Magnetic Ball Research Articles

Construction and Characterization of KRAS Immune Lipid Magnetic Balls for Colorectal Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize a lipid magnetic ball modified with KRAS antibodies on the surface and to isolate circulating tumor cells of colorectal cancer with KRAS mutations.MethodsThe microemulsion method was used to form lipid bilayers to encapsulate Fe3O4 nanoparticles with superparamagnetism to form lipid magnetic balls, and KRAS antibodies were formed on the surface to form KRAS immune lipid magnetic balls.ResultsCompared with traditional EpCAM antibody-modified lipid magnetic balls, it can effectively improve the capture ability of colorectal cancer circulating tumor cells with KRAS mutation, the capture rate reaches 92.9%, and the capture results are consistent with clinical diagnosis and pathology.ConclusionOur results showed that KRAS antibody-modified lipid magnetic balls can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of KRAS colorectal cancer.

Design of a MAGLEV System with PID Based Fuzzy Control Using CS Algorithm

Abstract The main aim of this study consists of proposing a simple but effective and robust approach for PID type fuzzy controller (Fuzzy-PID) in order to improve the dynamics and stability of a magnetic ball levitation system. The design parameters of the proposed controller are optimally determined based on Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm. During the optimization, a time domain objective function is used for minimizing the values of common step response characteristics for the optimal selection of the controller parameters. Robustness tests are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed controller through extensive simulations under load disturbance, parametric variation and changes in references. Moreover, to show the advantage and compare the performance of the proposed controller, the PID and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers tuned with CS are designed. The simulation results and comparisons with the CS based PID and FOPID controllers demonstrate that the CS based Fuzzy-PID controller has superior performance depending on small overshoot, short settling time, fast rise time and minimum steady state error. Compared with the PID and FOPID controller tuned with CS, the simulation results show that the proposed Fuzzy-PID controller tuned with CS outperforms in terms of the accuracy, robustness and the least control effort.

Static magnetic response of multicore particles.

We present theoretical calculations of the characteristics of the static magnetic response of multicore magnetic nanoparticles. These particles contain a considerable number (∼10^{2}) of single-domain magnetic nanocrystallites, which are modeled as uniformly magnetized balls with uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the energetic barrier of which is comparable with the thermal energy. Thus, we model a multicore magnetic nanoparticle as an ensemble of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, the position and the easy magnetization axis of which are fixed but randomly distributed. Summing up the magnetic moments of the nanocrystallites inside a multicore particle, we thus obtain the magnetic moment of the multicore particle under the assumption that magnetic interactions between the nanocrystallites can be neglected. It is found that the weak-field magnetic response of these multicore particles is independent of anisotropy constant. The model is compared with recent experimental data and good agreement is found.

Opposition-based artificial electric field algorithm and its application to FOPID controller design for unstable magnetic ball suspension system

In this study, an improved version of artificial electric field (AEF) algorithm, named as opposition-based AEF (ObAEF), has been proposed for the first time ever to tune a fractional order PID (FOPID) controller used in a magnetic ball suspension system. The basic AEF algorithm is a novel physics-inspired, population-based meta-heuristic optimization method that mathematically mimics Coulomb’s electrostatic force between charged particles. The proposed ObAEF algorithm is the improved version of the AEF which utilizes the opposition-based learning strategy to enhance the AEF algorithm’s exploration capability. To validate the performance, the novel ObAEF algorithm was applied to 6 well-known benchmark optimization problems of Sphere, Rosenbrock, Schwefel, Ackley, Egg Crate and Easom. The results were also compared with other algorithms such as basic AEF, atom search optimization (ASO) and artificial bee colony (ABC). It was also used to tune FOPID controller (ObAEF-FOPID) to improve the transient response of a magnetic levitation (maglev) system by minimizing a new objective function having a simple structure. The latter was proposed to minimize the maximum overshoot, settling and rise times along with steady state error of magnetically suspended ball’s position. The convergence profile and statistical analyzes were conducted to illustrate the success of the proposed algorithm. The effectiveness and superiority of the ObAEF-FOPID controller was further investigated through frequency response analysis and again compared with AEF, ABC and ASO based FOPID controllers as in statistical success, convergence profile and transient analyses. The results showed that the proposed ObAEF-FOPID has better control performance than those tuned by AEF, ASO and ABC algorithms.

