Magnesium Chloride Research Articles

A refractories binder derived from modified magnesium chloride hydrate

A modified magnesium chloride hydrate was synthesised using ethanol and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as precursor materials, combined with magnesium oxide to create an enhanced binder. The effectiveness of this modified binder was evaluated through experimental testing on commonly used corundum refractories. Results showed a significant increase in compressive strength compared to a conventional magnesium chloride-based binder, along with superior resistance to hydration. Detailed characterisations revealed that the improved performance stemmed from enhanced adhesive properties and reduced water absorption capacity, attributed to the presence of ethanol. Ethanol molecules replaced water molecules in binding to magnesium ions, contributing to the binder's favorable characteristics. These findings underscore the potential of this modified binder as a superior alternative for binding applications in refractory materials, paving the way for further advancements in refractory binding technology.

Application of Mg-MOF-loaded gelatin microspheres with osteogenic, angiogenic, and ROS scavenging capabilities in bone defect repair

The management of bone defects, particularly those with irregular geometries resulting from osteoporotic fractures, remains fraught with challenges. Microspheres have emerged as a promising vehicle for tissue engineering, distinguished by their controlled release, safety, and ease of application. Various bioactive components are integrated into microspheres to improve their performance. Metal-organic frameworks, formed from metal ions interconnected by organic ligands, are increasingly utilized in tissue engineering. Specifically, magnesium-based MOFs are notable for their broad applicability; Mg2+ ions are instrumental in bone reconstruction and repair, facilitating osteogenesis, angiogenesis, antibacterial effects, and anti-inflammatory properties. Mg-MOF was synthesized using magnesium chloride and gallic acid, and it was incorporated into gelatin microspheres to create Gel@Mg-MOF composite microspheres. Leveraging gelatin's biocompatibility, controlled release, and biodegradability, the composites' biocompatibility was evaluated through toxicity and adhesion assays. Moreover, the osteogenic and angiogenic potentials of the Gel@Mg-MOF microspheres were assessed, alongside their capacity for ROS scavenging. Results suggest that controlled Mg2+ release from Gel@Mg-MOF microspheres promotes osteogenic activity in RBMSCs and enhances angiogenic potential in HUVECs. Additionally, the gallic acid-containing composite microspheres exhibited antioxidative properties. Collectively, the findings suggest that Gel@Mg-MOF microspheres could provide effective support for bone defect repair, with potential for clinical deployment.

Preparation of high-purity magnesia spinel refractory raw materials with spinel-wrapped periclase structures using bischofite from salt lake

A large amount of bischofite is produced in the process of potassium extraction from salt lake, which seriously affects the ionic balance of brine system. In this study, a high-purity magnesia spinel refractory raw material with a spinel-wrapped periclase structure was directly prepared using bischofite by a precipitation-sintering approach. A coupling process of one-time crude magnesium chloride solution recrystallization and three-time precipitates washing was employed to remove crucial impurities (sodium, potassium, boron, etc.) and prepare the magnesium hydroxide precipitates with a high purity of 99.37 %. The lightly calcined magnesia gained from the high-purity magnesium hydroxide precipitates and white corundum were then employed for preparing the refractory raw materials. The effects of particle size and dosage of white corundum on the phase distribution, microstructure, and physical properties of the materials were thoroughly studied. The results illustrated that the prepared refractory raw materials were mainly composed of periclase and spinel phases, showing a distinct spinel-wrapped periclase structure that could enhance the physical properties. Therefore, the prepared refractory raw materials showed a high bulk density of 3.46 g·cm−3, a low apparent porosity of 2.46 %, and a linear shrinkage rate of 12.33 %, under the optimum conditions of white corundum particle size of 3.00 μm and alumina/magnesia mass ratio of 3:10.

