Madison County Research Articles

WILD BIRD MORTALITY AND WEST NILE VIRUS SURVEILLANCE: BIASES ASSOCIATED WITH DETECTION, REPORTING, AND CARCASS PERSISTENCE

Surveillance targeting dead wild birds, in particular American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), plays a critical role in West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance in the United States. Using crow decoy surrogates, detection and reporting of crow carcasses within urban and rural environments of DeKalb County, Georgia were assessed for potential biases that might occur in the county's WNV surveillance program. In each of two replicated trials, during July and September 2003, 400 decoys were labeled with reporting instructions and distributed along randomly chosen routes throughout designated urban and rural areas within DeKalb County. Information-theoretic methods were used to compare alternative models incorporating the effects of area and trial on probabilities of detection and reporting. The model with the best empirical support included the effects of area on both detection and reporting of decoys. The proportion of decoys detected in the urban area (0.605, SE=0.024) was approximately twice that of the rural area (0.293, SE=0.023), and the proportion of decoys reported in the urban area (0.273, SE=0.023) was approximately three times that of the rural area (0.103, SE=0.028). These results suggest that human density and associated factors can substantially influence dead crow detection and reporting and, thus, the perceived distribution of WNV. In a second and separate study, the persistence and fate of American crow and house sparrow (Passer domesticus) carcasses were assessed in urban and rural environments in Athens-Clarke, Madison, and Oconee counties, Georgia. Two replicated trials using 96 carcasses of each species were conducted during July and September 2004. For a portion of the carcasses, motion sensitive cameras were used to monitor scavenging species visits. Most carcasses (82%) disappeared or were decayed by the end of the 6-day study. Carcass persistence averaged 1.6 days in rural areas and 2.1 days in urban areas. We analyzed carcass persistence rates using a known-fate model framework in program MARK. Model selection based on Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) indicated that the best model explaining carcass persistence rates included species and number of days of exposure; however, the model including area and number of days of exposure received approximately equal support. Model-averaged carcass persistence rates were higher for urban areas and for crow carcasses. Six mammalian and one avian species were documented scavenging upon carcasses. Dead wild birds could represent potential sources of oral WNV exposure to these scavenging species. Species composition of the scavenger assemblage was similar in urban and rural areas but "scavenging pressure" was greater in rural areas.

First Report of Bipolaris sacchari Causing Leaf Spot on Lygodium japonicum and L. microphyllum in Florida.

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. (Japanese climbing fern) and L. microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. (Old World climbing fern) are invasive, noxious weeds in Florida. During 2001, L. japonicum sporelings were collected from natural sites in Hamilton, Highland, and Madison counties and transported to Broward County (Fort Lauderdale) for research use. During February 2002, leaf spots were observed on pinnules (leaflets) of these containerized plants growing in a shadehouse. A fungus with Bipolaris-like spores was isolated from affected pinnules and purified and stored for future evaluation. In early 2005, the fungus was grown on 1.5% water agar, with sterile, wheat straw pieces embedded in the agar surface, at 26°C and a 12-h photoperiod using cool-white fluorescent and Verilum full-spectrum bulbs. Conidia were 80.5 ± 14.5 μm (range 53.2 to 123.4 μm) × 15.1 ± 1.6 μm (range 12.1 to 19.4 μm), pale brown, slightly curved, narrowly ellipsoid, without a protuberant hilum, distoseptate (8 ± 1, range 6 to 10), and germinated from both polar cells. Conidiophores were septate and smooth. Conidiogenous nodes were smooth. On the basis of these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Bipolaris sacchari (E. Butler) Shoem. (1,2). Pathogenicity toward L. japonicum and L. microphyllum was determined using conidia produced on potato dextrose agar at 26°C and a 12-h photoperiod. A 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 suspension was sprayed until runoff on healthy plants grown in 450-ml containers. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. There were four replicate plants per treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain high humidity and placed in a growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod at 28°C (light cycle) and 22°C (dark cycle). Bags were removed after 72 h, and small (1 to 2 mm), water-soaked spots were evident throughout the plant canopy on both Lygodium spp. Plants were incubated for three more weeks under the same photoperiod and temperatures with ˜70% relative humidity (light cycle) and ˜45% relative humidity (dark cycle), and then evaluated for disease. At least 50% of L. microphyllum pinnules and 25% of L. japonicum pinnules on each inoculated plant had small (1 to 2 mm), brown leaf spots or larger (approximately 5 mm) necrotic spots. B. sacchari was reisolated from both types of spots from both Lygodium spp.; there was no evidence of fungal sporulation on the plants. No symptoms were apparent on control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. sacchari on a non-Poaceae host in Florida.

Sensors Designed to Protect Famous Covered Bridges

Researchers at Iowa State University’s Bridge Engineering Center have been working cooperatively with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service’s Forest Products Laboratory in the design and installation of a three-component wireless monitoring device at one of the five remaining historic wooden bridges in Madison County, Iowa. This surveillance system, which is comprised of infrared, fiber-optic, and flame detection components, is connected with the local Iowan electrical grid to be monitored by the Madison fire department. Although the bridges are predominately ornamental, their cultural value warrants the most technologically advanced surveillance, in part because traditional, less expensive, methods prove less useful in rural outdoor areas. Since 2002, two arson attacks have destroyed one of the century-old bridges and damaged a second. Therefore, the location of the specific bridge that is being outfitted with the surveillance equipment is not being disclosed. In order to prevent tampering with the devices, the equipment, along with the power supply, they have been camouflaged in the nearby landscape.

