Magnesium Status Research Articles

Association of magnesium deficiency scores with risk of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in adults: a cross-sectional population-based study.

The magnesium depletion score (MDS) is a scoring system developed to predict magnesium deficiency based on pathophysiological factors that affect renal reabsorption. The relationship between systemic magnesium status and arthritis is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the MDS and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as osteoarthritis (OA). This study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of 20,513 adults aged ≥ 20years who participated in NHANES from 2007 to 2018. The four dimensions of the MDS included diuretics, proton pump inhibitors, glomerular filtration rate, and excessive alcohol consumption. Univariate and multivariable-weighted logistic regression were used to assess the associations between MDS and RA/OA, and a test for trend was performed to analyze the presence of a dose-response relationship. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed according to confounders. After adjustment for all covariates, we found a graded dose-response relationship between MDS and RA or OA. When MDS was considered as a continuous variable, each onefold increase in MDS was associated with a 1.21-fold increase in the odds of having RA (OR = 1.21, 1.10, 1.33) and a 1.12-fold increase in the odds of having OA (OR = 1.12, 1.04, 1.21). There was an interaction of sex in the effect of MDS on RA (Pinteraction = 0.004) and age in the effect of MDS on OA (Pinteraction = 0.006). In addition, these associations were further confirmed in sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Our study identified significant dose-response associations between MDS and both RA and OA. More biological mechanisms are needed in the future to validate and clarify the results of this study.

Serum Magnesium and Glycemic Status in Newly Diagnosed T2DM Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major global health issue. Trace elements play important role as co-factors for various events in this context. Recently, an inverse relationship between serum magnesium and glycemic control has been observed and magnesium is thought to be low in with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: This study aimed to see serum magnesium and HbA1c in newly diagnosed T2DM. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 100 newly detected diabetes subjects (age: 40.65±11.65 years, mean ± SD; m/f: 35/65) diagnosed according to American Diabetic Association (ADA) 2016 diagnostic criteria for diabetes. 5 ml of blood was collected for serum magnesium and HbA1c measurement by utilizing atomic absorption Spectrometricanalysis and NGSP certified Bio-Rad D-10TM Hemoglobin A1c Program 220-0101 USA. All data were analyzed by SPSS (version 22.0). Results: Magnesium and HbA1c were 1.99±0.23 mg/dl and 8.65±2.18% (mean±SD). About 9% were hypomagnesemic and 91% eumagnesemic. Socioeconomically 50% were middle income group, family history was present in 48% and 11% had history of smoking. Magnesium (meanSD) was statistically similar between males and females (1.99±0.22 vs. 1.99±0.24 mg/dl, p=0.974), urban and rural subjects (1.98±0.24 vs. 1.99±0.22 mg/dl, p=0.754), subjects with or without family history of diabetes (1.95±0.22 vs. 2.02±0.23 mg/dl, p=0.117), in subjects with BMI <25 Kg/m2 and 25 Kg/m2 (2.01±0.25 vs. 1.98±0.22 mg/dl, p= 0.526) as well as among various HbA1c cut-off values (<6.5 vs. 6.5− 9 vs. >9%: 2.08 ±0.15 vs. 1.98±0.24 vs. 1.99±0.23; p=0.257). However, magnesium level was statistically and significantly different among the age groups (<25 yrs vs. 25-34 yrs vs. 35-44 yrs vs. 45-54 yrs vs. 55 yrs: 1.91±0.28 vs. 2.00±0.23 vs. 1.93±0.20 vs. 1.96±0.26 vs. 2.16±0.13 mg/dl, meanSD; p= 0.018). None of the variables showed any correlation with magnesium except age (r=0.220, p=0.028) nor any was significant independent predictor for hypomag

Magnesium status modulating the effect of serum vitamin D levels on retinopathy: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2008.