A goblet-like non-linear electromagnetic generator for planar multi-directional vibration energy harvesting

A novel electromagnetic energy harvester for in-plane multi-directional vibrations is developed by letting a magnetic ball move on a two-dimensional surface which is generated from the rotation of a one-dimensional bi-stable potential curve. A goblet-like structure is designed to keep the ball on the nonlinear potential surface. Due to the special symmetric configuration, in-plane excitations from any direction can equivalently force the motion of the magnetic ball and thus produce electricity in the coils on the outer surface of the structure. Meanwhile, the good features of nonlinearities on bandwidth extension are preserved. Continual circular motions were observed for a wide frequency range. The operation bandwidth could reach a high value of 8 Hz and simultaneously the maximum power of 7.649mW was captured in experiments under a harmonic excitation of 1 g, corresponding to a normalized power density of 72.5 µW cm−3 g−2. In particular, the proposed harvester showed good performance for low frequency vibrations and is especially suitable for human body energy harvesting. With the harvester attached to the ankle, 1.4mW was obtained when walking at 5 km h−1. Notably, the method can be applied to other one-dimensional potential portraits for constructing the corresponding two-dimensional potential surface.

Surface flatness and roughness evolution after magnetic assisted ball burnishing of magnetizable and non-magnetizable materials

• The proposed MABB tool can burnish also non-magnetizable and other materials. • Optimal roughness is at steel, aluminium and austenite steel but uncertain at polimer. • 20% hardness increase is at C45 steel and AA7075 aluminium, hardened thickness 0.3 mm. • The various burnishing strategies can increase and also decrease the flatness error. • Cycloid path is a compromise for roughness (micro-level) and flatness (macro-level) The burnishing process is applied to improve the surface roughness and hardness. The goal of the reported research was to evaluate the machining conditions on magnetisable and non-magnetisable materials by the novel permanent magnetic assisted ball burnishing (MABB) tool. The MABB tool was designed to reduce the surface roughness but this process has further effects on the surface C45 steel, X6CrNiTi1811 austenite steel, AA7075 aluminium alloy and PA6 polymer materials were burnished in the experiments. Surface quality is a complex feature that refers to the micro-geometrical characteristics of the machined surface. It includes roughness and waviness and gives a realistic picture about the top layer of the surface, while micro hardness and grains structure are especially important on sub-surface level. Results according to these analysed aspects mirrored that all of the tested materials can be burnished by the novel MABB tool, however, the effects from the economical viewpoints are diverse.

3D full-space triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for high-efficient mechanical energy harvesting in vibration system

Mechanical energy with low frequency is a widely distributed energy in environment. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic energy harvester (EMG) are considered as promising methods to harvest low-frequency mechanical energy. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) full-space triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (FSHG) based on a magnetic ball and Polystyrene (PS) spherical shells is presented. The external excitation can be transformed into the relative motion between different units. The mover composed of the PS spherical shell 3 and a magnet ball transforms 3D full-space mechanical energy into electrical energy through friction electrification and electromagnetic induction effect. The results of experiments show that the performance of TENG and EMGs can be influenced by the direction of external vibration and excitation frequency. The output performances of TENG and EMGs increase as the excitation frequency increases. The results show that the maximum output power of TENG is 18 μW at an external loading resistance of 200 MΩ, and the maximum output power of EMG is 640 μW at an external loading resistance of 1000 Ω. The FSHG demonstrates a quick charging ability for capacitor and the capability to power hundreds of LEDs. After storing energy in the capacitor, the DC signal can power a humidity/temperature sensor.

A case report of intestinal obstruction due to magnetic ball ingestion

Background: Toys with magnetic balls and objects can lead to serious consequences in children. We report a child with a history of magic ball (magnetic toy) ingestion. Case Presentation: A 4-years-old girl, previously healthy and developmentally normal, presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a 10 days’ history of vomiting and abdominal pain. Parents took her to different hospitals, where she was treated as a case of acute gastroenteritis and gastritis. Routine laboratory tests were normal, and an abdominal ultrasound also did not reveal any abnormality. Parents also did not report anything unusual in history. An abdominal X-ray was done in the Emergency room, which showed a collection of approximately 18 rounded radiopaque objects in the right lower abdomen with the signs of intestinal obstruction. Magnetic balls were removed after laparotomy followed by uneventful recovery. Conclusion: Awareness about the serious consequences of magnetic toy ingestion and the need to supervise children while playing is emphasized. It is strongly recommended that to reduce further damage, the International Safety Standards for the use of small magnets should be established.

