Madras Veterinary College Research Articles

A CASE REPORT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS WITH EFFUSION IN A DOG AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT

The present study was aimed to know the chronic hepatitis with abdominal effusion in a beagle dog and its therapeutic management. A 2.5 year old male beagle was presented to Madras Veterinary College teaching Hospital, madras veterinary college, Chennai with the history of inappetence, abdominal distension for past 10 days and the clinical signs of inappetence, fever and palpablelymph node and congested mucous membrane. On Physical examination, dog showed respiratory distress and dull. Dog was subjected for radiography examination, haematology, biochemistry parameters and ultrasound examination. On first day of examination, dog was treated with Lasix at the dose rate of 3 mg/kg body weight, antibiotics and Tribivet injection. Hematology and biochemical values revealed neutrophilia, elevated alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and decreased total protein and albumin. The lateral view radiography of abdomen revealed fluid shadow and ultrasound examination revealed that chronic hepatitis with moderate abdominal effusion. In case of clinical suspicion of hepatitis an ultrasonographic liver scan can be of diagnostic aid and the finding of an altered structure can be indicative of a liver problem. In many cases of chronic hepatitis may not be associated with ultrasound abnormalities but ascites can be easily identified. Dog was treated with antibiotic cefotaxime at the dose rate of 25 mg/Kg body weight and Lasix at the dose rate of 3 mg/Kg body weight with liver supplement of Lysibin which contain silymarin and supplement with Astymin syrup for 3 weeks. The animal was reviewed after three weeks of treatment which was subjected for haeamtology, biochemistry and ultrasound examination which revealed there was improvement in the blood parameters with decreased total protein and normal level of Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin level and ultrasound examination revealed normal study of abdominal effusion and liver echogenicity and dog had normal appetite and normal vital parameters. In this case hepatitis may be due to any viral etiology like adenovirus that may cause hepatitis with effusion that may be respond to treatment and diuretics and brought normal parameters of vital in dog. Chronic hepatitis with effusion may be further confirmed by Liver biopsy and molecular diagnosis.

MEDIAN EPISIOTOMY APPROACH IN A MINIATURE POMERANIAN WITH VULVAL HYPOPLASIA: A CASE REPORT

This case report details the episiotomy approach employed in managing vulval hypoplasia in a two year old Miniature Pomeranian bitch. The animal was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrical Unit, Madras Veterinary College, displaying a history of greenish black discharge and continuous straining for two hours. The animal was bred before 64 days. Physical examination revealed a small vaginal opening, measuring approximately 1.5 cm in length. Digital examination indicated fetal hind limbs and tail extending into the vaginal passage, while all other vital parameters were within the normal range. Attempts to induce uterine contractions using Inj. Oxytocin and 10 % Calcium gluconate in 5 % DNS proved unsuccessful. Therefore, under local anesthesia (2 % Lignocaine injection), median episiotomy was made and a single live male puppy was successfully delivered with mild traction. Closure of the incision site was accomplished using PGA 1/0 with a simple interrupted suture pattern. The patient had uneventful recovery after 5 day treatment regimen, involving a single dose of subcutaneous Inj. Cefovecin (antibiotic) and anti-inflammatory drugs, along with meticulous wound management.

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies on Endocrine Glands of Dogs with Special Emphasis on the Immunoexpression of β-cells of the Pancreas

