Community Of Madrid Research Articles

Intimate Partner Violence Among Older Women and Men in Spain: Prevalence and Types

This investigation analyzes the prevalence and type of intimate partner violence (IPV) suffered by men and women over 65 years of age. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 Senior Citizen Centers in the Community of Madrid, Spain. An ad hoc questionnaire was developed and 1,030 subjects (826 women and 204 men) aged 65–93 years participated. A factor analysis was performed with the different types of violence and a binary logistic regression to analyze the probability of risk of the type of violence suffered by older people with IPV. Women experienced more cases of IPV than men, although, in both groups, physical violence was lower, and the psychological or social type was more prevalent. According to the study, women were 2.2 times more likely to experience physical violence, 3.1 times more likely to experience economic violence, and 1.8 times more likely to experience verbal violence concerning men. IPV experienced by older people differs from that of younger people. It is necessary to give visibility to IPV in seniors in terms of preventive and intervention actions that can be implemented.

From Twitter to Instagram: evolution in the use of social networks in political communication. The case of the elections of the autonomous community of Madrid 2021.

Political communication in social media is a vital element in any modern electoral campaign. In the early days, the use of any social network or even a website was the norm, however, nowadays, all candidates participating in an election must be present in Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. For this reason, the aim of this research is to analyze the impact of the main political leaders that ran for the presidency of the regional government of Madrid in these three major social media. To do so, a quantitative methodology, based in massive data collection is used, allowing for a precise approach to the impact of every candidate account in the studied social media platforms. As an initial conclusion, it can be highlighted that, even if Twitter is the preferred social media platform by politicians, Instagram is the one favorite by users.

Bilingual school choice and socio-economic segregation: an analysis for Spain based on PISA 2015

ABSTRACT In the academic year of 2004–2005, the Spanish region of Madrid began to implement a bilingual educational programme (MBP hereinafter) in state schools. One of the objectives of this programme was to make the study of a foreign language (English) accessible to students from economically disadvantaged families who cannot afford private foreign language classes. Our study aims to evaluate whether students from a disadvantaged socio-economic background really do have the same probability of participating in the MBP as their more privileged peers. The analysis use the PISA 2015 database which corresponds to the representative sample of the Community of Madrid in Spain, with added administrative information supplied by the Madrid Regional Ministry of Education concerning the identification of bilingual and non-bilingual schools. Using these data, we estimate a logit model directed at identifying which factors explain the choice by students of whether to attend a bilingual state school. The results obtained reveal that the probability of attending a bilingual school is higher for students belonging to socio-economically and culturally better-off households. This suggests that the MBP could be fostering segregation within the state education sector in Madrid.

Bullying as Determinant of Academic Performance. A Case Study for the Community of Madrid Using Administrative Data

ABSTRACT Bullying is a problem that affects children and teenagers around the world and its repercussions can endure throughout adult life. The main objective of this research is to study the incidence of bullying on the academic performance of students in schools in the Madrid Region. The databases used are those of Competency Tests, a census evaluation carried out on all 10th grade students in Madrid during the year 2017 (almost 32.000 students). To analyze these data, we carry out a multilevel methodological approach to identify the quantitative association of bullying with academic performance and to estimate the probability that performance is affected by the level of bullying that exists in the school. The results indicate that bullying has a negative correlation with all the competencies evaluated and that bullying can affect students with low or high academic achievement in different ways, depending on what competency is evaluated.

Enuresis: percepción y actitud en la población de nuestro país

ObjectiveTo know the perception and attitude towards enuresis from families and caregivers with the aim of establishing a rational therapeutic plan. Material and methodsA 25-question survey was performed among parents over 18years old with at least a child between 5 and 13years old, maintaining national representativeness in terms of residence, social class and age of the children. Data collection was performed in April 2021. ResultsData from 501 out of 626 sent surveys was obtained, mostly from middle-class families from Andalusia, Catalonia and the Community of Madrid. From all the participants, 47.9% knew about the existence of enuresis, although only 23.8% knew which was the medical term. Only 16.6% and 9.6% remembered that the pediatrician or the nurse, respectively, had referred to the condition at any time. Among the respondents with some knowledge about enuresis, their main information source were close cases (36.6%), media outlets (31.1%) and the pediatrician (27.8%). Parents would be very (35.3%) or somewhat (43.1%) worried in the event of an enuresis case. However, the level of knowledge was higher, and the level of concern was lower among parents with a child with enuresis in comparison to those without a case in their family. ConclusionImproving parent knowledge about enuresis and changing their perception towards this condition might be of importance to improve their attention and anticipate its resolution.