Preparation of nano magnesium oxide by mechanochemical method using magnesium chloride

Magnesium chloride is a magnesium resource that is widely present in seawater and salt lakes. Therefore, the use of magnesium chloride is of great significance for the low-cost preparation of high-performance magnesium materials. In this work, mechanical ball milling was used for the preparation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from magnesium chloride. Ball milling improves the unevenness of the reaction process and generates magnesium oxide with a more uniform particle size distribution. First, a magnesium chloride complex was obtained by heating and evaporating a mixture of magnesium chloride and ethanol with a mass ratio of 1:2 at 110 °C. Next, pure magnesium hydroxide with a smaller crystal size was obtained by ball milling the prepared magnesium chloride complex with calcium hydroxide at 600 rpm for 3 h. Finally, the magnesium hydroxide was calcined at 1000 °C for 60 min to obtain nano magnesium oxide particles with a particle size of 670 nm.

Influence of Process Liquids on the Formation of Strengthened Nanocrystalline Structures in Surface Layers of Steel Parts during Thermo-Deformation Treatment

The results of the influence of a range of process liquids on the formation of strengthened nanocrystalline structures in the surface layers of steel samples with different carbon content during thermo-deformation treatment are presented. The liquids were mineral oil; mineral oil with active additives containing polymers; water; and an aqueous solution of mineral salts based on magnesium and calcium chlorides. The thickness and hardness of the nanocrystalline layer increased with increasing steel carbon content. The thickness and microhardness of Steel C45 are 230–240 μm and 8.6 GPa, respectively, when using mineral oil with AAP, 110–120 μm and 7.2 GPa, respectively, when using mineral oil alone, and for steel CT80 when using mineral oil, they are 180–200 μm and 9.1 GPa, respectively (C45 and CT80 refers to engineering steels). The process liquid is decomposed into its component chemical elements by the high temperatures and pressures in the contact zone of the tool with the treated surface. It also gives off active hydrogen, which diffuses into the surface layer of the metal and significantly affects its formation. It was established that the greatest thickness and hardness of the layers were obtained after processing pre-hydrogenated samples. The choice of process fluid is critical during thermo-deformation treatment.

Innovative salt replacement for green Spanish-style olives using potassium, calcium, and magnesium chlorides during packaging

This work aimed to enhance green Spanish-style Manzanilla table olives by replacing salt with K, Ca, and Mg chlorides in innovative packaging, utilising Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Both the added replacers and naturally occurring minerals were considered. RSM allowed the development of predictive models for K, Ca, Mg, and Mn (initially present) in olive flesh and their contributions to Reference Daily Intakes (RDI) based on the added salts. The sodium content in the new products decreased from 1.4 g/100 g flesh to 0.68 g/100 g flesh, while K, Ca, and Mg concentrations could increase up to 0.50, 0.45 and 0.15 g/100 g flesh, respectively. Added salt contributions to RDI could reach 25, 60, and 44 % for K, Ca, and Mg. Minimal differences between analytical data-derived minerals and predicted values were minimal, suggesting reliable model performance for nutrition labelling. Results assist the industry in creating nutritionally enhanced table olive products.

Proximate and Organoleptic Analysis on Campor Lorjuk (Solen sp) seasoning, a typical Madura Ingredient

Abstract Rich mineral sea salt is salt with a low NaCl content. The low NaCl content in salt indicates that the salt has a high mineral content. The minerals contained such as magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and other minerals. This research combined rich minerals sea salt with typical Madurese food named campor lorjuk seasoning and dried lorjuk as additional nutrition. Lorjuk in Madurese or better known as knife clams is a type of shellfish that has high nutritional value. The treatment applied to the Campor Lorjuk seasoning formulations was the difference in NaCl content for each formula. This research was conducted to determine the proximate content and to find out the seasoning results those consumers like most. The results showed that the highest protein content was in F1 with results of 7.62%, not significantly different from F3 but significantly different from control and F2. The highest water and ash contents were control which was not significantly different from F1, F2, and F3. The highest fat content was F2 and the lowest is control. The highest carbohydrate content is in control formula 68.35%, the lowest is F1 63.66%. The organoleptic test show that the formula that consumers like most is F3.

