Magnetic Biochar Research Articles

Magnetized algae catalyst by endogenous N to effectively trigger peroxodisulfate activation for ultrafast degraded sulfathiazole: Radical evolution and electron transfer

An innovative Fe–N co-coupled catalyst MN-2 was prepared from waste spirulina by co-pyrolysis as a highly active carbon-based catalyst for the activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of sulfathiazole (ST). The protein-rich raw material Spirulina provided sufficient N during the pyrolysis process, thus achieving N doping without an additional nitrogen source, optimizing the interlayer structure of the biochar material and effectively inhibiting the leaching of the ligand metal Fe. MN-2 showed highly efficient catalytic activity for peroxydisulfate (PDS), with a degradation efficiency of 100% for ST within 30 min and a kinetic constant (kobs) reached 0.306 min−1, benefiting from the excellent adsorption ability of MN-2 forming MN-2-PDS* complexes and the electron transfer process generated by Fe3+ and Fe2+ cycling, oxygen-containing functional groups. The effects of PDS dosage, initial pH and coexisting anions on the oxidation process were also investigated. Free radical quenching, electron paramagnetic resonance and electrochemical measurements were employed to explain the hydroxyl (·OH) and sulfate (SO4·−) as the dominant active species and the electron transfer effect on the removal of ST. MN-2 maintained a ST removal rate of 84% after four recycling experiments, showing a high reusability performance. This work provides a simple way to prepare magnetized N-doped biochar, a novel catalyst (MN-2) for efficient activation of PDS for ST degradation, and a feasible method for removing sulfanilamide antibiotics in water environment.

Magnetic biochar derived from peanut shells facilitates antibiotic degradation and fouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactor for antibiotic pharmaceutical wastewater treatment

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor is an attractive option for antibiotic pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, but the unsatisfied treatment performance and membrane fouling issue hindered its wide application. Herein, magnetic biochar (MBC) derived from peanut shells was added to AnMBR for synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater treatment containing sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results indicated that the treatment performance was improved with 80 % of COD and over 90 % of SMX removal. This can be explained by the adsorption capacity of MBC and improved microbial activity due to the direct interspecies electron transfer enhancement with MBC addition. Membrane fouling was also alleviated due to the adsorption and magnetic bio-effect of MBC, leading to the reduced soluble microbial product (SMP) (22.2 to 6.3 mg/gVSS) and extracellular polymer substance (EPS) concentration (18.9 to 14.2 mg/gVSS), and enlarged particle size (60.6 to 113.4 μm). Microbial diversity analyses indicated that hydrolysis and acidogenesis bacteria (Bacteroidetes and Choloflexi phyla), methanogenic archaea (Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta), and bacteria related to electron transfers (unclassified_f_Geobacteraceae) were enriched due to the presence of MBC. Additionally, the SMX plausible biotransformation pathway and removal mechanism further validated that MBC addition can improve the SMX biodegradation and biotranformation. Importantly, the MBC addition facilitates antibiotic degradation and fouling alleviation of AnMBR, which makes AnMBR a more attractive choice treating for antibiotic pharmaceutical wastewater.

Influence of biomass feedstocks on magnetic biochar preparation for efficient Pb(II) removal

Biomass feedstocks have different physicochemical properties owing to their composition, morphology, functional groups, and surface chemistry, leading to considerable differences in the adsorption capacity of their biochars. However, few studies have focused on selecting appropriate biomass feedstocks for the adsorption of Pb(II) and other potentially toxic elements from wastewater. In addition, the effect of magnetic modification on various biomass feedstocks remains unclear. In this study, three types of biomass feedstocks, including fir wood, bamboo wood, and rice straw, were used to prepare biochars (BFW, BBW, and BRS) and magnetic biochars (MagFW, MagBW, and MagRS). Results showed that the Langmuir adsorption capacity of BRS reached 153 mg/g for Pb(II), which was approximately 2.8 and 1.9 times that of BFW and BBW, respectively. The higher Pb(II) adsorption of BRS primarily resulted from its rich mineral content, relatively high pH, and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, which strengthened the release of alkali/alkaline earth metal cations, precipitation of (hydro)cerussite, ion exchange with H+, and complexation by hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Magnetic modification changed mainly the surface charge, pH, and surface functional groups of various biochars, thus improving their Pb(II) adsorption capacity through electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and complexation. Specifically, MagFW (308 mg/g) and MagBW (284 mg/g) demonstrated a more pronounced increase in Pb(II) adsorption capacity than MagRS (297 mg/g), because of the enhanced mineral precipitation and complexation with the FeO band. Results from this study suggest that the application of biochar may be a feasible, effective, and eco-friendly strategy for removing Pb(II) from wastewater.

