Magnesium Supplementation Research Articles

Reversal Of Arterial Disease by modulating Magnesium and Phosphate (ROADMAP-study): rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of magnesium citrate supplementation and phosphate-binding therapy on arterial stiffness in moderate chronic kidney disease

BackgroundArterial stiffness and calcification propensity are associated with high cardiovascular risk and increased mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both magnesium and phosphate are recognized as modulators of vascular calcification and chronic inflammation, both features of CKD that contribute to arterial stiffness. In this paper, we outline the rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating whether 24 weeks of oral magnesium supplementation with or without additional phosphate-binding therapy can improve arterial stiffness and calcification propensity in patients with stage 3–4 CKD.MethodsIn this multi-center, placebo-controlled RCT, a total of 180 participants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 15 to 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 without phosphate binder therapy will be recruited. During the 24 weeks intervention, participants will be randomized to one of four intervention groups to receive either magnesium citrate (350 mg elemental magnesium/day) or placebo, with or without the addition of the phosphate binder sucroferric oxyhydroxide (1000 mg/day). Primary outcome of the study is the change of arterial stiffness measured by the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity over 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include markers of calcification and inflammation, among others calcification propensity (T50) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. As explorative endpoints, repeated 18F-FDG and 18F-NaF PET-scans will be performed in a subset of participants (n = 40). Measurements of primary and secondary endpoints are performed at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks.DiscussionThe combined intervention of magnesium citrate supplementation and phosphate-lowering therapy with sucroferric oxyhydroxide, in stage 3–4 CKD patients without overt hyperphosphatemia, aims to modulate the complex and deregulated mineral metabolism leading to vascular calcification and arterial stiffness and to establish to what extent this is mediated by T50 changes. The results of this combined intervention may contribute to future early interventions for CKD patients to reduce the risk of CVD and mortality.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register, NL8252 (registered December 2019), EU clinical Trial Register 2019-001306-23 (registered November 2019).

Effect of magnesium supplementation on pregnancy outcome in gestational diabetes mellitus patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of magnesium supplementation during pregnancy in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. This meta‐analysis examines the effect of magnesium on glycemic indices and metabolic status in GDM. We searched databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of four RCTs were considered eligible for the analysis. Outcome parameters included markers for glycemic control and metabolic status. A total of four RCTs with 198 participants (control = 99; magnesium supplemented = 99) were selected for the analysis. Magnesium supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in markers of glycemic control—fasting plasma glucose (standard mean difference (μ^) = −0.83; 95% CI: [−1.13, –0.54]; p‐value <.0001), and insulin levels (μ^ = −0.95; 95% CI: [−1.38, −0.52]; p‐value <.0001). Also, Mg intake resulted in altered oxidative stress markers TAC (μ^ = 1.09; 95% CI: [0.10, 2.07]; p‐value = .03) of the pregnant women. No significant effect on GSH and CRP levels was observed. This study provides evidence of the positive effects of magnesium intervention on insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress in GDM patients.

The Effects of Magnesium Coadminstration During Treatment of Hypokalemia in the Emergency Department

BackgroundHypokalemia is a common disorder that can negatively affect organ function. Magnesium supplementation is frequently recommended despite limited evidence to support its use. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of magnesium coadministration in patients treated for hypokalemia in the emergency department (ED). MethodsThis retrospective, single-center study evaluated adults treated with intravenous (i.v.) potassium for hypokalemia (serum potassium <3.5 mMol/L) in the ED between July 1, 2016 and June 30, 2020. Patients given magnesium supplementation within 4 h of potassium administration (MG+) were compared with those not given concurrent magnesium (MG−). The primary outcome was time to potassium normalization (≥ 3.5 mMol/L). Secondary outcomes included clinical effects, adverse effects, and dosing of magnesium and potassium. ResultsTwo hundred patients were included (MG+ = 100; MG− = 100). Patients in the MG− group more frequently had history of myocardial infarction (16% vs. 6%; p = 0.02) and alcoholism (16% vs. 6%; p = 0.02). Patients in the MG+ group had higher incidence of symptomatic hypokalemia (34% vs. 19%; p = 0.02) and severe hypokalemia (serum potassium < 2.5 mMol/L) (15% vs. 8%; p = 0.03). There were no differences in time to serum potassium normalization, change in serum potassium after treatment, or incidence of potassium normalization within 24 h of treatment. MG+ patients required more potassium within 24 h of treatment and more frequently developed hypermagnesemia (serum magnesium >1.1 mMol/L). ConclusionsMagnesium coadministration during hypokalemia treatment did not affect time to serum potassium normalization but was associated with more hypermagnesemia.