Magnesium levels may influence the effect of vitamin D levels on the body. This study aimed to assess the combined effect of magnesium status as reflected by magnesium depletion score (MDS) and vitamin D status on the risk of retinopathy. This cross-sectional study included participants aged 40 years and older with complete information on vitamin D, MDS, and retinopathy assessment from the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Logistic regression analysis was utilized to analyze the relationship of MDS and vitamin D with retinopathy and expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Of these 4,953 participants included, 602 (9.53%) participants had retinopathy. Serum vitamin D levels ≤30 nmol/L (vs. >30 nmol/L) (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.05-1.81) and MDS >2 points (vs. ≤2 points) (OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.01-2.16) were associated with higher odds of retinopathy. There was an interaction between MDS and vitamin D on the increased odds of retinopathy (OR = 2.29, 95%CI: 1.12-4.68, P interaction = 0.025). In different MDS groups, serum vitamin D levels ≤30 nmol/L increased the odds of retinopathy only in the MDS >2 group (OR = 2.90, 95%CI: 1.16-7.24), but not in the MDS ≤2 group (p = 0.293). Subgroups analyses demonstrated that the interaction between MDS and serum vitamin D on retinopathy was observed in males (OR = 6.88, 95%CI: 1.41-33.66, P interaction = 0.019), people with diabetes (OR = 3.43, 95%CI: 1.78-6.63, P interaction < 0.001), and people with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (OR = 2.46, 95%CI: 1.11-5.44, P interaction = 0.028). Magnesium plays a moderating role in the relationship between serum vitamin D and retinopathy. The protective effect of vitamin D against retinopathy was primarily present among those with inadequate magnesium levels.

Higher Magnesium Depletion Score Increases the Risk of All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Hypertension Participants.

The magnesium depletion score (MDS) is a novel index utilized for evaluating body magnesium status. The present study intended to explore the association of MDS with mortality among hypertension (HTN) participants.In this cohort study, we utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) covering the years 2003 to 2018. MDS levels were categorized into three groups (lower: MDS = 0-1; middle: MDS = 2; higher: MDS = 3-5). Kaplan-Meier curves were employed to illustrate survival differences between groups with varying MDS levels. The relationship between MDS and mortality was assessed through weighted multivariate Cox regression models. Subgroup analyses, along with sensitivity analyses, were also conducted to further explore and validate the findings.This study encompassed 12,485 participants, recording 2537 all-cause deaths and 707 cardiovascular deaths. The Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that the higher MDS group had the highest rates of all-cause and cardiovascular death. (P < 0.001). Controlling for all confounding variables, participants belonging to the higher MDS group demonstrated a substantially elevated risk of mortality in comparison to the lower MDS group (all-cause mortality: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.54; cardiovascular mortality: HR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.19-2.22). There were no interaction factors found in subgroup analyses that affected the relationship between MDS and mortality, except for cardiovascular disease. The findings were confirmed to be robust through further sensitivity analyses.Higher MDS levels independently predict an elevated risk of mortality among US adults with HTN. Therefore, MDS may serve as a cost-effective and widely available prognostic marker for HTN.

Association between magnesium deficiency score and sleep quality in adults: A population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe association between magnesium status and sleep quality is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between renal reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score (MDS) and sleep quality. MethodsThis study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of adults aged ≥20 years who participated in NHANES 2005–2014. We used weighted logistic regression to examine the association between MDS and sleep quality and performed trend tests to analyze for the presence of a dose-response relationship. Subgroup analyses were performed based on various sleep outcomes and covariates. ResultsA total of 20,585 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 48.8 years and 50.7 % female. After adjusting for all covariates, we found a graded dose-response relationship between MDS and sleep trouble as well as sleep disorder. Further analyses revealed a significant positive association between MDS and sleep apnea (OR = 3.01; 95 % CI 1.37–6.62), but no association with restless legs, insomnia or insufficient sleep. In addition, subgroup analyses revealed that middle-aged, male, obese, low magnesium intake, and depressed patients were more prone to sleep trouble and sleep disorder; interestingly, MDS was positively associated with excessive sleep in subjects ≥60 years and without depression. ConclusionsOur study found a significant association between MDS and sleep quality, particularly sleep apnea, but adequate magnesium intake may be beneficial in mitigating this association. MDS may be associated with excessive sleep in older adults, but not with insufficient sleep or insomnia.