Enhancing sorption of layered double hydroxide-based magnetic biochar for arsenic and cadmium through optimized preparation protocols

The impact of multiple preparation protocols on properties and performance of modified biochar remains unclear. This study prepared layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based magnetic biochars (LMBCs) with different LDH loading rates (LLR), pyrolysis temperatures, and biomass sources to explore their performance-characterization relationships toward As(III) and Cd(II). Higher LLR and pyrolysis temperature enhanced LMBCs᾿ adsorption capacities by increasing specific surface area (SSA) and metal/O-containing groups. Hence, LMBC produced at 2:1 LLR (LDH: magnetic biochar) and 800 ℃ pyrolysis exhibited maximum adsorption over 2 times that of LMBC with 0.5:1 LLR and 400 ℃ pyrolysis. Bamboo-sourced LMBC demonstrated superior adsorption than sewage sludge and garlic-sourced LMBCs due to its increased SSA, enabling a higher loading of nano-LDH. Adsorption of As(III) and Cd(II) onto LMBCs was governed by metal-mineral and metal-containing group through co-precipitation and complexation. This study provides a reference for adjusting the preparation protocols to improve sorption performance of modified biochar toward multiple heavy metals.

Lignocellulosic magnetic biochar with multiple functionality; A green chelating system for water purification

For the bioremoval of Fe(III) ions, an active magnetic filter media is synthesized by ultrasound centrifugation. By coprecipitation a magnetic nanoparticles was synthesized, it is then multi-functionalised with a chelating agent, Humic acid (HA), on to a microwave-assisted chemically activated powdered biochar of banana pseudo stem, (BPSC), results in an incorporation of functional groups like -COOH, -OH, -NH2. Textural and magnetic properties were analysed via FT-IR, XPS, BET, FESEM, AFM, TG, DTA, VSM, XRD and CHNS analyser. The adsorption capacity and efficiency of γ-BPSC/HA adsorption were 34.25 mg/g and 98.5%, respectively. By using XPS analysis, it was confirmed that the adsorbent's metal ions were bound to specific binding sites and had a specific capturing mechanism. A mechanism of spontaneous complexation was accomplished, because of the heterogeneity of the surface, electrostatic forces, pore filling, H-bonding, and π-π stacking. Follows PSO kinetics and favours Freundlich isotherm. The adsorbent substance shown a remarkable capacity for regeneration, assuring the substance's stability and reusability.

Multivalent iron-based magnetic porous biochar from peach gum polysaccharide as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradation of dye pollutants

Water contamination caused by organic dyes has become a significant concern, and catalytic degradation of dye pollutants is an effective solution. However, developing an affordable, easy-to-prepare, high-catalytic-activity, and renewable catalyst has proved challenging. The current study addresses this issue by introducing an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, known as multivalent iron-based magnetic porous biochar (mFe-MPB). This catalyst comprises multiple iron species, such as Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, zero-valent Fe (Fe0), and Fe3C. The mFe-MPB was easily prepared by utilizing a straightforward crosslinking-pyrolysis strategy with natural peach gum polysaccharide (PGP), which has a unique structure and composition that facilitates the creation of multivalent iron species. The mFe-MPB demonstrates high catalytic activity in the degradation of an array of dyes, including cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and methyl violet (MV), as well as anionic new coccine (NC) dye. Its mass standardized rate constant value for catalytic degradation of MB can reach as high as 1.65 L min−1 g−1. Additionally, the catalyst can be easily recovered through magnetic separation and possesses remarkable structural stability, enabling several reuses without compromising its efficiency. Therefore, this study offers a viable strategy to fabricate low-cost, efficient and sustainable Fenton catalyst for removal of dye pollutants from water.