Embedded point of care randomisation for evaluating comparative effectiveness questions: PROSPECTOR-critical care feasibility study protocol

IntroductionMany routinely administered treatments lack evidence as to their effectiveness. When treatments lack evidence, patients receive varying care based on the preferences of clinicians. Standard randomised controlled trials are unsuited...

The role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of hypertension and the influence of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure – literature review

Magnesium is a macronutrient that is very important for the proper functioning of the human body. Deficiency of this element is crucial in the development of many disorders in the proper functioning of many organ systems. The optimal level of magnesium has a significant influence on the functioning of the cardiovascular system, among others. Although the factors showing the mechanism of lowering blood pressure by magnesium ions are not fully understood, the influence of the correct concentration of magnesium in the human body on cardiovascular protection is beyond doubt. Magnesium supplementation produces positive effects in the functioning of blood vessels and in maintaining blood pressure within the normal range. In our article, we focused on the role of magnesium in maintaining normal blood pressure at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels, as well as on the impact of magnesium supplementation on reducing blood pressure.

Dietary magnesium intake is protective in patients with periodontitis.

BackgroundPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity characterized by inflammation of the periodontal tissue and resorption of the alveolar bone, which has a high incidence and is the main cause of tooth loss in adults. In addition to its role in promoting osteogenesis, magnesium also has a role in regulating the inflammatory response, both systemically and locally. There is growing evidence that magnesium is an important factor in maintaining the normal functioning of the body's immune system. Hypomagnesaemia can lead to a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases throughout the body, including periodontitis. Two-thirds of the US population suffers from magnesium deficiency. The connection between dietary magnesium and periodontitis is unknown. As a result, we set out to investigate the link between dietary magnesium intake and periodontitis.MethodsIn this study, we collected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2013 to 2014. Through 24-h dietary recalls, information about food consumption was collected. We examined the association between the dietary magnesium and periodontitis using multivariable logistic regression model. Based on odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), a strong association was detected.ResultsMultivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the OR for periodontitis comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of dietary magnesium intake was 0.69 (95% CIs = 0.52~0.92). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis showed that the non-linear association between dietary magnesium and periodontitis was statistically significant and that dietary magnesium supplementation reduced the prevalence of periodontitis.ConclusionDietary magnesium intake is associated with the prevalence of periodontitis. Dietary magnesium deficiency increases the prevalence of periodontitis.

Magnesium Depletion Score Predicts Diabetic Retinopathy Risk among Diabetes: Findings from NHANES 2005–2018

Magnesium is essential for material and energy metabolism. The magnesium depletion score (MDS) is recognized as a more valuable and reliable predictor of body magnesium status than any other clinical used markers such as serum and urine magnesium. However, research on the relationship between MDS and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is limited. As a result, the current study sought to assess this issue in diabetic samples from a large population-based database in the United States. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2018. MDS was calculated, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the presence of association between variables and DR risk. A total of 4308 participants was comprised in this study. Samples with DR consumed less magnesium (259.1 ± 113.6 vs 269.8 ± 113.2 mg, P < 0.001), and their MDS levels differed significantly from non-DR participants (P < 0.001). Increased dietary magnesium was linked to a lower incidence of DR (all P for trend < 0.05), and patients with a high level of MDS were more prone to DR (P = 0.001). Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that high (Q3) amount magnesium supplements was associated with lower DR risk when MDS was none to low or middle level (both P = 0.02). Our results indicated that MDS levels are associated with DR risk and that magnesium supplementation is benefit to DR prevention.

GlaucoMag Study: Does Magnesium Improve Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)?