The aim of this study to evaluate the histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical changes of the endocrine glands namely, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal gland in dogs submitted to routine necropsy. A total number of 45 endocrine samples were collected from 15 carcasses of dogs received at Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai- 600 007 were chosen for the present study, namely thyroid, pancreas and adrenal gland. The tissue samples were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissues were processed after 48 hours as per recommended procedure and 3 µm thickness sections were made and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation. The special stains like Masson’s trichrome and Picrosirius red were used to assess the extent of replacement with collagen fibers. Immunohistochmical protocol was followed as per the manufactured recommendation (Pathnsitu, USA).The histopathological changes recorded in the pancreas included vacuolar changes (2/15), necrosis (2/15), periductular fibrosis (1/15), perivascular fibrosis (1/15), congestion (5/15), hemorrhages (3/15) and inflammatory changes (1/15) while in the adrenal glands included diffuse cortical hyperplasia (4/15) succeeded by nodular hyperplasia (3/15), adrenalitis (2/15), hyperaemia (2/15), hemorrhages (1/15) and atrophy (1/15). Histopathological examination of thyroid revealed atrophy of follicles suggesting thyroiditis (3/15), presence of follicular epithelial cells which were found separated from the basement membrane with cellular debris in the lumen indicating necrosis (2/15) and presence of large cystic gaps with eosinophilic proteinaceous material consistent with cystadenoma(2/15). The remaining samples showed hemorrhages (2/15), perivascular fibrosis (1/15) and congestion (2/15). However no histological alterations were noticed in 3 cases (3/15). Immunohistochemistry revealed that pancytokeratin was expressed by all epithelial cells including ducts. The expression of insulin was noticed in all the cases indicating that no reduction of â cells in all the above said pathological conditions.

Review of Incidence and Risk Factors for Spinal Fauctures in Canines

A survey was conducted to analyze vertebral fractures in dogs presented to the Madras Veterinary College Orthopaedic Outpatient Unit during a period of one and half year. A total of 24 cases were included, predominantly males with an average weight of 16 to 18 kilograms. The primary causes identified were road traffic accidents (n=15) and high-rise syndrome (n=9), affecting predominantly dogs aged 5 months to 2 years (n=14). Non-descript breeds were most commonly affected. Fractures were most frequently observed in the caudal thoracic vertebrae (T11 to L1). CT myelography revealed ventral displacement in cases of luxation, primarily affecting the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions. This study underscores the prevalence and characteristics of vertebral fractures in dogs, highlighting the need for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management strategies.

Normal M-mode, Pulsed Wave and Tissue Doppler Echocardiographic Studies in Healthy Working Police Dogs

Background: Physical activity alters the cardiovascular system of dogs depending on the exercise characteristics and the animal’s physical conditioning. Little is known about the cardiovascular changes in working police dogs. This study evaluated the cardiovascular responses of working Labradors to regular exercise and various workload. Methods: Twelve working Labradors of Tamil Nadu police department that were regularly trained and exercised 30 minutes morning and evening and twelve normal household pet Labradors brought for regular checkup to Madras Veterinary College Teaching hospital were taken for the study. All the animals were subjected to physical, clinical, hematobiochemical, electrocardiographic examinations and cardiac auscultation before performing echocardiography. Those animals which showed normal recordings in all the above tests were further subjected to M-mode, Pulsed wave and Tissue Doppler echocardiography. In this study, the resting heart rate values of working groups were lesser than that of normal pet dogs. Result: The results of echocardiography showed significant increase in Interventricular septal diameter during diastole, left atrial diameter, aortic artery diameter and the left atrium to aortic diameter ratio without impairing systolic and diastolic cardiac functions in working dogs. The present study indicated that there were few changes in the echocardiographic parameters which might be a response to physiological adaptation and regular exercise.

Insulinoma in a Boxer- A case report

A nine-year-old female Boxer was presented to the Small Animal Medicine outpatient unit of Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Madras Veterinary College with the complaint of weakness and occasional ataxia. The general clinical, physical and neurological examinations were found to be normal except for the history of weakness and ataxia. The complete blood count was normal. Serum biochemistry revealed hypoglycemia and the amended insulin to glucose ratio was 187.4. Abdominal ultrasonography and radiography examination were unrewarding. Contrast CT revealed presence of multiple nodular lesions over the pancreas suggestive of insulinoma. The hypoglycemic episodes were managed with dextrose solution followed by dietary management, prednisolone and octreotide. The animal responded to treatment with an improvement in blood glucose level.