Oxygen-assisted zinc recovery from electric arc furnace dust using magnesium chloride

Oxygen-assisted zinc recovery from electric arc furnace dust using magnesium chloride

Serotype-agnostic affinity purification of adeno-associated virus (AAV) via peptide-functionalized chromatographic resins

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have emerged as a prominent family of vectors for gene delivery, providing therapeutic options to diseases once deemed incurable. At the same time, they necessitate efficient and affordable purification methods that can be platformed to serve all AAV serotypes. Current chromatographic tools, while affording high product purity, fail to bind certain serotypes, provide limited yield and lifetime, and impose harsh elution conditions that can compromise the vector's activity and safety. Addressing these challenges, this work demonstrates the application of new peptide ligands as the first serotype-agnostic technology for AAV purification by affinity chromatography. Our study reveals a pH-dependent affinity interaction: AAV2, AAV3, AAV6, AAV9, and AAVrh.10 are effectively captured at neutral pH, while binding AAV1, AAV5, AAV7, and AAV8 is stronger in a slightly acidic environment. The elution of bound AAVs was achieved using magnesium chloride at neutral pH for all serotypes, consistently affording capsid yields above 50% and genome yields above 80%, together with a >100-fold reduction in host cell proteins and nucleic acids. In particular, peptide ligand A10 exhibited remarkable binding capacity (> 1014 vp per mL of resin) and purification performance for all AAV serotypes, demonstrating broad applicability for gene therapy manufacturing. Finally, this work introduces novel alkaline-stable variants of A10 and demonstrates their use as the first affinity ligands capable of performing multiple cycles of AAV2, AAV8, and AAV9 purification with intermediate caustic cleaning without loss of capacity or product quality. Collectively, these results demonstrate the promise of this technology to further the impact and affordability of gene therapy.

Design, fabrication, and hydrogen blocking performance of alumina/zirconia functional gradient coatings

When electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is employed for fabricating alumina (Al2O3)-based hydrogen barrier coatings, it becomes customary to enhance the adhesion strength by subjecting the deposited coating to high-temperature annealing. In this study, a functionally-graded Al2O3/ZrO2 coating was designed by using the thermal stress module of Ansys software. The influence of different gradient composition distribution indices, number of layers, and layer thickness on the distribution of thermal stress was systematically investigated by simulation. Based on simulation results, the gradient parameters of the functionally-graded coating were determined as follows: a transition layer with three layers, each with a thickness of 0.13 mm; the first layer consisted of Al2O3 to ZrO2 ratio of 1:3, the second layer with a ratio of 1:1, and the third layer with a ratio of 3:1. Subsequently, the process parameters for EPD of Al2O3 coating were optimized via experimental exploration. Under conditions of deposition time of 120 s, deposition voltage of 60 V, Al2O3 concentration of 8 g L−1 in the electrophoretic solution, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate concentration of 0.6 g L−1, the as-fabricated Al2O3 coating exhibited optimal hydrogen barrier performance. Finally, different proportions of ZrO2 were sequentially incorporated into the prepared Al2O3 coating to form functionally-graded materials (FGM). Thermal cycling experiments showed that the Al2O3 coating with added ZrO2 exhibited better stability at high temperatures. Regarding hydrogen barrier performance, the functionally-graded coating outperformed the non-functionally-graded coating.

Precursor-reforming protocol to hierarchical porous g-C3N4 with N defects for remarkable visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution

The photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 can be enhanced through precise defect engineering. In this study, hierarchical porous g–C3N4–containing cyano groups and N vacancies was synthesized by thermally polymerizing dicyandiamide precursor in a hydrochloric acid solution of magnesium chloride. The resulting structure comprised crosslinked rod-shaped units with a high aspect ratio, facilitating efficient light transmission and absorption within the material. Furthermore, introducing N defects reduced the bandgap and optimized the electronic structure, thereby enhancing light absorption and exposing active sites effectively. The synergistic effects of N defects and the hierarchical porous structure disrupted the original electronic distribution of g-C3N4, leading to directional separation of photogenerated charge carriers and considerably enhancing hydrogen evolution performance. Consequently, the optimized hpCNX-0.05 sample exhibited markedly improved hydrogen evolution rates, achieving 1703.67 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation, approximately 3.16 times higher than that of bulk g-C3N4. Overall, this paper presents a promising strategy for synthesizing hierarchical porous g-C3N4 with N defects to achieve highly efficient H2 production.