Introduction: Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multi-factorial progressive optic neuropathy that results in gradual vision loss. Alongside an elevated intra ocular pressure (IOP), other factors influence the progression of retinal ganglion cells loss in POAG. Blood flow dysregulation and oxidative stress are believed to be important risk factors in the evolution of glaucomatous degenerative lesions. Magnesium is an essential cation for many reactions and enzyme activities in the human body. One of its crucial roles is vascular regulation and blood flow improvement by modifying endothelial function through endothelin (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) pathways. It is also considered as a neuro-protective molecule as it reduces the harmful effect of oxidative stress on retinal ganglion cells. Objective: the objective of this study is to assess the impact of daily intake of Magnesium on the stabilization of the glaucomatous damages on optic nerve. Methods: it is a nonrandomized monocentric clinical study. Patients having only POAG with an IOP values ≤ 19 mmHg and a visual acuity &gt; to 5/10 were included. All patients had a daily supplementation of Magnesium for a period of at least 6 months each. All patients were assessed before the start of the study (T0), after 3 months of treatments (T1) and after 6 months of treatments (T2). At each visit, patients were given a full eye examination including IOP measures, perimetry, RNFL and GCC using OCT. Results: 46 patients with a mean age of 54 years old and a mean IOP of 16 mmHg were included. At T1 and T2 the values of mean deviation have regressed compared to T0. The mean IOP have significantly lessened and the RNFL and GCC values on OCT were stabilized. Conclusion: daily supplementation of Magnesium in patients with POAG has shown to be of great help on reducing the rate of progression of glaucomatous functional damage, therefore improving visual function and patients’ quality of life.

The relationship between magnesium deficiency and depression, and the effects of magnesium supplementation on depression symptoms – literature review

Magnesium is a very important macronutrient in the human body. Its main storage is bones. The correct concentration of this macronutrient within the normal range is necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Deficiency of this element negatively affects the entire body. One of the symptoms of magnesium deficiency is depression and other psychiatric disorders. The factors explaining the mechanism of magnesium's antidepressant effect are not fully understood, however, a relationship between magnesium deficiency and the pathogenesis of depression has been demonstrated. Supplementation with preparations of this element improves the condition in ill people with depression. [3][6]

Dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality after myocardial infarction: A prospective analysis in the Alpha Omega Cohort.

BackgroundAn adequate intake of magnesium has been associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in population-based studies. Whether an adequate magnesium intake is important for reducing long-term mortality risk after myocardial infarction (MI) is not yet clear.ObjectiveWe examined magnesium intake in relation to CVD, all-cause and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, on top of drug treatment, in patients who had experienced an MI.MethodsWe included 4,365 Dutch patients aged 60–80 y from the Alpha Omega Cohort with a history of MI <10 y before study enrollment. Dietary data over the past month were collected at baseline using a 203-item validated food frequency questionnaire from which magnesium intake was calculated. Patients were followed for cause-specific mortality through December 2018. HRs for mortality in tertiles of energy adjusted magnesium intake were obtained from multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, sex, education, obesity and other lifestyle and dietary factors. Associations were also studied in relevant subgroups, including patients with diabetes and diuretics users. Restricted cubic splines were used for studying the continuous association of magnesium intake with CVD mortality.ResultsThe average magnesium intake was 302 ± 78 mg/day and 28% of male and 33% of female patients had adequate intakes. Magnesium containing supplements were used by 5.4% of the cohort. During a median follow-up of 12.4 years (48,473 person-years), 2,035 patients died, of which 903 from CVD and 558 from CHD. Higher magnesium intakes (>320 g/d), compared to the reference group (<283 mg/d), were associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.54–0.98) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.64–0.95) in the fully adjusted model. A non-significant inverse association was found for CHD mortality. Associations for CVD mortality were slightly stronger in diuretic users (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.34–0.89). Results were similar after excluding magnesium supplement users.ConclusionAn adequate intake of magnesium may be important for lowering long-term mortality risk after MI, especially in patients treated with diuretics. The Alpha Omega Trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03192410.

Optimization of the prevention of perinatal pathology in women with gestational endotheliopathy