Design and Real-Time Implementation of Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Controller for Magnetic Levitation Ball System

An integral state feedback control method based on T-S fuzzy model is proposed for nonlinear and unstable magnetic levitation ball system in this paper. Firstly, the fuzzy model of the magnetic levitation ball is derived from the nonlinear dynamic model by using the sector nonlinearity, and the local controller is designed by using the integral state feedback control. The global controller is constructed by a parallel distributed compensation (PDC) method, and the feedback gain is obtained using a linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, the integrated state feedback controller is applied to the position control of the magnetic levitation ball system, and a dSPACE real-time control platform is established for experimental research. The simulation and experiment are performed to prove that the designed controller can levitate the ball stably, and has better control performance.

OPTIMIZING HEATING EFFICIENCY OF HYPERTHERMIA: SPECIFIC LOSS POWER OF MAGNETIC SPHERE COMPOSED OF SUPERPARAMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) based thermal therapies have shown importance in clinical applications. However, it lacks a compromise between its robustness and limitations. We developed theoretical strategies to enhance the heating efficiency, which could be utilized in thermal therapies and calculated parameter dependence for superparamagnetic MNPs (approximative ellipsoid-shaped) within a sphere-shaped ball. Then we calculated specific loss power (SLP) for magnetic particles in a magnetic ball. The dependency of features of the nanoparticles (such as mean particle size, a number of particles, frequency and amplitude of the exposed field, relaxation time, and volume gap between particles and a sphere-shaped ball) on the SLP or the heating effect in superparamagnetic MNPs was analyzed. In this study, optimal parameter values were calculated using Kneedle Algorithm as the optimization technique to represent the accurate heating efficiency. The influence of a number of particles in a sphere-shaped ball shows that SLP of magnetic particles increases with the increasing number of particles (N); however, after N = 10 particles, the SLP increment is insignificant. The most remarkable result arising from this analysis is that when particles are closer together (less volume gap of a sphere-shaped ball), high SLP is found for the same number of particles. This model also predicts that the frequency dependency on the SLP is negligible when the frequency is higher than 10 kHz depending on the size of a sphere-shaped ball and nanoparticle parameters. This analysis has shown that the SLP of MNPs, in a sphere-shaped ball, strongly depends on magnetic parameters and properties of the particles. In brief, we have demonstrated, for the first time, impact on SLP of the accumulation of ellipsoid-shaped superparamagnetic nanoparticles into a sphere-shaped ball. This finding has essential suggestions for developing links between heating properties with loose aggregate and dense aggregate scenarios in the superparamagnetic condition.

Research on hardware-in-the-loop simulation of single point suspension system based on fuzzy PID

The stability control of maglev trains is one of the core problems in the research of maglev train technology and the realisation of this goal is of the great scientific value in the field of magnetic levitation. Based on this, the research on the suspension control strategy of single point maglev system is founded and the control strategy is verified by experiments on Magnetic Levitation Ball System (MLBS). Aiming at the structure of multi-group independent control system of maglev train suspension frame, in order to improve the overall stability control ability of the suspension frame, the coupling relationship between the subsystems is established by introducing the suspension response deviation compensator. Finally, the effect of single point suspension control system is discussed and the cooperative control of suspension frame is carried out on MATLAB. Simulation and analysis show that each subsystem has good anti-jamming ability and the suspension system realises the balanced and stable control under different interference signals, which provides a certain reference value for further study of maglev train suspension control.

Research on hardware-in-the-loop simulation of single point suspension system based on fuzzy PID

The stability control of maglev trains is one of the core problems in the research of maglev train technology and the realisation of this goal is of the great scientific value in the field of magnetic levitation. Based on this, the research on the suspension control strategy of single point maglev system is founded and the control strategy is verified by experiments on Magnetic Levitation Ball System (MLBS). Aiming at the structure of multi-group independent control system of maglev train suspension frame, in order to improve the overall stability control ability of the suspension frame, the coupling relationship between the subsystems is established by introducing the suspension response deviation compensator. Finally, the effect of single point suspension control system is discussed and the cooperative control of suspension frame is carried out on MATLAB. Simulation and analysis show that each subsystem has good anti-jamming ability and the suspension system realises the balanced and stable control under different interference signals, which provides a certain reference value for further study of maglev train suspension control.