Endoscopic retrieval of oesophageal foreign body in a dachshund

Four-year-old male Dachshund dog was presented to Madras Veterinary College and Teaching Hospital with the history of gradual weight loss and chronic vomiting for more than twenty days. Previously the dog was treated in several places with anti-emetics, proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, fluid therapy and antibiotics but there was no improvement. On clinical examination the dog was severely dehydrated, increased skin tenting time and increased capillary refill time. Hematobiochemical assessment revealed mild hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Radiographic examination of thorax and abdomen revealed no radio-opaque foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract and ultrasound examination also confirmed the same. Contrast radiographic examination revealed absence of megaesophagus and foreign body in gastrointestinal tract. Hence upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed and which revealed presence of plastic thread twine along the esophagus from the level of pharynx to cardia and the foreign body was retrieved using endoscopic forceps. Further the animal was treated with fluid therapy along with other supportive therapy. The dog was shown the clinical improvement after third day.

Successful Management of Trypanosomiais in a Cow

A 6-year-old Jersey cow was presented with signs of respiratory distress and sternal recumbency at the Madras Veterinary College Outpatient Unit. Physical examination revealed congested mucous membrane, enlarged prescapular lymph node and severe dehydration. Musculo skeletal examination was done and the orthopaedic involvement was ruled out. Thrombocytopenia, decreased packed cell volume, and haemoglobin levels were noticed. Peripheral blood smear confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma evansi. The animal was treated with isometamidium chloride. The animal had uneventful recovery and was able to walk. Keywords: Jersey cow, Trypanosomiasis, Isometamidium chloride .

Juvenile Cellulitis in a Labrador retriever- A case report

A labrador retriever pup aged 50 days was brought to Madras Veterinary College Small animal outpatient Unit with a history of anorexia, pyrexia, dullness with papules and pustules over muzzle and ear pinnae since three days. Facial edema, periocular edema and enlargement of pre scapular and submandibular lymphnodes were noticed on clinical examination. After complete physical examination, blood samples, skin scrapings, samples for bacterial culture and cytology were taken. Hemogram revealed anemia, serum biochemistry revealed low serum total protein concentration, skin scrapings were negative for parasites, no growth was present on bacterial culture from aspirated pustules, cytology from moist lesions showed presence of neutrophils and cocci. Based on the physical examination, hematological, biochemical and microbiological investigations, the present case was diagnosed as Canine Juvenile cellulitis and treatment initiated with antibiotic and corticosteroid parenterally for three days. There was a remarkable improvement noticed with reduced facial edema, reduced periocular edema and dry external ear pinnae. Treatment was continued with oral antibiotic for seven days and the pup recovered uneventfully.

Management of proliferative thrombovascular necrosis of pinna in a Chippiparai dog

A three-year-old male, Chippiparai dog was presented to the Dermatology unit of Madras Veterinary College Hospital with the complaint of bleeding from right ear tip. History revealed normal appetite, regular deworming and vaccination schedule (recent Anti rabies vaccination). The general clinical examination revealed parameters within the normal range except for the presence of a wedge-shaped ulcerated lesion at the ear tip. Haemogram and serum biochemistry revealed parameters within the normal range. Based on the history of recent vaccination and clinical presentation, the case was diagnosed as proliferative thrombovascular necrosis of the pinna. Treatment was initiated with oral pentoxifylline, doxycycline, niacinamide, vitamin E supplementation and topical tacrolimus application. Uneventful recovery was noticed after one month of treatment.