Examining the Effects of Supplemental Magnesium on Self-Reported Anxiety and Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review.

Self-treatment with vitamin, mineral, and herbal supplements has become increasingly common among patients for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Magnesium, in particular, is popular on social media for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. Meanwhile, preclinical studies support associations between magnesium status, sleep quality, and symptoms of anxiety. The extent to which these claims are evidence-based is unclear. Therefore, a systematic review was performedto provide an updated examination of the clinical evidence on the use of magnesium for the treatment of the above conditions given the popularity of such supplements among patients and the public at large. A thorough search of the PubMed database was performed and results were systematically reviewed using PRISMA guidelines. The search was limited to anxiety disorders and sleep disorders and included interventional trials only.Exclusion criteria included insufficient (<50 mg/12.5% of recommended daily allowance (RDA)) or unknown magnesium dose, >3 other potentially active compounds present in the formulation, and articles in languages other than English. This query returned 860 articlesof which 15 met full inclusion criteria. Eight measured sleep-related outcomes, seven measured anxiety-related outcomes, and one examined both. Sleep quality was measured most frequently using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Anxiety measures included self-reported measures such as the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The majority of included studies demonstrated improvement in at least one sleep- or anxiety-related parameter. Five out of eight sleep-related studies reported improvements in sleep parameters, while two studies reported no improvements, and one reported mixed results. Five out of seven studies measuring anxiety-related outcomes reported improvements in self-reported anxiety. Firm conclusions were limited by the heterogeneity of the data and the small numberof participants involved in most of the studies. The dosages, formulations, and durations of the magnesium interventions used also differed across studies. Furthermore, some studies included additional, potentially activeingredients, further complicating interpretations. Given the generally positive results across studies, the preponderance of preclinical evidence, and minimal side effects, however, supplemental magnesiumis likely useful in the treatment ofmild anxiety and insomnia, particularly in those with low magnesium status at baseline. Notably, both negative anxiety trials featured populations withunderlying endocrine factors likely contributing to their symptoms (patients with premenstrual symptoms and post-partum women). Nonetheless, larger, randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and to establish the most effective forms and dosages of magnesium for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety disorders.

Associations among diabetes medication use, serum magnesium, and insulin resistance in a cohort of older Puerto Rican adults

BackgroundHypomagnesemia is commonly observed in individuals with diabetes, but how diabetes medications alter magnesium (Mg) status remains unclear. ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the association between diabetes medication and hypomagnesemia and evaluate whether serum Mg mediates the association between diabetes medication and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in a prospective cohort. MethodsAdults from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study were included (n = 1106). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cross-sectional association between diabetes medication and hypomagnesemia (serum Mg <0.75 mmol/L). Longitudinal mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the direct and indirect (via serum Mg) associations between diabetes medication and 4-y HOMA-IR in 341 participants with baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of ≥6.5%. ResultsMean age at baseline was 59.0 ± 7.6 y, with 28.0% male and 45.8% with hypomagnesemia. Use of metformin [OR (95% CI) = 3.72 (2.53, 5.48)], sulfonylureas [OR (95% CI) = 1.68 (1.00, 2.83)], and glitazones [OR (95% CI) = 2.09 (1.10, 3.95)], but not insulin, was associated with higher odds of hypomagnesemia. Use of multiple diabetes medications and longer duration of use were associated with higher odds of hypomagnesemia. Serum Mg partially mediated the association between metformin and HOMA-IR [indirect association: β (95% CI) = 1.11 (0.15, 2.07)], which weakened the direct association [β (95% CI) = -5.16 (-9.02, -1.30)] by 22% [total association: β (95% CI) = -4.05 (-7.59, -0.51)]. Similarly, serum Mg mediated 17% of the association between sulfonylureas and elevated HOMA-IR. However, the mediation by serum Mg was weak for insulin and glitazones. ConclusionsDiabetes medication, especially metformin, was associated with elevated odds of hypomagnesemia, which may weaken the association between metformin and lowering of HOMA-IR. The causal inference needs to be confirmed in further studies.