Spontaneous degradation of methylene blue adsorbed on magnetic biochars

Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most widely studied organic molecules in the treatment of wastewater. Sorption, biodegradation, photodegradation, electrochemical oxidation, ozonation, and other advanced oxidative processes are frequently used to remove this dye from water solutions. The unexpected degradation of MB adsorbed on magnetic biochar from aqueous solution was observed. We found that the conditions of handling, such as drying temperature and storage period, substantially influenced the stability of the dye fixed on the (magnetic) carbon adsorbents. Twelve substances were identified by mass spectrometry as products of decomposition, mostly demethylated, oxidated, and hydroxylated substances. The decomposition of MB was further investigated using non-magnetic carbon biochars and aluminosilicate mineral zeolite. Our findings of the spontaneous decomposition of MB and the identification of the species of degradation offer a new approach to evaluate the mechanism of adsorption, the process of regeneration, and the toxicity of treated solutions.

Oil spills removal from seawater surface by magnetic biochar composite derived from Heglig tree bark and cobalt ferrite

Purpose This study aims to explore the possibility of using magnetic biochar composite (MBCC) derived from Heglig tree bark (HTB) powder (agricultural solid waste) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CFO) for oil spill removal from seawater surface. Design/methodology/approach One-pot co-precipitation route was used to synthesize MBCC. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The densities of the prepared materials were also estimated. Crude, diesel engine and gasoline engine oils were used as seawater pollutant models. The gravimetric oil removal (GOR) method was used for removing oil spills from seawater using MBCC as a sorbent material. Findings The obtained results revealed that the prepared materials (CFO and MBCC) were able to remove the crude oil and its derivatives from the seawater surface. Besides, when the absorbent amount was 0.01 g, the highest GOR values for crude oil (31.96 ± 1.02 g/g) and diesel engine oil (14.83 ± 0.83 g/g) were obtained using MBCC as an absorbent. For gasoline engine oil, the highest GOR (27.84 ± 0.46 g/g) was attained when CFO was used as an absorbent. Originality/value Oil spill removal using MBCC derived from cobalt ferrite and HTB. Using tree bark as biomass (eco-friendly, readily available and low-cost) for magnetic biochar preparation also is a promising method for minimizing agricultural solid wastes (e.g. HTB) and obtaining value-added-products.

Enhanced adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution by KOH combined Fe-Zn bimetallic oxide co-pyrolysis biochar: Fabrication, performance, and mechanism

In this study, impregnation combined with KOH activation with different mixing methods was used to prepare magnetic biochar. The effects of synthetic method on biochar physicochemical properties and adsorption performance were explored. The results showed that treatment of a Fe-Zn oxide with KOH activation provided excellent adsorption properties with adsorption capacity of 458.90 mg/g due to well-developed microporous structure and rich-in O-containing functional groups as well as exposed oxidizing functional groups (Fe2O3 and FeOOH). Langmuir-Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models accurately fit phenol adsorption. Neutral conditions (pH = 6) and lower ionic strengths were beneficial to phenol removal. Additionally, the predominant adsorption processes were physisorption and chemisorption. Correlation analyses and characterization data confirmed that pore filling, π-π interactions and surface complexation were the dominant driving forces for phenol adsorption. This research provides an environmentally friendly method for utilizing agricultural wastes for the removal of a variety of pollutions from aquatic environment.

Influence mechanisms of different stalks on iron species type of magnetic biochar prepared from Fe2O3