Development and Verification of Mechanism for Enhancement of Steering Angle and Active Locomotion for Magnetic Micro Active-Guidewire

In this study, the authors developed a novel active guidewire including a spiral-type magnetic microrobot and ball joint to realize active locomotion and improve the steering capability within external magnetic fields. Most active guidewires provide only steering ability without active locomotion, and their steering angles depend on the physical properties of the wire. The developed mechanism provides a wider range of steering angles because the total steering angle is the sum of the joint angle and wire angle. To evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism, we compared and analyzed the steering and active locomotion in a dc field and rotating magnetic field in conditions involving and not involving the ball joint mechanisms. At a low magnetic field strength (up to 4 kA/m), considerable improvement in the steering angle owing to the use of the ball joint was noted. The dc and rotating fields with an intensity of 8 kA/m generated peak steering angles of 189° and 135°, respectively. Various experiments were conducted, and the results confirmed that the proposed mechanism could improve the steering ability while realizing active locomotion. In particular, the steering stability and movement ability corresponding to different types of magnetic fields could be analyzed.

Research on one-dimensional motion control system and method of a magnetic levitation ball.

Research on the multi-degree-of-freedom and large-displacement motion control of the levitated object makes a contribution to broadening the application field of the Maglev technology. A one-dimensional motion control system and method of the Maglev ball are investigated in this paper. The Maglev ball motion control system is required to have a large operating range. In order to meet this requirement, a novel Maglev system based on double linear hall sensors is designed and implemented. The step-by-step control based on the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is proposed as one method to realize the large step response of the levitated object. The controlled object responds to the successive small step input rather than the large step input. Then, the mathematical model of the system is set up based on the electromagnetic force equation and controller parameters are tuned by following the mathematical model of the Maglev system at different positions. The experimental data show that the position accuracy of the Maglev control system using the PID controller reaches ±0.02 mm. Moreover, step-by-step control can not only safely realize large-displacement motion of the levitated object but also effectively reduce the overshoot of the step response and make the step response process smoother.

Magnetic balls ingestion as a cause of intestinal volvulus in a 6-year-old boy

Magnetic balls ingestion as a cause of intestinal volvulus in a 6-year-old boy

A fully-enclosed wrist-wearable hybrid nanogenerator for self-powered sensors

In this paper, a fully-enclosed wrist-wearable hybrid nanogenerator (WHN) based on electromagnetic-triboelectric mechanism is reported with an outstanding energy harvesting performance. The proposed WHN integrates rolling electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction of a free-standing spherical magnetic inside a hollow circular tube. The human wrist motion initiates the magnetic ball to freely roll inside the tube, generating both electromagnetic and triboelectric energy. The WHN is capable of converting diverse human wrist biomechanical energy such swinging, waving, shaking, etc. into a useful electrical energy which can continuously power the wrist-wearable electronic devices and sensors such as wrist-watch, fitness band and so on. The experimental results show that the WHN can deliver the average power of 3.46 mW under the load resistance of 100 Ω. A commercial electronic wrist-watch is successfully powered continuously for more than 18 mins from just 5 s of wrist motion by wearing WHN on wrist. Also, a commercial temperature sensor is driven for 132 s form 88 s of slow walking by wearing WHN on wrist. Remarkably, the experimental results and outstanding demonstration shows the wide potential of the WHN as a sustainable power supply for developing self-powered wearable healthcare monitoring sensors.