Incidence of Various Types of Bleeding Disorders Associated with Canine Vector Borne Diseases in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Animals with various stages of bleeding tendencies are often presented with obvious blood loss and life threatening complications, although some animals are relatively stable, showing only minimal clinical signs. Canine vector-borne diseases and associated bleeding disorders are commonly encountered in routine practice with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis, therapeutic outcome and management of bleeding disorders have always been challenging. The objective is to study the incidence of various types of bleeding disorders with their clinical features in CVBD in the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Methods: During the study period (2018-2020) a total of 76, 051 dogs were presented to the Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai. Sixteen thousand five hundred and twenty nine (16529) dogs were presented with signs of bleeding disorders. Dogs affected with vector borne diseases had various stages of bleeding tendencies (1593 dogs) were subjected to detailed clinical, haematological, biochemical and coagulation profile assessments. Under each etiological group, the dogs were further divided into three groups based on various stages bleeding disorders in order to evaluate the clinicopathological changes in dogs. Result: The observed incidence of bleeding disorders due to canine vector borne diseases in this study were Babesiosis 41.87 per cent, Ehrlichiosis 52.7 per cent and hepatozoonosis 5.5 per cent. The incidence of Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis and H. canis in the study population was found to be 5.2 per cent, 4.04 per cent and 0.53 per cent. Dogs due to E. canis, 51 per cent had anaemia and thrombocytopenia, 26.1 per cent had pancytopenia and 22.9 per cent had pancytopenia and DIC. Dogs due to B. gibsoni, 47.7 per cent had anaemia and thrombocytopenia, 28.5 per cent had pancytopenia and 23.8 per cent had pancytopenia and DIC.

Hindlimb Skeletal Structure of the Green-winged Macaw: An Anatomical Study

In birds, the forelimb bones undergo modification to facilitate muscle attachment for flight, enabling the movement of wings up and down. Conversely, hindlimb bones primarily support walking and perching functions, necessitating evolutionary adaptations in their structure. Therefore, this study aims to document the gross anatomical features of hind limb bones in Green-winged Macaws, including the femur, tibio-tarsus, tarsometatarsus, and digits. The bones were sourced from six Green-winged Macaw carcasses undergoing post-mortem examination at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. Preparation was conducted using the wet maceration technique. In the femur, the proximal end displayed a large, well-defined spherical head medially, accompanied by a small depression called the fovea capitis, and a distinct neck. The tibio-tarsus exhibited a small roughened area on its lateral border for fibula attachment, with a larger medial and smaller lateral condyle at the proximal extremity, along with a linear cinemal crest along the medial border. The fibula's distal extremity tapered into a free point, articulating at the caudolateral aspect of the tarsometatarsus. The tarsometatarsus displayed fused distal tarsals with metatarsals II, III, and IV, while Metatarsus I remained a separate bone, forming the base of the first toe. The proximal extremity of the tarsometatarsus featured two large concave articular facets for condyles from the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus, and a facet for the distal end of the fibula caudolaterally. The Macaw's hind limb consisted of four digits, forming a zygodactyl foot arrangement.

Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Fertility and Yield of Fodder Maize in Chennai

Field experiments were conducted to study the influence of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) by adopting different bulky organic manures and fertilizer levels on the soil fertility status and fodder yield of maize. The study was conducted during rabi season of 2019 and 2020 at the Department of Agronomy, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. An experiment was laid out in split plot design. Main plots consisted of different organic manure treatments viz., No manure, farm yard manure (25 t ha-1), vermicompost (12 t ha-1) and poultry manure (12 t ha-1). Sub plots consisted of varying level of fertilizer treatments viz., No fertilizer, 125% RDF, 100% RDF, 75% RDF. The blanket recommendation of fertilizer to fodder maize is 60 kg N ha-1: 40 kg P2O5 ha-1: 20 kg K2O ha-1. The organic manures were applied as per the N equivalent basis to inorganic nutrient recommendation. The results revealed that all the soil parameters, green and dry fodder yield were significantly affected with the application of organic manures and fertilizer levels. Organic sources of nutrients tended to improve soil physico-chemical properties viz., bulk density, water holding capacity, porosity and organic carbon. The highest organic carbon content was noticed with the application of poultry manure (0.50 %) followed by poultry manure. The post harvest available soil nutrients was high in fodder maize grown with poultry manure along with 125% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer to fodder maize recorded higher soil available nitrogen (109.48 kg ha-1), phosphorus (15.46 kg ha-1) and potassium (118.65 kg ha-1). Significantly higher green and dry fodder yield of maize was recorded with application of poultry manure along with 75 % recommended dose of fertilizer. Hence, application of organic manures specifically poultry manure along with low level of fertilizer improved the soil fertility and thus increased the green fodder yield of maize.