Seeding improves the strength of bio-tiles grown with microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Bio-tiles are a biobased alternative to conventional tiles that utilise a promising technology called microbially induced calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation (MICP). This technology has low energy requirements and also sequesters carbon. Bio-tiles have been made in previous work using a submersion method, however, the process required additives such as 0.3 M magnesium chloride to achieve bio-tiles that meet international standards. The current study aimed to improve the bio-tile strength properties with CaCO3 crystal seeding and a pumping method instead of the use of magnesium that also increases ionic strength. With this technique, cementation solution containing the required calcium and urea for the MICP reaction was pumped through a sealed mould in a series of programmed treatments. The highest concentration of ureolytic Sporosarcina pasteurii with an effective urease activity of 40 mmol NH4-N/L·min was found to be most beneficial to the breaking strength of the bio-tiles, as were the shortest retention times of 1 h between treatments. Seeding with CaCO3 crystals offered significant benefit to the MICP process. Pre-seeding of the geotextiles was explored and the mass of seeds initially present on the geotextiles was found to have a direct improvement on the breaking strength of 21–82 %, increasing with seed loading.The highest CaCO3 seed loading tested of 0.072 g seeds/cm2 geotextile resulted in bio-tiles with a breaking strength of 940 ± 92 N and a modulus of rupture of 16.4 ± 1.7 N/mm2, meeting international targets for extruded tiles with 6–10 % water absorption. When a seed loading of 0.021 g/cm2 was used instead, bio-tiles meeting targets for tiles with a water absorption of >10 % were produced at 628 ± 18 N and 10.5 ± 1.1 N/mm2.

Impact of mobile and stationary phases on siRNA duplex stability in liquid chromatography

Nucleic acid duplexes are typically analyzed in non-denaturing conditions. Melting temperature (Tm) is the property used to measure duplex stability; however, it is not known how the chromatographic conditions and mobile phase composition affect the duplex stability. We employed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method to measure the melting temperature of chemically modified silencing RNA duplex (21 base pairs, 0.15 mM duplex concentration) in mobile phases commonly used in reversed-phase, ion-pair reversed-phase, size exclusion and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. We investigated mobile phases consisting of ammonium acetate, alkylammonium ion-pairing reagents, alkali-ion chlorides, magnesium chloride, and additives including methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and hexafluoroisopropanol. Increasing buffer concentration enhanced the duplex stability (Tm was 67.1 – 78.2 °C for 10–100 mM [Na+] concentration). The melting temperature decreases with the increase in cation size (70.2 °C in 10 mM [Li+], 68.1 °C in 10 mM [NH4+], 65.6 °C in 10 mM [Cs+], and 56.6 °C in 10 mM [triethylammonium+] solutions). Inclusion of 20 % of organic solvent in buffer reduced the melting temperature by 1–3 °C, and denaturation power increases in the order MeOH<EtOH<MeCN. Next, we investigated the RNA duplex melting using selected chromatographic techniques and within the 10–90 °C column temperature range. Melting temperature obtained with size exclusion chromatography in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer was ∼ 70 °C, about 5 °C lower compared to DSC values. The apparent melting temperature for a reversed-phase chromatography experiment was < 10 °C for 10 mM ammonium acetate mobile phase with acetonitrile eluent. Ion-pair reversed-phase with 10 mM triethylamine, 100 mM hexafluoroisopropanol and MeCN as eluent yielded Tm 49.3–54.9 °C. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography experiments with 10 mM ammonium acetate and ∼ 50 % acetonitrile mobile phase showed high duplex stability (Tm ∼ 80 °C). The observed chromatographic Tm values suggest that the formation of an organic/aqueous solvent layer on the chromatographic sorbent surface affects the duplex stability more significantly than the composition of the mobile phase alone.

Castable refractory materials from magnesium oxychloride cement-bonded cordierite-mullite

Cordierite-mullite ceramics are well-suited for use as kiln furniture due to their superior mechanical strength and thermal shock resistance. This study explores the development of cordierite-mullite refractory castables bonded with magnesium oxychloride (MOC) cement. These castables were created using calcined kaolin aggregates and a matrix comprised light-burned magnesia, calcined alumina, milled sand, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Interaction between light-burned magnesia and magnesium chloride hexahydrate produced a needle-like MOC cement phase, significantly enhancing the green strength of the castables. After firing at 1350 °C for 4 h, the MOC crystals decomposed, forming robust cordierite and mullite phases. The resulting sintered castables demonstrated a modulus of rupture of 14.55 MPa, a bulk density of 1.95 g/cm3, a porosity of 24.84 %, and a thermal expansion coefficient of 2.89x10−6°C−1. These findings indicate the effectiveness of MOC cement bonding for manufacturing high-strength cordierite-mullite refractory castables, making them ideal for kiln furniture applications.