Evaluation of commercial methods to separate nucleic acids from intestinal tissues of pigs for diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea

The article presents the results of evaluating commercial methods for extracting nucleic acids from pig intestinal tissues for the diagnosis of PED. The study was based on samples of small intestine tissues and faeces from 3–5 day old pigs which died from PED. Nucleic acid extraction was performed using commercial kits with different nucleic acid separation strategies based on: silicon-sorbent; silicate membrane fixed in a microcentrifuge column and magnetic balls. The studies were conducted in two stages. The first was a comparison of the results of the amplification of the obtained nucleic acid extracts from the homogenate of the intestines of piglets by using the above-mentioned commercial kits for the extraction of nucleic acids. For this purpose, samples of homogenate were used which in weight corresponded to the guideline for the application of the test kits. The second step was directed to determining the efficiency of extraction of DNA and RNA from homogenate samples with a weight of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg. Determination of the optimal methodological strategy of nucleic acid extraction for the diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea by PCR has been investigated. The results of the PCR studies of RNA of the PED virus and a unique pig DNA fragment indicate that the extraction of nucleic acids by commercial kits has different levels of efficiency and depends on different factors. According to the research, it was found that the most important of them are the adsorption capacity of the solid-phase sorbent, its configuration and nature, which binds RNA and DNA molecules, the type of sample from which extraction takes place, its volume, or the tissue mass used for extraction. Based on the obtained results, it has been found that the most effective PED virus RNA extraction is by “ArtBioTech”, “Bio Extract Column”, and “Viral DNA/RNA Extraction Kit”, and pig genomic DNA extraction by the “ArtBioTech” and “Viral DNA / RNA extraction Kit”.

Remote-Controlled Magnetic Sponge Balls and Threads for Oil/Water Separation in a Confined Space and Anaerobic Reactions.

Magnetic sponges (MSs) and magnetic threads with hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics that can perform remote-controlled oil/water separation in a confined space and anaerobic reactions were prepared. For large amounts of water or oil, trainlike hydrophilic or hydrophobic MSs composed of more than three sponge balls moved as a group and quickly absorbed the water or oil droplets in oil or water by magnetic manipulation from outside of the tube. For the removal of heavy oils below the water in three-liquid multiphase solutions, the hydrophobic MS balls were moved to the heavy oil below the water, absorbed some of the heavy oil, and returned to the light oil layer to deliver the heavy oil by means of an external magnetic field. The mixed oils floating on the water were easily removed by a suction pump once the heavy oil had been completely delivered to the light oil layer via the round-trip process. Furthermore, our approach was demonstrated for use in an anaerobic reaction system due to the strong magnetic property that transfers the reactants/products, the porous structure providing a reaction site, and the prewetting ability containing the reactants/products of the MSs and the oil layer prohibiting oxygen contact.

Self‐Assembling Bifunctional Hydrophilic Magnetic Nanomaterials for Highly Efficient Enrichment of Parabens in Beverages Sample

AbstractPreservatives affect human endocrine systems and pose a potential threat to the environment, so developing a fast, low‐cost means to detect parabens is critical. In this work, a hydrophilic magnetic ball (Fe3O4@mSiO2@PDA‐IL@C18) is prepared via functionalized position control strategy. The imidazole‐based ionic liquid and mesoporous silica are outer bifunctional groups, which provide active sites for the extraction of preservatives by the π‐π interaction. Fe3O4@mSiO2@PDA‐IL@C18 was utilized to the selective enrichment of parabens with good linear range (0.05‐300 ng/mL), excellent recovery (94%‐105%) and precision (RSDs lower than 5.2%), and low detection limit (0.05 ng/mL). In the actual sample test, the prepared Fe3O4@mSiO2@PDA‐IL@C18 could specifically detect parabens from green tea and cola samples. The results displayed that we provided an efficient and simple method for the detection of preservatives in food.

Determination of Fluid Viscosity Coefficient Using jetAudio and Subtitle Edit

The purpose of this study is to produce an experimental design for determining the viscosity coefficient using jetAudio and Subtitle Edit software, and determining the value of the fluid viscosity coefficient by using this experimental design. In this study, the type of fluid used is packaged cooking oil, and the object used is a magnetic ball. The method proposed by the author to measure the travel time of the magnetic ball in cooking oil is by using the combination of coil sensors, jetAudio, and Subtitle Edit. JetAudio software will record magnetic induction traces as the magnetic ball passes the coils into audio format, Subtitle Edit software is used to determine travel time of the magnetic ball based on jetAudio recording data. The results of this study are jetAudio and Subtitle Edit can be used in fluid viscosity coefficient experiments. The value of the cooking oil viscosity coefficient obtained from this study is 0,561431096 Pa.s.