Clinical, Radiographic and Rhinoscopic Features of Primary Intra-Nasal Transmissible Venereal Tumour in Four Dogs and its Treatment

Transmissible venereal tumours are contagious tumours that typically affects intact male and female canines. Four dogs were presented to Small Animal Out-Patient unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai with history of chronic unilateral epistaxis and sneezing. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia was a consistent finding in all dogs whereas the serum biochemical values where unremarkable. Lateral and dorsoventral radiograph of skull revealed space occupying lesion suggesting soft tissue mass in the nasal cavity. Rhinoscopy confirmed the presence of tumour mass occluding nasal passage. Nasal cytology revealed the presence of characteristic transmissible venereal tumour cells. Chemotherapy was initiated with Vincristine sulphate at the dose rate of 0.7 mg/m2. All the four dogs showed complete clinical recovery after four weekly doses of vincristine chemotherapy. Radiography repeated after four weeks confirmed the absence of space occupying mass in nasal cavity. The present study describes the clinical and diagnostic imaging changes in dogs with intra-nasal transmissible venereal tumour and its therapeutic management.

Electrochemotherapy for Mammary Tumour in Dogs

Background: Mammary neoplasms are the most common tumours in the bitch. Even though surgery remained the treatment of choice for mammary gland tumours except those with inflammatory carcinomas or distant metastasis; it did not seem to reduce the chances of recurrence in case of malignancy in dogs. Other alternatives to surgery are chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy etc. The major disadvantage of chemotherapeutic agents was the lack of selectivity for tumour cells. To overcome this problem, electrochemotherapy could be used as a single or as an adjuvant therapy to surgery which could be used for treatment of inoperable tumours. Cisplatin and bleomycin are the two chemotherapeutic agents used in veterinary oncology for electrochemotherapy. This study was carried out on clinical cases of mammary tumours to study and compare the efficacies of electrochemotherapy using Cisplatin and bleomycin Methods: The research was carried out on clinical cases of canine mammary tumour presented to the Small Animal Surgical Out-Patient Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital for a period of one year from September 2018 to May 2021. Routine Clinical, Haematological, Biochemical and Radiographic evaluations were performed. Twelve dogs with mammary tumours, with a single solitary lump were selected for the study irrespective of the age, breed and location. Group I Cases were treated by electrotherapy with cisplastin and Group II were treated by electrotherapy with bleomycin intralesionally following which surgical excision was performed. Result: Most cases in the cisplatin group produced partial response (3/6) according to the response evaluation criteria, whereas most cases in the bleomycin group produced complete response (100% regression). Bleomycin was comparatively more efficient (1.7 times) than cisplatin in electrochemotherapy for mammary tumours. The time under anaesthesia was low which makes this procedure a suitable alternative to geriatric dogs that cannot be anaesthetised for a longer duration for surgery.

Spiderplasty and Bow-tie Tension Relieving Suture Techniques for Large Skin Defects in Dogs

Background: In veterinary practice, cutaneous injuries are a very common occurrence. Various methods have been employed to close large skin defects like skin graft or flap often associated with relatively more complex surgical procedures. Use of tension relieving suture techniques like spider plasty and bow tie technique allow the mobilization of adjacent local tissue to cover large cutaneous defects which was thus utilised in the study. Methods: Twelve dogs brought to the Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai,TANUVAS with large diameter open wounds were selected for the study. Irrespective of the stage of closure the two tension relieving suture techniques, i.e. Spiderplasty and Bow-tie, were performed for closure of the large wounds. The preoperative and postoperative wounds assessment were performed through subjective evaluation, planimetry, bacteriological examination and histopathological evaluation. Result: The Spiderplasty technique was more time consuming, required more surgical expertise and had slightly lower cost efficiency ratio. It could however be better utilised to close wounds located in confined anatomical areas, as compared to the Bow-tie procedure which was limited by its requirement to resect 36% of adjacent normal tissue.