Environmental Changes of the Temirnik River in Rostov-on-Don

General Background: The increasing anthropogenic impact on river ecosystems has raised concerns about water quality and its effects on surrounding communities. Specific Background: This study focuses on the Temirnik River, located in the northern part of the city, particularly assessing pollution levels in the beaches of "Druzhba" and "Surp Khash." Historical data from 2000-2001 and recent analyses from 2017-2019 reveal significant fluctuations in chemical and biological toxicity. Knowledge Gap: While previous studies have documented pollution levels, a comprehensive comparison of historical and recent data to understand long-term changes and community impacts remains insufficiently explored. Aims: This study aims to track changes in pollution levels over time, evaluate the chemical and biological toxicity, and assess the anthropogenic impacts on the Temirnik River. Results: Chemical analysis revealed increased hardness of water due to the accumulation of calcium and magnesium sulfates and chlorides. The river, heavily impacted by untreated industrial and municipal waste, showed high toxicity levels, especially in the years 2017-2019. Bioassays using Chlorella vulgaris, Raphanus sativus, and Daphnia magna confirmed these findings. Novelty: This study provides a detailed comparative analysis of historical and contemporary pollution data, highlighting the persistent and worsening impact of anthropogenic activities on the Temirnik River. Implications: The findings underscore the critical need for ongoing monitoring and intervention to mitigate pollution. They advocate for implementing effective cleaning operations and regulatory measures to protect water quality and community health. Highlights: Increased water hardness from industrial and municipal waste. Persistent high toxicity levels impacting ecosystems. Urgent need for continuous monitoring and pollution control. Keywords: Temirnik River, chemical pollution, biological toxicity, historical data, anthropogenic impact

Synthesis of biochar-doped MgO catalyst for highly efficient conversion of glucose into formic acid at low temperatures

Formic acid (FA) is not only a significant platform chemical but also a promising candidate for hydrogen storage. Although homogeneous catalysts are commonly employed for the conversion of carbohydrate biomass into FA, which often come with substantial costs and inadequate reusability. It is noteworthy that there has been an increasing focus on the development of heterogeneous catalysts in this area, which aim to address these limitations and offer advantages such as easier separation and better reusability. Herein, an eco-friendly and efficient method for the catalytic conversion of glucose to FA by utilizing a biochar-MgO (BC-MgO) catalyst, which is prepared through pyrolysis of coconut husk biochar impregnated with magnesium chloride (MgCl2), is proposed. The FA yield at 74.6% is attained from glucose at 60 °C within only 3 h, utilizing a mere 0.1 g of catalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount of 100%. In conjunction with random forest (RF) algorithms and box-behnken experimental designs, further optimization resulted in an increased yield of 79.1%, with a selectivity of 82.7%, in only 3.8 h at 67 °C, employing 0.1 g of catalyst amount and 125% H2O2 amounts. Notably, the BC-MgO catalyst retains its catalytic efficiency over multiple cycles, only requiring a simple straightforward regeneration procedure. The mechanism underlying the glucose conversion to FA reaction system is demystified via kinetic modeling, time-gradient studies, and model compounds experiments. Life cycle assessment (LCA) indicates that when used for glucose conversion to FA, BC-MgO catalysts generate lower CO2 emissions than traditional homogeneous catalysts such as LiOH. Concurrently, an operation cost analysis indicates that operation cost of FA production from glucose is 4.1 $/kg with the BC-MgO catalyst, which is lower than LiOH catalyst (7.5 $/kg), evidencing the dual advantage of economic viability and an improved environmental impact inherent to this novel process.