The current selection of biomass feedstock for magnetic biochar (MBC) catalysts is highly blind. Consequently, this study delves into understanding how the types of biomass influence the iron species present in MBC catalysts. The process involved the creation of MBC through simulated impregnation-pyrolysis, utilizing six types of stalks and Fe2O3. The type of iron species significantly impacted magnetic properties and likely influenced catalytic properties of MBC. MBC's iron species type was shaped by the reduction effects of the diverse stalks on Fe2O3. During the pyrolysis, discrepancies were observed in the release of reducing gases and direct reduction for the different stalks. These differences in reduction behavior directly accounted for the distinct reduction effects. To delve deeper, the reduction behavior and effect of the main components of the stalk (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) on Fe2O3 were analyzed, highlighting lignin as the most effective. Nonetheless, the absolute values of Pearson's r between lignin content in the stalk and reduction behavior/effect ranged only from 0.078 to 0.421. In contrast, the values for K, Ca, and Si content in the stalks and their influence on reduction behavior and MBC's reduction/metallization degree ranged from 0.410 to 0.910. The catalytic impacts of K and Ca were confirmed through their incorporation into cotton and reed stalks. The disparities in K, Ca, and Si content among the six stalks appeared to be the primary driver behind the diverse iron species in MBC. This work provides a scientific basis for the rational selection of biomass feedstock for MBC catalysts.

Study on adsorption performance and mechanism of peanut hull-derived magnetic biochar for removal of malachite green from water

Magnetic biochar (MBC) has the advantages including wide source of raw materials and low cost, and has become a potential adsorbent for water treatment, overcoming the shortcomings of biochar (BC) with the hard separation of solid and liquid. Peanut hull-derived magnetic biochar loaded with Fe3O4 (Fe3O4/BC) was prepared by co-precipitation method. By means of material characterization and batch processing experiments, material properties and environmental factors affecting adsorption performance were investigated. The adsorption mechanism of Fe3O4/BC on malachite green (MG) was revealed using adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. The results showed that Fe3O4 particles were uniformly loaded, the total pore volume was increased, surface oxygen-containing functional groups were formed, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the biochar reached 175.4 mg g−1, 1.6 times of that before modification. In a wide PH range, Fe3O4/BC showed high adsorption performance for MG, and significant influence from ionic strength wasn’t found. Chemical adsorption was the main adsorption mechanism, including electrostatic interaction, cation exchange, hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. The study of adsorption mechanism will promote the application of MBC in the removal of organic pollutants from water.

Microwave disinfection strengthened by a biochar-based microwave absorbing material for sewage resource utilization

ABSTRACT Proper disinfection treatment is the basic guarantee for safe utilisation of sewage. However, the commonly used disinfection methods are not suitable for nutrients containing reclaimed water. In this work, the microwave disinfection method assisted by a microwave-absorbing material in recycled water samples was investigated. Magnetic corn stalk biochar (MCSB), the microwave absorbing material, was prepared by high temperature carbonisation of corn stalk particles impregnated with ferrous sulfate. Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms were selected as target microorganisms to investigate the disinfection efficiency of MCSB assisted microwave radiation (MW/MCSB). The addition of microwave absorbing materials significantly improves the disinfection effect of water samples. Compared with the microwave radiation (MW) without MCSB, the bactericidal rate by using 107 CFU/L E. coli suspension increased from 63.5% to 100% at 480 W for 30 s after adding 4 g/L MCSB. Besides, the effects of MCSB dosage, microwave power, microwave radiation time, and initial bacterial concentration on disinfection efficiency were explored. Moreover, the bactericidal efficiency for actual sewage samples was also demonstrated by treating the effluent from septic tank sewage. The residual fecal coliforms in treated water samples met China’s farmland irrigation water standard (GB 5084-2021). The result indicates that the proposed method of microwave disinfection strengthened by MCSB has a promising application prospect for reclaimed water disinfection.

Ball milling enhanced magnetic corn straw biochar for peroxyacetic acid activation towards efficient degradation of sulfadiazine

