isotherm models were found at 1 g and pH 7.0. Adsorption behavior of Direct Red 83:1 onto magnetic chitosan gel beads was studied through kinetic tests and isotherm curves. The maximum adsorption capacity was 17.46 mg/g (qmax). The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.999) and fit the Temkin isotherm (R2 = 0.946), suggesting heterogeneous surface adsorption. The newly synthesized Chitosan-Fe polymeric gel demonstrated good adsorption properties and facilitated easy separation of purified water.

“Antimicrobial Activity and Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Organically Functionalized Magnetic Chitosan Sorbents.”

“Antimicrobial Activity and Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Organically Functionalized Magnetic Chitosan Sorbents.”

Adsorption Study of Neodymium from the Aqueous Phase Using Fabricated Magnetic Chitosan-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Composites.

This work reports the performances of the magnetic chitosan@graphene oxide composite (MCh@GO) for the sorption of Nd(III) from aqueous medium. The prepared composite was synthesized by a coprecipitation method and then examined by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA. XRD analysis proved physical interactions between magnetic chitosan and graphene oxide through (inter- and intramolecular H-bonding and peptide bonding). TGA data approved the thermal stability of the prepared MCh@GO nanocomposite over their constituents. The optimum pH for the sorption process was 4.5. The Langmuir model and PSO fitted the experimental data. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic and spontaneous with a Q max of 56.6 mg g-1. Indeed, the MCh@GO composite proved to be an excellent adsorbent for the purification, remediation, and separation of Nd due to its promising properties.

Sensing of lactose by graphitic carbon nitride/magnetic chitosan composites with surface plasmon resonance method

A simple technique was used to create a composite material made of graphitic carbon nitride supported on magnetic chitosan (g-C3N4/MNP/CS). This substance was employed in the structure of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) lactose biosensor as a modifier for a thin layer of gold and as a support for the covalent stabilization of cellobiose dehydrogenase. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach was used to mimic the sensor's evanescent field in order to examine the SPR behavior. Additionally XRD and SEM techniques were used to examine the shape of MNPs/CS/g-C3N4 and the intended sensor's SPR behavior. It can be used in the food industry, with a detection limit of 5 μM and a linear range of 0.01–100 mM‏ The biosensor is extremely sensitive, demonstrating its accuracy in lactose detection.

Covalent immobilization of bovine serum albumin on the magnetic chitosan biopolymer for the Cu ions decoration and investigation of its catalytic efficiency

Covalent immobilization of bovine serum albumin on the magnetic chitosan biopolymer for the Cu ions decoration and investigation of its catalytic efficiency

Investigating the catalytic performance of polyoxometalate immobilized on magnetic chitosan in the oxidative desulfurization process

In this study, two types of polyoxometalate, one of Keggin type (PMo6W6O40) and the other of Dawson type (H11P2W13V5O62), were synthesized and fixed on chitosan with magnetic properties. The performance of synthesized catalysts was evaluated on the efficiency of removing aromatic sulfur compounds from the fuel model by the oxidative desulfurization method. Factors affecting the oxidation of sulfur compounds, such as reaction temperature, catalyst dosage, reaction time, and the ratio of oxidant to sulfur, were investigated to find the optimal conditions. The presence of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles in the catalyst leads to the ease of separation from the petroleum model. The magnet-separated catalyst could be recycled for 5 catalytic cycles without significantly reducing removal efficiency.

Synthesis and fabrication of magnetically separable phosphate-modified magnetic chitosan composites for lead(II) selective removal from wastewater

To address the urgent need for efficient removal of lead-containing wastewater and reduce the risk of toxicity associated with heavy-metal wastewater contamination, materials with high removal rates and easy separation must be developed. Herein, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid material based on phosphorylated magnetic chitosan (MSCP) was synthesized and applied for the selective removal of lead (II) from wastewater. From the characterization and the experimental results can be obtained that the magnetic saturation strength of MSCP reaches 14.65 emu/g, which can be separated quickly and regenerated readily, and maintains high adsorption performance even after 5 cycles, indicating that the adsorbent possesses good magnetic separation performance and durability. Also, MSCP showed high selective adsorption performance for lead in the multiple metal ions coexistence solutions at pH 6.0 and room temperature, with an adsorption coefficient SPb-MSCP of 78.85%, which was much higher than that of MSC (the SPb-MSC was 11.59%). Additionally, in the single lead system, the sorption characteristics of Pb(II) on MSCP and MCP had obvious pH-responsiveness, and their adsorption capacity increased with the increase of solution pH, reaching the maximal values of 80.19 and 72.68 mg/g, respectively. It is noteworthy that the acid resistance of MSCP with an inert layer coated on the core is significantly improved, with almost no iron leaching from MSCP over the entire acidity range, while MCP has 7.63 mg/g of iron leaching at pH 1.0. Significantly, MSCP exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 102.04 mg/g, which matches the Langmuir model at pH 6.0 and 298.15 K, and points to the pseudo-second-order kinetics of the chemisorption process of Pb(II) on MSCP. These findings highlight the great potential of MSCP for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution, making it a promising solution for Pb(II) contamination in wastewater.

A biomass composite based on natural deep eutectic solvent and magnetic chitosan for the solid phase extraction of PPCPs

Water pollution has always been a concern. The synergistic function of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and adsorbent materials has aroused continuous attention, especially in terms of water pollution. In this study, four natural DESs were synthesized from choline chloride ([ChCl]) with glucose ([Glu]), fructose ([Fru]), sucrose ([Suc]) and maltose ([Mal]), respectively. The DESs were then coated onto the surface of magnetic chitosan (MCS) to form DESs-MCS composites. The structures of the DESs-MCS were confirmed by XRD, FT-IR, VSM, TGA and TEM. Afterwards, the DESs-MCS was combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) to separate PPCPs (production and extensive application of pharmaceuticals and personal care products) including diclofenac sodium salt (DCF) and tetracycline (TC). [ChCl][Fru]-MCS was selected as a representative adsorbent to extract DCF, and some influencing factors such as the mass of the [ChCl][Fru]-MCS, the volume of the DCF solution and the type of the desorption solvent were systematically investigated. Moreover, the adsorption of DCF was well conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the Pseudo-Second-Order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of [ChCl][Fru]-MCS on DCF was up to 180.2 mg∙g−1. Furthermore, the relationship between solution pH and adsorption capacity, combined with XPS and FT-IR analysis of the [ChCl][Fru]-MCS before and after adsorption, were explored to get insight into the adsorption mechanism. It turned out that the electrostatic interactions play a vital role in the extraction process, and the hydrogen bonding was also considered as the main driving force based on the types of the functional groups of DES (such as –OH, –NH2). At last, the practical applicability of the [ChCl][Fru]-MCS was evaluated by performing the regeneration experiments and analyzing the real sample. The results demonstrated that the [ChCl][Fru]-MCS could be recycled six times without significant loss of adsorption capacity and the [ChCl][Fru]-MCS could be successfully applied to extract DCF from environmental water samples. The limit of detection and limit of quantification obtained for DCF were 0.27 and 0.90 μg∙mL−1, respectively. The RSDs of the precision and repeatability experiments were 0.71 % and 0.35 %, respectively. Hence, the prepared DES-MCS proved to be a potential adsorbent in the field of wastewater.