Association between hypomagnesemia and serum lactate levels in patients with sepsis: a retrospective observational study

BackgroundSepsis-3 emphasizes the recognition of sepsis-induced cellular metabolic abnormalities, and utilizes serum lactate level as a biomarker of cellular metabolic abnormalities. Magnesium plays an important role as a cofactor in glucose metabolism, although it is not well known that magnesium deficiency causes elevated serum lactate levels. Additionally, it remains unclear how magnesium status affects the role of serum lactate levels as a marker of metabolic abnormalities in sepsis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between serum magnesium and lactate levels in patients with sepsis and explore this relationship from the perspectives of time course and circulatory abnormalities.MethodsThis retrospective observational study of adult patients with sepsis was performed at the 16-bed intensive care unit of Jichi Medical University Hospital between June 2011 and December 2017. The relationship between serum magnesium and lactate levels for 5 days from intensive care unit admission was investigated along the time course. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum magnesium and lactate levels during intensive care unit admission.ResultsAmong 759 patients included, 105 had hypomagnesemia (magnesium level < 1.6 mg/dL), 558 had normal serum magnesium levels (1.6–2.4 mg/dL), and 96 had hypermagnesemia (magnesium level > 2.4 mg/dL) at intensive care unit admission. From intensive care unit admission to day 5, the hypomagnesemia group had higher serum lactate levels and a higher frequency of lactic acidosis than the normal magnesium level and hypermagnesemia groups (70% vs. 51.6% vs. 50%; P < 0.001). Hypomagnesemia at intensive care unit admission was independently associated with lactic acidosis, i.e., lactic acid level > 2 mmol/L (odds ratio, 2.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.60–4.76; P < 0.001).ConclusionsHypomagnesemia was associated with serum lactate levels in the early and post-resuscitation phases of sepsis. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the magnesium status is associated with sepsis-induced cellular and metabolic abnormalities.

Ethnic-Based Assessment of Vitamin D and Magnesium Status in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Vitamin D deficiency is a major global health problem. Most previous studies focused attention on the significant role of sunlight exposure in the homeostasis of vitamin D and calcium blood levels. Magnesium is pivotal in the proper functioning of vitamin D, and the physiologic functions of different organs require a balanced vitamin D and magnesium status. The relationship between sunlight exposure and blood levels of vitamin D and magnesium has often been overlooked. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D and magnesium status based on sunlight exposure and ethnicity in Bahraini and expatriate workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 and September 2019. One hundred and seventy-four subjects participated in this study were subdivided based on their ethnicity and work environment-dependent exposure to sunlight into four groups: (1) Bahraini exposed (n=94), (2) Bahraini non-exposed (n=25), (3) expatriate exposed (n=31), and (4) expatriate non-exposed (n=24). Blood levels of vitamin D and magnesium were evaluated for all the participants. Independent of ethnicity, vitamin D levels were insignificantly different among the studied groups and were all below the normal reference range. Yet, there was still a sunlight-dependent increase in vitamin D level that could be seen only in Bahraini workers. Magnesium levels were significantly higher in expatriates when compared to Bahraini workers. Sunlight-exposed expatriates had significantly higher magnesium levels than their Bahraini counterparts, while there was no significant difference between both ethnicities in the non-exposed groups. Country- and ethnic-specific definitions for vitamin D status and sunlight exposure are recommended. The assessment of magnesium status is pivotal in the overall assessment of vitamin D status.