A novel heterogeneous catalyst of ball-milling magnetic corn straw biochar (BMCBC) was the first time synthesized and employed to activate peroxyacetic acid (PAA) for efficiently degrading sulfadiazine (SDZ). The superior porous structure and the magnetic Fe3O4 of BMCBC guaranteed its higher activation efficiency than that of CBC. The results showed that 93% of SDZ was removed by PAA/BMCBC system within 60 min. Solution pH, CO32-, NO3- and Cl- concentrations were the crucial environmental factors affecting the degradation process of SDZ. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), quenching experiments, and Raman spectra analysis indicated that •OH and R-O• were the main contributors to SDZ degradation. The transformed products (TPs) generated in PAA/BMCBC system were less toxic compared to those of SDZ. Three degradation pathways of SDZ were proposed and hydroxylation and S-N bond breakage by •OH and R-O• attacking were the dominant degradation pathways of SDZ in PAA/BMCBC system. Also, PAA/BMCBC system built in this study exhibited excellent removal performance for SDZ in actual waters including river water (84.32%), lake water (73.95%), tap water (93.30%) and drinking water (91.29%). Additionally, BMCBC exhibited satisfactory environmental safety in a wide pH range (from 3 to 11) with low leaching levels of Fe. The good magnetic sensitivity of BMCBC enabled it to be easily collected and it performed outstanding sustainable activation performance for PAA even after five reuse cycles. This study developed a promising method for antibiotics (e.g., SDZ) elimination, in addition to that the resource utilization of agricultural wastes (e.g., corn straw) was achieved.

Turning teawaste particles into magnetic bio-sorbents particles for arsenic removal from wastewater: Isotherm and kinetic studies

The primary objective of this research was to assess the potential of magnetic bleached biochar (MBBC) as a cost-effective adsorbent for arsenic removal. To achieve this, locally collected tea wastes underwent meticulous cleaning, bleaching, and modifications via thermal and chemical treatments. Both non-magnetic and magnetic biochar adsorbents were thoroughly characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Subsequently, the adsorptive performance of MBBC in removing arsenic from wastewater samples was investigated, considering various crucial parameters such as adsorbent-adsorbate contact time, concentration of As, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and the regeneration-ability of the adsorbent. The experimental data for the adsorption process were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating its suitability for the MBBC adsorbent. Remarkably, the MBBC demonstrated a maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of approximately 714 mg/g at room temperature, highlighting its efficiency as an arsenic adsorbent. Furthermore, the Lagergren's Pseudo-second order kinetic model proved to be the most suitable for describing the adsorption kinetics, confirming the chemisorption nature of the process. The results also indicated that the adsorption process is endothermic and feasible, suggesting its viability for practical applications. Taking all findings into account, the comprehensive analysis strongly supports the potential use of MBBC as a highly promising and cost-effective adsorbent for efficiently removing arsenic from aqueous samples. This research contributes valuable insights to the field of wastewater treatment and offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for tackling arsenic contamination in water sources.

Magnetic Biochar Mediates BDE-153 Accumulation and Metabolism in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Modulating Iron Plaque and the Fatty Acid Profile

Magnetic Biochar Mediates BDE-153 Accumulation and Metabolism in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) by Modulating Iron Plaque and the Fatty Acid Profile

Comprehensive adsorption and spectroscopic studies on the interaction of magnetic biochar from black wattle sawdust with beta-blocker metoprolol

The rise of contaminants of emerging concern in water-resources due to human activities has driven research toward wastewater treatment, specifically adsorption. The utilization of woody biomass for biochar production in adsorption has shown promise due to its high availability. This study shows the preparation of magnetic biochars (MB) from waste black wattle sawdust, utilizing ZnCl2 and NiCl2 (proportions: 1:0.5:0.5 = MB-0.5 and 1:1:1 = MB-1) as activating and magnetic agents. Synthesized via microwave-assisted-pyrolysis, MB boasts a high surface area (up to 765 m2.g−1) and functional groups, enhancing metoprolol medicine adsorption. Nonlinear kinetic and isothermal models were tested; the Avrami fractional-order kinetic model and Liu's isothermal model provided the best fits for experimental data. Thermodynamics and spectroscopic studies revealed spontaneous and exothermic adsorption processes, with physisorption magnitude and dominance of hydrogen-bond and π-π-interactions. MB can be easily extracted from an aqueous medium using magnetic fields, while adsorption capacity could be regenerated through green solvent elution.