Evaluation of the use of a nursing diagnosis Risk for Falls in the Community of Madrid (Spain) Primary Care System.

The purpose of this study was to describe the use of the nursing diagnosis Risk for Falls in Primary Care System of the Community of Madrid. A retrospective review of the clinical histories was carried out in 262 health centers from January 2005 to December 2015. The study population are the patients who have recorded in their electronic health record the nursing diagnosis Risk for Falls. Frequency of use of the Risk for Falls ND in the Community of Madrid was 53,340 diagnoses, increasing from 650 nursing diagnosis in 2005 to 14,695 in 2015. NOC Nursing Outcomes total identified were 109,145, which represents an average of 2.05 NOC Nursing Outcomes per diagnosis. NOC Nursing Outcomes frequently appeared as follows: Fall Prevention Behavior (35.9%), Safe Home Environment (11.3%), and Risk Control (10.5%). NIC Nursing Interventions total identified were 104,293, representing an average of 1.96 NIC nursing interventions per diagnosis. NIC Nursing Interventions frequently appeared as follows: Fall Prevention (45.9%), Environmental Management: Safety (27%), and Risk Identification (5.8%). Nursing diagnosis of Risk for Falls and the care process related to this diagnosis is starting to be used by the primary care nurses of the Community of Madrid. Risk factors related to the nursing diagnosis of risk for falls identified in our study can be addressed with activities that nurses must implement to prevent falls. Nursing methodology in general and specifically the diagnosis of risk for falls must be included in guides and protocols for the prevention of falls, and its use should be promoted by primary care nurses.

Pilot Study on Satisfaction in Children and Adolescents after a Comprehensive Educational Program on Healthy Habits.

Prospective research in the area of Education Sciences and Physical-Sports Education agree on the need to design and implement educational programs that promote emotional competencies (ECs), interpersonal competencies (ICs), an adequate level of healthy physical activity (NAFS) and a good adherence to the Mediterranean diet (ADM). The main objective of the study is to design an intervention program in intra- and interpersonal competencies together with nutritional education and corporality called "MotivACTION". The sample consisted of 80 primary schoolchildren aged 8 to 14 years (M = 12.70; SD = 2.76) (37 girls and 43 boys) from two schools in the Community of Madrid. An ad-hoc questionnaire was created to assess the participant's perception of the usefulness of the "MotivACTION" educational experience. The program "MotivACTION: Feed your SuperACTION" is designed and implemented based on the development of a workshop organized through the Universidad Europea de Madrid. As the main preliminary results of the pilot study, the schoolchildren who experienced the "MotivACTION" workshop showed high satisfaction with the educational program. They were able to create a healthy menu with the frog chef. They also felt better and happier at the end of it, and they enjoyed practicing physical activity moving to the rhythm of the music while doing mathematical calculations.

The Negative Campaign on Telegram: The Political Use of Criticism during the 2021 Community of Madrid Elections

Mobile instant messaging services have become a standard tool for political actors in communicating with citizens, especially during electoral campaigns. Telegram predominates in this context of disintermediated communication with the electorate. This platform enables parties to issue electoral information while taking advantage of this private space to criticize their adversaries. They do it with messages linked to negative emotions that generate a deeper impact on the audience, although they imply risks such as political polarization. This research analyzes the use of criticism to the adversary by political parties on Telegram during the electoral campaign. For this purpose, a descriptive study with an exploratory purpose was chosen, and a quantitative content analysis was carried out on 710 messages published on Telegram by the main political parties that stood for the elections to the Community of Madrid held in 2021. These parties are the PP, Ciudadanos, Podemos, Más Madrid, and Vox. The PSOE has been excluded as they did not make any publication during the analyzed period. The results show that criticizing the adversary is an emerging communication strategy in political parties on Telegram. Unlike other social media such as Facebook, the attacks on rivals are used on this platform mainly by the parties in the government, who focus their criticism on the president of the Spanish state. The attacks are mainly directed at the professional trajectory of their rivals and question the credibility of any action carried out by them.