Objectives: to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the Metida for the prevention of perinatal pathology in pregnant women with gestational endotheliopathy and with the risk of preeclampsia.Materials and methods. 68 pregnant women with verified gestational endotheliopathy and with risk of preeclampsia &gt; 1:150 participated in a prospective clinical comparative study. The patients were divided into subgroups: the first subgroup included 30 women who from 11–13 weeks of pregnancy received acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/day and vitamin D 2000 IU/day; the II subgroup included 38 pregnant women who from 11–13 weeks of gestation received acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/day, vitamin D 2000 IU/day and Metida (300 mg of elemental magnesium, 30 mg of vitamin B6). 28 practically healthy pregnant women of the control group received vitamin D 1000 IU/day. The clinical effectiveness of therapy was evaluated by comparing the number of cases of perinatal pathology; cases of intrauterine suffering of the fetus; the dynamics of indicators of laboratory-instrumental research methods (markers of the risk of perinatal pathology) and the pregnancy outcomes.Results. Metida as an additional preventive therapy made it possible to significantly reduce the number of cases of placental dysfunction (р = 0.01) and intrauterine suffering of the fetus (р = 0.02) compared to standard preventive therapy. There was also a 6-fold reduction in the incidence of preeclampsia and premature birth due to magnesium supplementation, compared to pregnant women who received only acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin D. There was a significant decrease in serum indicators of markers of endothelial dysfunction in women with gestational endotheliopathy as a result of taking magnesium: vascular endothelial growth factor (p &lt; 0.00001), endoglin (p &lt; 0.00001) compared to patients who did not receive magnesium, and there was also normalization of the of 25(OH)D level in blood serum compared to the control group (p = 0.33).Conclusions. Additional Mg supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the likelihood of perinatal pathology in high-risk patients and help normalize serum markers of endothelial dysfunction in women with high risk of preeclampsia.

The effects of magnesium supplementation on abnormal uterine bleeding, alopecia, quality of life, and acne in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundAbnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), alopecia, low quality of life, and acne are considered as complications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We hypothesized that magnesium supplementation would yield beneficial effects on PCOS related complications.ObjectiveTo examine the effects of magnesium supplementation on AUB, alopecia, quality of life, and acne.MethodsIn this parallel randomized clinical trial, we randomly assigned 64 women with PCOS to the magnesium group (n = 32) or placebo group (n = 32) for 10 weeks. AUB, alopecia, quality of life, and acne were assessed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criterion, the Sinclair Scale, the Health Survey Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the Global Acne Grading System, respectively. This randomized clinical trial was registered at IRCT.ir (IRCT20130903014551N9).ResultsMagnesium supplementation significantly improved the components of quality of life including physical functioning (p = 0.011), role limitations due to physical health (p = 0.012), role limitations due to emotional problems (p < 0.001), energy/fatigue (p = 0.005), emotional wellbeing (p < 0.001), social functioning (p = 0.002), general health (p = 0.013), and total quality of life (p < 0.001), compared with placebo. No significant effect was observed on acne, alopecia, and AUB.ConclusionMagnesium supplementation in women with PCOS had a significant positive effect on improving total quality of life.Trial registrationThis randomized clinical trial was registered at IRCT.ir on 2020–10-18 (Registration Code: IRCT20130903014551N9).

Herbal Sources of Magnesium as a Promising Multifaceted Intervention for the Management of COVID-19

The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it affected all human groups. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by cytokine storms, which can lead to multiorgan failure and death, although fever and cough are the most typical symptoms of mild COVID-19. Plant-based diets provide a 73% lower risk of moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Additionally, the association between low levels of some micronutrients and the adverse clinical consequences of COVID-19 has been demonstrated. So, nutritional therapy can become part of patient care for the survival of this life-threatening disease (COVID-19) also short-term recovery. Magnesium as an essential micronutrient due to its anti-inflammatory and beneficial effects can effectively prevent COVID-19 pandemic by playing a role in the treatment of comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders as major risk factors for mortality. Sufficient magnesium to stay healthy is provided by a proper daily diet, and there is usually no need to take magnesium supplements. Considering that almost half of the dietary magnesium comes from fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains, it seems necessary to pay attention to the consumption of edible plants containing sufficient magnesium as part of the diet to prevent severe COVID-19. In this study, we have described the beneficial effects of sufficient magnesium levels to control COVID-19 and the importance of plant-based magnesium-rich diets. Additionally, we have listed some edible magnesium-rich plants.