An alternative synthesis of magnetic biochar from green coconut husks and its application for simultaneous and individual removal of caffeine and salicylic acid from aqueous solution

Efficient remediation of water pollutants requires the continuous development of new technologies. Magnetic biochars offer a sustainable solution by combining the high adsorptive capacity of biochar with easy adsorbent recovery. However, the main existing methods for synthesizing magnetic carbons have some disadvantages, such as obtaining materials with a poor magnetic response or with less surface area available for the adsorption of contaminants. Thus, there is an evident need to develop new methods for the synthesis of magnetic carbons. This study presents an innovative approach to obtaining a magnetic nanocomposite (MNC). Initially, chemically activated biochar (ACP) was produced from the pyrolysis of green coconut husks (GCH). Subsequently, an oleic acid-coated magnetite colloid was employed to incorporate magnetic nanoparticles into the porous structure of ACP. Two additional magnetic carbons were prepared using co-pyrolysis of GCH or GCH biochar, both impregnated with FeCl3 solution, for performance comparison. Characterization of MNC revealed a high BET surface area (1019 m2·g−1) and favorable magnetism (11.2 ± 1.1 emu·g−1). The MNC exhibited similar or superior adsorption capacities for caffeine (153 mg·g−1) and salicylic acid (203 mg·g−1) when compared to the other materials. These findings highlight the ability of this innovative process to provide a material with good magnetic properties and concomitantly high surface area, resulting in a promising adsorbent for the removal of contaminants from water.

Enhanced copper (II) bioremediation from wastewater using nano magnetite (Fe3O4) modified biochar of Ascophyllum nodosum

Despite the remarkable Cu(II) sorption biochar potential, it is challenging to desorb them for repeated biochar usage. The present study aims to develop engineered biochar by polarizing Ascophyllum nodosum (seaweed) biomass and magnetizing it with Fe3O4 nanoparticles coating. SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, and FT-IR helped to characterize engineered biochar. Unlike conventional, magnetite biochar exhibited a significant Cu(II) removal potential from an aqueous solution at pH 5. The native and magnetic biochar removal efficiency was 75.2 % (36.99 mgg−1) and 90.27% (45.13 mgg−1), respectively. No significant change in temperature effect was observed. Adsorption study showed that magnetic biochar followed the Langmuir isotherm model with Qmax 53.19 mgg−1. Adsorption kinetics study indicates that magnetic biochar chemisorption dominates over physisorption. Thus, this study shows that seaweed-derived modified biochar could be the best alternative bioresource for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It can be reused to reduce the overall treatment cost of the process.

Assessing biodiesel production using palm kernel shell-derived sulfonated magnetic biochar from the life cycle assessment perspective

Climate change awareness has encouraged further research towards non-fossil production and consumption. Among non-fossils, biodiesel is one of the attractive alternatives to petroleum diesel. Despite the favorable properties of biodiesel, it is still faced with serious challenges regarding feedstock and catalyst used. In line with that, using waste-oriented oils and catalysts is a promising approach to ensure sustainable biodiesel production. Nevertheless, the environmental sustainability of such platforms must be carefully assessed before commercialization. The current study assesses the environmental sustainability of biodiesel production using palm kernel shell-derived sulfonated magnetic biochar through the life cycle assessment approach. Based on the results, biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil by palm kernel shell-derived sulfonated magnetic biochar causes 5.86E-04 DALY, 1.29E-06 species.yr, and 9.52E+01 USD2013 per tonne of biodiesel damage to human health, ecosystems, and resources categories. Transesterification and purification steps are responsible for approximately 76%, 76%, and 90% of these damages, respectively. Based on the weighted results, the total environmental impact of waste cooking oil biodiesel produced by palm kernel shell-derived sulfonated magnetic biochar stands at 1.08E+01 Pt per tonne of biodiesel, with the damage to human health category being more pronounced than the other damage categories. Generally, substituting palm oil biodiesel and diesel with waste cooking oil biodiesel produced by the developed catalyst could lead to an 89% and 55% decrease in total weighted impacts. Overall, the catalyst developed in this study could be a favorable alternative to homogeneous catalysts used in biodiesel production, causing much discounted environmental burdens.

Application of Magnetic Porous Graphite Biochar Prepared Through One-Step Modification in the Adsorption of Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Solutions

Application of Magnetic Porous Graphite Biochar Prepared Through One-Step Modification in the Adsorption of Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Solutions