Potential ambient NO2 abatement by applying photocatalytic materials in a Spanish city and analysis of short-term effect on human mortality

Road traffic is the main contributor to NO2 emissions in many European cities, causing that the current limit values for the protection of human health are exceeded. The use of photocatalytic compounds that incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO2) is frequently proposed as abatement technology but its depolluting effectiveness on a real scale is still being investigated.In this work, the potential removal capacity of NO2 that selected TiO2-based materials would have if they were implemented in a street in the municipality of Alcobendas (Community of Madrid, Spain) has been evaluated. The number of avoided NO2-related deaths over the locality across the period 2001–2019 have been inferred. Moreover, the saving associated with the estimated removal of ambient NO2 due to the use of photocatalytic materials and costs generated by their acquisition and implementation in the selected urban environment were briefly studied.Attributable mortality due to NO2 concentrations for Alcobendas has been estimated in 289 deaths, being 9241 the total deaths due to natural cause. This presents a monthly variation associated with the evolution of both mortality due to natural causes and the average concentrations of NO2.The reduction in mortality via the hypothetical implantation of photocatalytic materials throughout the municipality, assuming ideal conditions for their optimal performance, would be a maximum of 3%.In addition, a saving of €5708 yr−1 km−2 related to NOx damage costs of transport was obtained. A total cost of k€4750.5 km−2 was associated to the purchase of photocatalytic materials and their application to all surfaces in that area.This technology has a big elimination potential in controlled conditions but a low reduction of ambient NO2 is provided when implemented in real outdoor urban scenarios. Its use can be recommended incorporated into engineering designs and applications, complementing other abatement measures, to reduce NO2 mortality in urban areas.

Political parties’ influence on the transparency and participation of Spanish municipal websites: the case of Catalonia, the Community of Madrid, the Community of Valencia, and the Region of Murcia

In modern democratic states, citizen participation is promoted through representative channels. In recent years, at the different institutional and political levels in Spain, some classic parameters of democracy have been called into question, such as citizen representation, deliberation, and the responsibility of the rulers towards the citizens. This crisis coincides with a decline in bipartisanship in Spain and the appearance of new parties. Some of this parties championed the regeneration of democracy, committing themselves to encouraging transparency and citizen participation in public management. As local entities are the institutions closest to citizens, both transparency and participation become key elements to comply with these parameters, providing the technologies of information and communication (ICT) with new tools such as websites and portals, which can contribute to strengthening them. This research aims to analyze the use of these channels to promote transparency and citizen participation, by the municipalities of 4 autonomous communities (Catalonia, the Community of Madrid, the Valencian Community, and the Region of Murcia), placing special emphasis on how the left-right axes and old-new parties could influence, along with the population size of the municipalities. The method used consists of a categorical content analysis, based on the Infoparticipa Map indicators and two linear regression models using ordinary least squares. The results and conclusions of the study show that the size of the population and the autonomous community are determining factors in the transparency indices. In addition, the political formations aligned to the left of the ideological spectrum, together with some of the new parties, influence the greater transparency and participation of the websites of the municipalities governed by them.

Estado actual y evolución del manejo de la patología funcional y del suelo pélvico en los hospitales de la Comunidad de Madrid

Introduction and objectivePelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) includes a large number of pathologies subjected to a significantly varied management, depending on the hospitals’ resources and educational levels of their professionals. The aim of this study is to determine and describe the clinical variability in the management of PFD in the urology departments of the public health centers of the Community of Madrid, as well as the resources currently available in these centers. Material and methodsThe survey was carried out in September 2021 and was addressed to physicians specialized in functional urology in the public hospitals of the Community of Madrid. This survey is based on the one performed in 2011 by Díez et al. for the same purpose. The characteristics of the healthcare services provided in the different centers and the management of the main functional pathologies of the pelvic floor were analyzed. The results were compared with those of the 2011 survey for equivalent questions. ResultsThe number of Pelvic Floor Units (PFUs) has remarkably increased in the last 10 years. The use of adjustable devices in the treatment of male SUI has become widespread in the centers included in the survey. Laparoscopic/robotic sacrocolpopexy has become the gold standard treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). ConclusionsMultidisciplinary PFUs represent the reference framework for the management of PFD. Variability in the management of urinary incontinence, POP, bladder pain syndrome and pudendal nerve neuropathy is recognized.