Magnesium Depletion Score and Metabolic Syndrome in US Adults: Analysis of NHANES 2003-2018.

The association between magnesium status and metabolic syndrome remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score (MDS) and metabolic syndrome among US adults. We analyzed data from 15,565 adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report. The MDS is a scoring system developed to predict the status of magnesium deficiency that fully considers the pathophysiological factors influencing the kidneys' reabsorption capability. Weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the association between MDS and metabolic syndrome. Restricted cubic spline analysis was conducted to characterize dose-response relationships. Stratified analyses by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were also performed. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, higher MDS was significantly associated with increased odds of metabolic syndrome. Each unit increase in MDS was associated with approximately a 30% higher risk for metabolic syndrome, even after adjusting for confounding factors (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.17-1.45). Restricted cubic spline graphs depicted a linear dose-response relationship across the MDS range. This positive correlation remained consistent across various population subgroups and exhibited no significant interaction by age, gender, race, adiposity, smoking status, or alcohol consumption. Higher urinary magnesium loss as quantified by MDS may be an independent linear risk factor for metabolic syndrome in US adults, irrespective of sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Optimizing magnesium nutritional status could potentially confer benefits to patients with metabolic syndrome.

Relationship between Serum Magnesium Status and the Incidence of Preeclampsia at 8 Padang Primary Health Care

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with its etiology and pathophysiology not fully understood. Several studies have shown that magnesium plays an important role in preeclampsia. Magnesium plays a role in modulating endothelial function. Decreased serum magnesium levels in pregnancy can trigger endothelial dysfunction that has an impact on the occurrence of preeclampsia.Objective: Determine the relationship between serum magnesium status with incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at 8 Padang Primary Health Care.Method: An observational analytic with cross-sectional design. Sampling was carried out using total sampling technique from research master data at 8 Padang Primary Health Care for period June 2019 – May 2020. The total sample was 45 pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s.Result: The serum magnesium status of pregnant women in the 8 Padang Primary Health Care was dominated by normal serum magnesium status (91.1%) and only 8.9% of pregnant women had preeclampsia. Fisher’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and the incidence of preeclampsia (p-value = 0,034).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and preeclampsia (with overlook the factors of previous preeclampsia history, family history of preeclampsia, and magnesium intake during pregnancy). Hypomagnesemia status in pregnant women can exacerbate the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Relationship between Serum Magnesium Status and the Incidence of Preeclampsia at 8 Padang Primary Health Care

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with its etiology and pathophysiology not fully understood. Several studies have shown that magnesium plays an important role in preeclampsia. Magnesium plays a role in modulating endothelial function. Decreased serum magnesium levels in pregnancy can trigger endothelial dysfunction that has an impact on the occurrence of preeclampsia.Objective: Determine the relationship between serum magnesium status with incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at 8 Padang Primary Health Care.Method: An observational analytic with cross-sectional design. Sampling was carried out using total sampling technique from research master data at 8 Padang Primary Health Care for period June 2019 – May 2020. The total sample was 45 pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s.Result: The serum magnesium status of pregnant women in the 8 Padang Primary Health Care was dominated by normal serum magnesium status (91.1%) and only 8.9% of pregnant women had preeclampsia. Fisher’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and the incidence of preeclampsia (p-value = 0,034).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and preeclampsia (with overlook the factors of previous preeclampsia history, family history of preeclampsia, and magnesium intake during pregnancy). Hypomagnesemia status in pregnant women can exacerbate the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Serum magnesium levels in patients with deep neck space abscess: A case-control study