Comparison of Oral Magnesium Supplements with Placebo for Pregnancy-Induced Leg Cramps

Background: Magnesium deficiency results in different types of complications in the pregnant females in pre and post delivery phase. This study is planned to check the impact of magnesium supplementation in terms of reduced leg cramps. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of oral magnesium supplements versus placebo for pregnancy-induced leg cramps. Study Design: Randomized control trial Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Department Unit 1, Lady Willingdon Hospital Lahore from 25th March 2017 to 30th September 2017. Methodology: Two hundred pregnant women were enrolled. All patients were divided in two groups and each group comprised 100 patients. Group A received magnesium bisglycinate chelate (300 mg per day) and group B received placebo. All patients of both groups were followed for effectiveness. At the end of the 4th week, a detailed history was taken from patients about entirely free from leg cramps i.e. effectiveness. Results: The mean age was 28.29±5.76 years. Gestational age was 27.74±5.25 weeks. The body mass index was &gt;30 in 141 (70%). Majority of the females 57 (28.5%) have parity 3 while 55 (27.5%) were having parity 2. Overall efficacy was 71 (35.5%) and it was not noted in 129 (64.5%). It was found that efficacy of magnesium was in 45 (45%) and in placebo group 26 (26%) and this difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Magnesium therapy appears to be effective in the treatment of pregnant induced leg cramps in the general population, but may have a small effect in pregnant women. Key Word: Leg cramps, Pregnancy, Magnesium therapy

Frequency of Hypomagnesaemia in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and lungs which occurs secondary to exposure to tobacco, biomass fuel smoke and harmful gases. Every time patient develops acute exacerbations of COPD lung functions further declines compromising quality of life. Magnesium is an important element involved in many functions of respiratory tract by releasing neurohumoral mediators, mucociliary clearance, stabilization of mast cells and bronchodilation of respiratory tract smooth muscles. Objective: The objective of this study is to find frequency of hypomagnesaemia in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Material and Method: This Cross sectional study was conducted at Institute of chest Medicine, Mayo hospital Lahore. A total of 135 cases fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled in study. Informed written consent was taken from patients or attendant and then their demographic data (including name, age, gender, address and duration of disease) was also recorded. All patients with COPD exacerbation were assessed for their magnesium levels. A blood sample of 5 cc was drawn in aseptic measures with help of staff nurse. The blood sample was sent to same hospital laboratory and their magnesium level was recorded and hypomagnesaemia was labeled according to operational definition. Results: Mean age of patients was 47.11 ± 10.92 years. Males were 125(92.59%) and 10(7.41%) were female. There were 33(24.44%) case who had mild, 31(22.96%) cases had moderate, 35(25.93%) cases had severe and 36(26.67%) cases had very severe disease. According to operational definition, 54(40%) cases had hypomagnesemia and 81(60%) cases had normal magnesium levels. Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia was found in 40% patients of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hence, in future magnesium supplementation can be added along with standard treatment to improve the outcome. By correcting magnesium levels, we can further reduce the severity of disease and prevent the related complications. Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypomagnesaemia, Magnesium level, Acute Exacerbation

Développer la psychonutrition dans la pratique clinique psychiatrique

There is growing evidence that psychonutritional interventions are effective in mental disorders. Mediterranean, DASH and anti-inflammatory diets are effective in the treatment and prevention of major depressive disorders, as shown in multiple meta-analyses including dozens of observational studies. N-acetylcysteine, folate, zinc, and magnesium supplements may be effective in treating major depressive disorders according to the results of some randomized controlled trials with various risks of bias. Psychonutritional interventions could be particularly effective in preventing metabolic syndromes, a major risk of cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. We have developed a questionnaire derived from the French Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) designed to explore psychonutritional behaviors in patients with mental disorders. We conclude with the recommendation that Psychonutritional interventions should be included in the international guidelines and taught in psychiatrists’ training.

The kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score is associated with increased likelihood of abdominal aortic calcification among US adults.

Kidney reabsorption plays a vital role in magnesium homeostasis. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score (MDS) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). We obtained data for 2640 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database and analysed the relationship between the MDS and AAC score. The MDS is a scoring system developed to predict the status of magnesium deficiency that fully considers the pathophysiological factors influencing the kidneys' reabsorption capability. AAC was quantified by the Kauppila score system based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We performed stratified analysis and multiple equation regression analysis. R and EmpowerStats were used for data analysis. A total of 2640 participants were included with the mean AAC score of 1.47±0.07. Participants with higher MDSs tended to have higher AAC scores [MDS 0: 0.75 (0.56-0.93), MDS 1: 1.02 (0.84-1.21), MDS 2: 2.34 (1.80-2.87), MDS 3: 3.19 (2.46-3.92), MDS ≥4: 4.99 (3.49-6.49)]. Compared with those with an MDS of 0, the highest subgroup (MDS ≥4) was associated with a higher AAC score {β=4.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.78-5.70], P<.001} and the association was not altered [β=1.81 (95% CI 0.54-3.09), P=.002] after adjusting for numerous covariates. Subgroup analyses showed that stronger associations between the MDS and AAC score were detected in adults with lower levels of magnesium intake and older age (all P for interaction <.05). The MDS is a promising tool for identifying individuals with magnesium deficiency status who may benefit from dietary magnesium supplementation to reduce the risks of AAC.