Evolution and current status of the management of functional and pelvic floor pathology in the hospitals of the Community of Madrid

Introduction and objectivePelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) includes a large number of pathologies subjected to a significantly varied management, depending on the hospitals’ resources and educational levels of their professionals. The aim of this study is to determine and describe the clinical variability in the management of PFD in the urology departments of the public health centers of the Community of Madrid, as well as the resources currently available in these centers. Material and methodsThe survey was carried out in September 2021 and was addressed to physicians specialized in functional urology in the public hospitals of the Community of Madrid. This survey is based on the one performed in 2011 by Díez et al. for the same purpose. The characteristics of the healthcare services provided in the different centers and the management of the main functional pathologies of the pelvic floor were analyzed. The results were compared with those of the 2011 survey for equivalent questions. ResultsThe number of Pelvic Floor Units (PFUs) has remarkably increased in the last 10 years. The use of adjustable devices in the treatment of male SUI has become widespread in the centers included in the survey. Laparoscopic/robotic sacrocolpopexy has become the gold standard treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). ConclusionsMultidisciplinary PFUs represent the reference framework for the management of PFD. Variability in the management of urinary incontinence, POP, bladder pain syndrome and pudendal nerve neuropathy is recognized.

Identification and assessment of green infrastructure in the Community of Madrid

The recently approved Spanish Green Infrastructure (GI) Strategy obliges each autonomous community to identify and evaluate its own GI. This paper identifies and assesses the GI in the Community of Madrid at regional scale. This entailed, firstly, the identification of GI Principal Areas (GIPAS). This was followed by a spatial assessment of GI on the basis of three indicators: the Contribution to Ecosystem Services, the Combined Biodiversity Index and the Accessibility Index. After that, the correlations between GI assessment values and socioeconomic indicators were explored. The highest GI assessment values were located around the Sistema Central mountain range, and the lowest were in the Metropolitan Area and Henares Corridor. Finally, significant negative correlations were observed between the GI assessment values, population density and gross per capita income. The results of this study could provide useful support for the planning and decision-making required for the spatial definition of GI in the autonomous community of Madrid.

Mental Health and Homelessness in the Community of Madrid (Spain): The Impact of Discrimination and Violence.

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of experiences of violence and discrimination on mental health among people in situations of homelessness (PSH). For this purpose, a quantitative, descriptive, and correlational investigation was conducted by conducting a survey with 603 PSH living in the Community of Madrid (Spain). The results show high levels of mental health impairment, as well as approximately half of the participants having experienced discrimination and violence in the course of their homelessness. Perceived experiences of discrimination are associated with higher levels of mental health impairment (OR = 0.458; p = < 0.001; 95% IC 0.31-0.68). This deterioration is also related to a negative self-assessment of the general state of health among participants (OR = 0.262; p = < 0.001; 95% IC 0.12-0.57). However, impaired mental health is not associated with experiences of violence. The findings also indicate that there are intersections in terms of being female, young, and foreign that result in greater psychological impairment and a higher risk of experiencing violence and discrimination. This study provides an insight into the PSH experiences in relation to mental health, violence, and discrimination and the need to implement actions aimed at improving their psychosocial wellbeing from the perspective of respect for citizens' rights.

Exploring the mobility in the Madrid Community

Displacements within urban spaces have attracted particular interest among researchers. We examine the journeys that happen in the Madrid Community considering 24 travel typologies and 1390 administrative areas. From an origin–destination (OD) matrix, four classes of major flows are characterised through coarse-graining: hotspot–non-hotspots, non-hotspot–hotspots, hotspots–hotspots, non-hotspot–non-hotspot. In order to make comparisons between them with respect to spatial and temporal patterns, several statistical tests are performed. The spatial activity as well as transition probabilities between administrative zones are also analysed. The mobility network’s topology is examined (some parameters such as maximal connected components, average degree, betweenness, and assortativity as well as the k-cores are checked). A model describing the formation of links between zones (existence of at least one trip between them) is constructed based on certain measures of affinity between areas.

Dental treatment under general anesthesia in patients with severe intellectual disability at the Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital: a 10-year retrospective study.

There is a high demand for dental treatment in a hospital setting for patients with severe intellectual disability (ID), due to their inability to cooperate. The objective was to determine the types of dental treatment carried out on patients with severe ID, as well as the possibility of performing clinical and radiographic examinations prior to treatment and to identify their characteristics. A retrospective observational study was performed, based on the medical histories of patients with severe ID or a disability included in the portfolio of dental services of Community of Madrid, who underwent dental treatment at the Stomatology Service of the Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital from the year 2009 to 2019. Data on age, sex, etiology of disability, and dental treatment were obtained. A total of 1,845 patients were included. The type of disability in the majority of cases was unknown, followed by encephalopathy, cerebral paralysis, and Down syndrome. In total, 8,439 dental extractions were performed on 1,548 patients (83.9%). Clinical and radiographic exploration were carried out on 874 patients (47.4%). Ultrasonic scaling was the most frequently performed treatment in patients. Dental extractions were the next most common treatment. An increase in age showed a higher demand for surgical procedures and extractions. Over half of the patients (52.6%) did not tolerate clinical or radiographic examinations.