Objective: Deep neck space abscess (DNSA) is a serious infection associated with immune response. Magnesium has fundamental multifunctions in the body. Its insufficiency is involved in immüne weakness and susceptibility to infectious diseases. The present study addressed serum magnesium status in patients with DNSA. Herein, we hypothesized that patients with DNSA may have decreased serum magnesium concentration. Materials and Methods: In the study, 23 patients with DNSA and 23 matched healthy individuals were included. The atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure serum magnesium concentration. The groups were compared statistically for demographics and serum magnesium concentration. Results: Patients with DNSA and healthy controls were statistically similar in age ( p = .625), gender ( p = 1.0), and smoking status ( p = 1.0). However, patients with DNSA had significantly decreased serum magnesium concentration (µg/dL) than healthy controls [25.23 ± 4.98 (19.9-42.2) versus 31.98 ± 5.36 (26.8-40.8)], ( p &lt; .001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that decreased serum magnesium concentration is associated with DNSA. It is the first report on the research topic, and may inspire future studies.

The Association between Magnesium Depletion Score and Hypertension in US Adults: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2018).

The magnesium depletion score (MDS) emerges as a new valuable predictor of the body's magnesium status index. This study aims to explore the link between MDS and hypertension (HTN) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. A total of 9708 participants from NHANES (2007-2018) were enrolled to investigate MDS's connection with HTN. HTN was defined based on clinical guidelines. MDS classification (low, 0-1; middle, 2; high, 3-5) relied on alcohol consumption, diuretic use, proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) usage, and kidney disease. Multivariable logistic regression assessed MDS-HTN association. Subsequent analyses included interaction tests, subgroups, and sensitivity analysis. Each unit increase in MDS correlated with an 87% higher HTN risk (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.64-2.13) after adjusting for confounders. High MDS participants exhibited significantly elevated HTN risk compared to low MDS counterparts (OR, 8.31; 95% CI, 4.81-14.36), with a significant trend across MDS groups (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses supported a consistent positive correlation. Sensitivity analysis confirmed a robust association. The results indicated a positive correlation between MDS and the risk of developing HTN in US adults.

Dietary Magnesium Intake and Proteinuria: Is There a Relationship?

The possible relationship between dietary magnesium status and proteinuria has been suggested by a number of previous studies. However, human studies on this association are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the independent relationship between dietary magnesium intake and urinary protein excretion. The present study was a post hoc analysis of the previous randomized clinical trial that evaluated the effect of dietary phosphorus restriction on proteinuria. The baseline data of 90 participants with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease was used to measure the association between dietary magnesium intake and proteinuria. Participants were asked to record their 24-h food intake for three days a week in a questionnaire. Urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) in a random urine sample was measured to be a marker for proteinuria. Out of 90 patients included in the study, 47 were men and 43 were women. The mean ± standard deviation of age and body mass index were 59.05 ± 14.16 years and 29.02 ± 5.54 kg/m2, respectively. The patients' average daily dietary intake of energy and magnesium were 2183 kcal and 169.44 mg, respectively. A significant inverse correlation was found between the dietary intake of magnesium and UPCR (r = - 0.219, p = 0.042). This association remained significant even after adjusting for confounding variables (β = - 0.222, p = 0.028). The findings of the present study showed a significant inverse relationship between the magnesium intake and proteinuria. Although, the design of the current research was cross-sectional, it has provided a basis for conducting future longitudinal studies and trials to better elucidate such a relationship.

Magnesium: a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

Magnesium is a divalent ion involved in a range of biochemical reactions and cellular functions. The metabolism and requirements for magnesium are still insufficiently understood. In the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations from 2012, a recommended intake was set based on balance studies. However, the average requirement (AR) was not set. Functional indicators of magnesium status have been lacking. This scoping review reveals new research activity related to the beneficial effect of magnesium intake on several health outcomes (cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some cancers). Based on meta-analyses of cohort studies and Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), as well as on plausible mechanisms, a causal association is suggested. However, the optimal intake cannot be set based on these study designs and no new balance studies were found.

Iron, Copper, and Magnesium Concentration in Hair and Risk of Esophageal Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study.