Magnesium Supplementation Attenuates Ultraviolet-B-Induced Damage Mediated through Elevation of Polyamine Production in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes.

Magnesium ions (Mg2+) have favorable effects such as the improvement of barrier function and the reduction of inflammation reaction in inflammatory skin diseases. However, its mechanisms have not been fully understood. Microarray analysis has shown that the gene expressions of polyamine synthases are upregulated by MgCl2 supplementation in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Here, we investigated the mechanism and function of polyamine production. The mRNA and protein levels of polyamine synthases were dose-dependently increased by MgCl2 supplementation, which were inhibited by U0126, a MEK inhibitor; CHIR-99021, a glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitor; and Naphthol AS-E, a cyclic AMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) inhibitor. Similarly, reporter activities of polyamine synthases were suppressed by these inhibitors, suggesting that MEK, GSK3, and CREB are involved in the transcriptional regulation of polyamine synthases. Cell viability was reduced by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure, which was rescued by MgCl2 supplementation. The UVB-induced elevation of reactive oxygen species was attenuated by MgCl2 supplementation, which was inhibited by cysteamine, a polyamine synthase inhibitor. Our data indicate that the expression levels of polyamine synthases are upregulated by MgCl2 supplementation mediated through the activation of the MEK/GSK3/CREB pathway. MgCl2 supplementation may be useful in reducing the UVB-induced oxidative stress in the skin.

Magnesium Supplementation with Special Reference to Alcohol-Related Conditions: Experience from Russia

Intravenous infusions of magnesium-containing solutions were routinely applied in Russia as treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and other alcohol-related conditions. However, this indiscriminate approach is unfounded and may cause more harm than benefit. Magnesium deficiency is associated with certain circulatory, neuropsychiatric and metabolic conditions. The frequency of hypomagnesemia is enhanced in cases of chronic alcoholism. However, moderate deficiency does not necessarily require parenteral magnesium supplementation. Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia is associated with adverse effects. Endovascular manipulations in conditions of suboptimal procedural quality assurance can cause transmission of viral hepatitis. To decide if an intravenous magnesium supplementation is indicated, it should first be determined whether there is a deficiency and, if so, whether it can be compensated by diet or by oral intake of magnesium-containing drugs.

Magnesium Supplementation Is Associated with a Lower Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Patients Submitted to Bariatric Surgery.

Literature has demonstrated an inverse relation between magnesium (Mg) consumption and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HT), and dyslipidemia. After bariatric surgery (BS), micronutrients deficiencies are common, it being important to ensure appropriate supplementation. There is no recommendation about Mg supplementation and to our knowledge, its effect has not been studied to date. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of Mg supplementation in cardio-metabolic risk factors on post-bariatric patients. A retrospective observational study of patients with obesity who underwent BS was performed. Data was assessed preoperatively and yearly (4-year follow-up). A total of 3363 patients were included. In the first year of follow-up, 79.8% (n = 2123) of the patients were supplemented with Mg, with evidence of slightly decreased percentages in the following years. Mg deficiency (serum Mg < 1.52mEq/L) was more common among patients who were not supplemented during each year of follow-up (p < 0.05). Among those who underwent Mg supplementation, the percentage of T2DM, HT, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 130mg/dL was significantly lower. In the first year post-surgery, the supplementation group had a lower risk of T2DM (OR = 0.545, p < 0.0001), LDL-C > 130mg/dL (OR = 0.612, p < 0.0001), and HT (OR = 0.584, p < 0.0001). The OR for having these metabolic comorbidities persisted lower during the 4years' follow-up. Patients who had Mg deficiency had higher prevalence of T2DM and HT. Mg supplementation seems to have a protective effect on the development of T2DM, HT, and LDL-C > 130mg/dL in post-bariatric patients.