Real-world data in primary care: validation of diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in primary care electronic medical records and estimated prevalence among consulting patients’

BackgroundPrimary care electronic medical records contain clinical-administrative information on a high percentage of the population. Before this information can be used for epidemiological purposes, its quality must be verified.This study aims to validate diagnoses of atrial fibrillation (AF) recorded in primary care electronic medical records and to estimate the prevalence of AF in the population attending primary care consultations.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional validation study of all diagnoses of AF recorded in primary care electronic medical records in Madrid (Spain).We also performed simple random sampling of diagnoses of AF (ICPC-2 code K78) registered by 55 physicians and random age- and sex-matched sampling of the records that included a diagnosis of AF. Electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and hospital discharge or cardiology clinic reports were matched.Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and overall agreement were calculated using the kappa statistic (κ). The prevalence of AF in the community of Madrid was estimated considering the sensitivity and specificity obtained in the validation. All calculations were performed overall and by sex and age groups.ResultsThe degree of agreement was very high (κ = 0.952), with a sensitivity of 97.84%, specificity of 97.39%, PPV of 97.37%, and NPV of 97.85%.The prevalence of AF in the population aged over 18 years was 2.41% (95%CI 2.39–2.42% [2.25% in women and 2.58% in men]). This increased progressively with age, reaching 16.95% in those over 80 years of age (15.5% in women and 19.44% in men).ConclusionsThe validation results obtained enable diagnosis of AF recorded in primary care to be used as a tool for epidemiological studies.A high prevalence of AF was found, especially in older patients.

Discourses around Racism in Spain

This article aims to discover the discourse on racism in Spain among the participants of awareness-raising workshops against racism in the Community of Madrid within the framework of the COCO (Against Everyday Hate) project. For this purpose, a mixed methodology was used, using the focus group technique complemented with the Pettigrew and Mertens test of subtle and manifest prejudice, adapted by Frías-Navarro. The literature review discusses racism as a concept, its origin, and typology and analyzes and discusses results and conclusions.

New Patients in Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Spain.

Patients seeking first time treatment for opioid consumption reflect the characteristics of the consumer population. This group has not been studied in Spain in decades. The objective of this study was to characterize the opioid user population seeking first time treatment (incidents) and compare them group with those with prior treatment (prevalents). Cross-sectional study (N = 3325) with patients with opioid addiction seeking care at public addiction centers in the Community of Madrid from 2017 through 2019. Differentiation and comparisons were carried out using bivariate analysis, adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics related and those related to substance use consumption in incident and prevalent patients. About 12.2% were incidents. Compared to prevalents, there were more foreigners (34.1% vs 19.1% P < .001), but with a better social network. Regarding opioid use, incidents were less likely to use injection (10.7% compared to 16.8% P = .008), but had greater daily frequency (75.8% vs 52.2%, P < .001). The age of initial consumption was greater (27 years vs 21.3 years, (P < .001)). About 15.5% of incidents sought care for non-heroin opioids, compared to 4.8% of prevalents (P < .001). Women sought care at twice the rate of men (29.3% vs 12.3%; P > .001). New patients presented a profile with many stable characteristics, but which highlighted an increase in the use of other opioids, as occurs in the international context. Surveillance of the new patient characteristics can serve as an early indicator of consumption changes in. Thus, periodic monitoring is important.

Influence of Entrepreneurship Education on the Entrepreneurial Intention of Chinese Students Enrolled at Universities in the Community of Madrid

Entrepreneurial universities have emerged to promote entrepreneurial intention and increase business success among young people. An entrepreneurial intention study has been carried out with the aim of determining the effectiveness of current entrepreneurship programs and the influence of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention. The methodology used for statistical analysis of the data collected by a survey is Structural Equation Modeling. Results show that entrepreneurship education does not have a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents, reflecting the lack of effectiveness of entrepreneurship programs offered in Madrid universities. Futhermore, it has been empirically demonstrated that subjective norms, entrepreneurial capabilities, and perceived control are positively related to the entrepreneurial intention of university students. It is recommended to establish relationships with external companies and organize conferences, talks, and presentations to improve the image of entrepreneurs. It is also worth noting the establishment of relationships with environmental agents such as business incubators and scientific parks, to develop the creativity of university students and improve their ability to identify business opportunities, as well as to play a supportive and motivational role so that young people can put their entrepreneurial idea into practice.