Assessment of Wound Healing Following Collagen Urethral Stent Placement for Urethrotomy in Dogs

Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of collagen urethral stents on wound healing post-urethrotomy in dogs and to assess the uptake of collagen urethral stents through urethrography, ultrasonography and hematobiochemical analysis. Methods: A total of 12 dogs presented to Madras Veterinary College teaching hospital with the history of urinary obstruction were chosen for the study and were randomly divided into 2 groups of 6 dogs in each. In Group I, dogs were treated with conventional urethrotomy procedure and in group II, animals were treated with urethrotomy with collagen urethral stent placement. Hematobiochemical, plain and contrast radiography, ultrasonograhy were performed in both the groups. Result: The study revealed that in comparison with Group I, Group II animals had a faster wound healing rates; reduction in urethral lumen diameter and urethral leakage post-operatively were not observed in both the groups. In the present study, ultrasound was used to identify and locate the calculi but also to check the collapse, migration and absorption of the collagen stent placed inside the urethra wherein no stent collapse or migration noticed. Partial collagen stent absorption was noticed on day 7 and a complete stent absorption was noticed on day 14. There was no significant difference in the pain scores between the groups indicating that the collagen stent does not elicit any extra pain as compared to normal urethrotomy procedure.

Occurrence of intraocular and orbital diseases in dogs: A retrospective study

A total of 14,747 dogs were presented to Small Animal Ophthalmology unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital for different ophthalmic diseases during the period of 2018 to 2021. Out of which, 649 (4.4%) dogs had less common intraocular and orbital diseases. The remaining 14,098 (95.6%) dogs had only corneal and extraocular diseases which were not included in this incidence study. The incidence was higher with cataract (n=170, 26.19%), followed by retinal detachment (n=96, 14.79%), proptosis (n=95, 14.64%) and retinal degeneration (n=89, 13.71%). Apart from these, incidence of eyeball lesions like exophthalmos was 2.16% (n=14), enophthalmos 0.46% (n=3) and anophthalmia 0.46% (n=3). The incidence of amaurosis was 7.86% (n=51), hyphema 5.39% (n=35), lens luxation 3.08% (n=20), glaucoma 2.31% (n=15) and panophthalmitis 6.78% (n=44). Incidence of intraocular tumours 1.23% (n=8) and retrobulbar tumours was 0.92% (n=6).

Prognostic Factorial Index for Dogs with Canine Distemper

Background: Canine distemper (CD) is a highly fatal disease in dogs. Hence, it is important to document the factors which are significantly correlated with the poor prognosis amongst CD infected dogs to develop a prognostic index. Methods: Forty dogs positive for CD virus by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) were included in our study at infectious Disease Unit (IDU), Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai between March 2021 and August 2022. Two different herbal drugs were tried in two groups of dogs where each group comprised of 20 dogs and clinical responses were observed. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected and analysed between survival and non-survival groups using chi-square test. The statistically significant factors were further analysed by logistic regression to identify their strong association with the event of death. Kaplan-Meier curves for survival were constructed to explore differences in the survival time for different dogs. Result: The overall case fatality rate was found to be 55% (22/40). The event of death due to CD was observed in young dogs having ocular discharge with strong correlation but the chances of survival were found to increase when age advanced.

Single nucleotide polymorphism in cytochrome B oxidase gene among indigenous cattle breeds of Tamil Nadu

The present study was carried out to validate the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in mitochondrial gene- cytochrome b oxidase at 14,716 bp (C to T transition) position obtained from whole genome sequence data of indigenous cattle breeds at Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu. A total of 288 animals, viz. Alambadi (16), Bargur (99), Kangayam (54), Pulikulam (58) and Umblachery (61) were genotyped. The wild type allele C was observed to be fixed in all the breeds except Kangayam cattle. The gene frequency of C and T alleles and genotype frequencies of CC, CT and TT were estimated in Kangayam breed of cattle and chi-square test revealed the population in Hardy- Weinberg disequilibrium at CYTB locus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the indigenous cattle breeds were present under the same genetic ancestry of Bos indicus reference genome, while the Bos taurus reference genome diverged separately. From this study, the possibilities of selective sweep or population expansion after a recent bottleneck among the indigenous cattle breeds of Tamil Nadu could be concluded.