An association has already been hypothesized between iron, copper, and magnesium status assessed through food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, self-reported dietary assessment methods are prone to measurement errors. We studied the association between iron, copper, and magnesium status and ESCC risk, using hair samples as a long exposure biomarker. We designed a nested case-control study within the Golestan Cohort Study, that recruited about 50000 participants in 2004-2008, and collected biospecimens at baseline. We identified 96 incident cases of ESCC with available hair samples. They were age-matched with cancer-free controls from the cohort. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure iron, copper, and magnesium concentrations in hair samples. We used multiple logistic regression models to determine odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Median concentrations of iron, copper, and magnesium were 35.4, 19.3, and 41.7 ppm in cases and 25.8, 18.3, and 50.0 ppm in controls, respectively. Iron was significantly associated with the risk of ESCC in continuous analysis (OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.03-1.92), but not in the tertiles analyses (ORT3 vs. T1=1.81, 95% CI=0.77-4.28). No associations were observed between copper and magnesium and ESCC risk, in either the tertiles models or the continuous estimate (copper: ORT3 vs. T1=2.56, 95% CI=1.00-6.54; magnesium: ORT3 vs. T1=0.75, 95% CI=0.32-1.78). Higher iron status may be related to a higher risk of ESCC in this population.

Relationship Between Zinc, Selenium, and Magnesium Status and Markers of Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity Phenotypes.

Our objective was to investigate the relationship between zinc, selenium, and magnesium status and markers of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes. This was a cross-sectional study with 140 women: metabolically healthy obese women (n = 35), metabolically unhealthy obese women (n = 28), and normal-weight women (n = 77). We have calculated the body mass index, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio and some adiposity indices. Additionally, we evaluated endocrine-metabolic parameters and estimated the dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, zinc, selenium, and magnesium. The mineral concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, and urine were assessed. In obese patients, there was a significant decrease in dietary zinc, selenium, and magnesium intake per kilogram of body weight, as well as lower mineral concentrations in both plasma and erythrocytes. Additionally, these patients exhibited higher urinary mineral levels compared to the control group, regardless of whether they had healthy or unhealthy phenotypes. We observed a significant correlation between deficiencies in zinc, selenium, and magnesium and obesity-associated metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemias and redox status disturbances. This study highlights a connection between deficiencies in zinc, selenium, and magnesium and metabolic disorders linked to obesity, including dyslipidemias, alterations in redox status, and thyroid hormonal dysfunction.

Does Dark Chocolate Intake Influence Magnesium Status in Hemodialysis Patients?

Does Dark Chocolate Intake Influence Magnesium Status in Hemodialysis Patients?

Influence of Isoflavones and Probiotics on Magnesium Status in Healthy Female Rats.

Isoflavones and probiotics are promising nutrients for bone health, and magnesium (Mg) is essential for bone metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effects of daidzein, genistein and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the Mg status of healthy female rats. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to six groups, with the control group receiving a standard diet (AIN 93M). The remaining groups were fed the same diet with added ingredients such as tempeh flour; soy flour; pure daidzein and genistein; L. acidophilus or a combination of daidzein, genistein, and L. acidophilus. Tissue samples were collected after the eight-week intervention, and Mg concentrations were analysed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Myeloid and erythroid cells were determined using the haematoxylin and eosin bone staining method. Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The threshold for significance was p < 0.05. Compared with the control group, adding tempeh to the diet of rats resulted in significant changes in Mg concentrations in various tissues, with a decrease in the kidneys and an increase in the fur. Although not statistically significant compared to the control group, the tempeh group showed increased Mg concentrations in the femur and spleen. The myeloid-to-erythroid cell ratio did not differ significantly among groups, but all intervention groups showed higher ratios than the control group. A strong negative correlation was observed between Mg concentrations in the kidneys and fur. Conversely, a positive correlation was identified between Mg concentrations in the pancreas and fur. Daily consumption of tempeh may improve Mg status in the organism. Intake of pure daidzein, genistein, or probiotic seems to have no effect on Mg concentrations in healthy rats.