Saponitecontaining Waste from Mining and Processing Companies as a Raw Material Reserve for the Building Materials Industry

A new promising direction for recycling the large-scale saponitecontaining waste from the JSC Severalmaz mining processing company is presented, the storage of which can negatively affect the ecological situation of the region and increases the risk of environmental pollution. It has been found that saponitecontaining material (SCM) in terms of MgO content can be considered as a medium-magnesian technogenic raw material for the production of magnesium cement. It has been shown that the main conditions for obtaining effective solutions based on saponite binder are as follows: the sealer is an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride at concentration of 8% and the water-to-solid ratio of 0.4. Cube samples were obtained based on a binder made from thermally modified saponite powder, taking into account the above factors, with a compressive strength of 5.78 MPa at density of 1600 kg/m3. It has been confirmed that the implementation of the above technological methods makes it possible to obtain structural thermal insulating concrete that meets the requirements of the relevant GOST.

Mg2+ ion conducting Chitosan:PVP polymer blend electrolytes for electric double layer capacitor applications

Biopolymer electrolytes are prepared using Chitosan (CS) and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) incorporated with magnesium chloride (MgCl2). The complex formation of electrolytes are confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer(FTIR) analysis. The scanning electron microscope(SEM) reveals the surface morphology and microstructure of the electrolytes while energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) facilitates the presence of elements. The distribution of elements are confirmed with elemental mapping analysis. DSC analysis enlightens on thermal properties, offering an understanding of phase transitions and thermal stability of the films. CS/PVP/MgCl2(50:50:25) polymer electrolyte shows higher ionic conductivity value of 5.8 × 10−4 S/cm at 30 °C and the specific capacitance value of 86.5 Fg−1 at low scan rate of 10 mVs−1. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) analysis has been used to determine the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte and it is found to be 0.7 V. This result indicates that the CS/PVP/MgCl2 electrolyte is a suitable material for energy storage device applications.

Methane pyrolysis in molten salt slurry systems: Evaluation of activity and mechanism in binary salt mixtures with molybdenum disulfide suspensions

In this study we evaluated three binary salt mixtures of 50 wt% potassium bromide and 50 wt% sodium chloride, manganese chloride, or magnesium chloride for methane pyrolysis in a bubble column reactor configuration. Initial results confirm preferential mixtures of reciprocal salts that tune salt ionicity. This study focusses on the interactions of these binary salt mixtures with 5 wt% suspensions of 2-μm 2H-MoS2 with a 100 mm bubble path at 800 and 850 oC. Magnesium chloride and potassium bromide show a favourable enhancement with MoS2, with an apparent activation energy of 251 kJ mol−1 (salt mixture) decreasing to 96 kJ mol−1 (slurry mixture). Assessing the results indicates that MgCl2-KBr melts promote increased contact with MoS2 relative to NaCl-KBr and MnCl2-KBr, and this in turn improves hydrogen yield. Further investigation of slurry system through deuterium-methane exchange confirms molybdenum disulfide promotes methane decomposition to protium, hydrogen, methyl radical, and methylene, preferentially intensified by magnesium mixtures. Additional reaction steps vary depending on salt selection. At 850 oC, the salt effect is significant, leading to an inverse relationship between net increase of side products in the slurries and salt activity. In contrast, at 800 oC, the salt effect is small, and activity is dictated by the MoS2 suspension.

Research and Application of Gangue for the Preparation of Polymerized Aluminum Magnesium Chloride Flocculant

Polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride (PAMC) flocculant was prepared from gangue as a raw material, and the effects of pH, the polymerization time, and the polymerization temperature on the performance of the PAMC were investigated by a one-factor test, based on which, orthogonal experiments (three-factor and two-level) were conducted to optimize the relevant parameters. Meanwhile, FTIR and SEM were used to characterize the polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride, and the sample was applied in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. The results showed that a pH value of 2.2 and a reaction at 60 °C for 4.5 h were the optimal preparation conditions; the characterization analysis showed that the synthesized product was polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride; the turbidity removal rate of the PAMC for printing and dyeing wastewater was increased by 2.1%, the COD removal rate was increased by 3.1%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate was increased by 2.1%, and the chromaticity removal rate was increased by 9.2% compared with that of PAC.