Effects of grazing on vegetation structure, prey availability, and reproductive success of Grasshopper Sparrows

Populations of Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) have been declining, and ag- ricultural practices, such as grazing by domestic cattle (Bos taurus), are likely contributing factors. Grazing can alter the composition and structure of vegetation and influence prey availability, and such changes can impact the nesting success of grassland birds. Our objective was to examine the nesting success of Grasshopper Sparrows in grazed and ungrazed habitats on the Blue Grass Army Depot in Madison County, Kentucky. Clutch sizes of female Grasshopper Sparrows nesting in grazed and ungrazed areas differed significantly, with mean clutch sizes of 4.48 in ungrazed areas and 3.91 in grazed areas. In addition, nest success was higher in ungrazed areas (70%) than grazed areas (25%). Insect sweeps revealed that invertebrate biomass in ungrazed areas was greater than in grazed areas, and analysis of vegetation indicated that grazed areas had less litter, more shrubs, and shorter, less dense vegetation than ungrazed areas. Most unsuccessful nests were depredated, and the higher predation rates on nests in grazed areas may have been due to differences in vegetation structure. Shorter, less dense vegetation in grazed areas may make it easer for predators to observe adults and locate nests, while taller, denser vegetation in ungrazed areas may provide greater concealment. While the results of previous studies suggest that light to moderate grazing can produce habitat suitable for Grasshopper Sparrows, more intense grazing, as on our study area (one animal unit/ha), creates habitat less suitable for these sparrows.

First Report of Meloidogyne partityla on Pecan in Florida.

Pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wagenh.) K. Koch) is an important tree in the southern United States for commercial nut production and residential use. Meloidogyne partityla (pecan root-knot nematode) is only known to parasitize trees in the Juglandaceae including pecan, walnut, and hickory. In the United States, it has been reported on pecan in Texas, New Mexico, and Georgia and internationally in South Africa. Portions of a large pecan nursery in Madison County, Florida were infested with an unknown species of root-knot nematode. The pecan trees at this nursery are grafted onto rootstock and grown in the field until the trees are large enough to sell as bare-root transplant stock in several states including and adjoining Florida. Trees infected by the root-knot nematodes were stunted, had extensive galling and rotting of the root system, and pulled from the ground relatively easily compared with noninfected trees. Attempts to rear these nematodes on tomato in the greenhouse were unsuccessful. Young egg-laying females were isolated directly from pecan roots for speciation. Enzymes extracted from females were resolved with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [4% stacking (pH 6.8) and 8% separating gel (pH 8.8) with Tris-glycine buffer]. The esterase (Est) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) phenotypes of the unknown Meloidogyne sp. were consistent with those reported for M. partityla. In addition, specimens of M. partityla maintained by the USDA Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory in Byron, GA were obtained and their Est and Mdh phenotypes compared with the unknown Meloidogyne sp. under identical electrophoretic and enzyme staining protocols. The Est and Mdh phenotypes of the two isolates were identical. Therefore, we conclude that the root-knot nematodes infesting the pecan nursery in Florida are M. partityla. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this nematode in Florida and also the first report of this nematode from infected nursery stock. It is unknown how long the field has been infested but clearly, there is potential for spread of M. partityla to locations around Florida and bordering states. This nematode may be widespread throughout pecan-growing regions of the United States.

Floristic Survey of Indian Fort Amphitheater, Berea College Forest, Madison County, Kentucky

ABSTRACT The vascular flora of the 49-year-old Indian Fort amphitheater, Berea College Forest, in Madison County, south-central Kentucky, was surveyed in 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004. Seventy-four species in 55 genera from 30 families were present; 40 species (54.0%) were exotics. Life forms included 39 annual/biennials, 24 perennials, 6 woody vines, and 5 trees. Many taxa were ruderal weeds that had adapted to the open physical features and disturbed environmental conditions of the amphitheater. These plants typically have light-weight fruits and seeds dispersed by wind and water.

The sedimentary record of environmental lead contamination at St. Louis, Missouri (USA) area smelters

Southeastern Missouri has been a major Pb mining region since 1720 AD. Missouri mines produce a Pb ore that has a distinctive elevated 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratio (>1.30) that is easily recognized in Pb-contaminated sediments. Five 210Pb dated sediment cores from Horseshoe Lake, Madison County, Illinois were examined to reconstruct Pb-contamination of the site from southeastern Missouri mines and from a local Pb smelter located adjacent to the lake. Pb concentrations increased in the cores from 5 ppm in the early 1800’s to approximately 350 ppm in the late 1940’s and 1950’s. Pb concentrations in recently deposited sediment range from 100 to 300 ppm depending on the location within the lake. Throughout the 1800’s and early 1900’s the 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the sediment cores increased indicating contamination from southeastern Missouri (mean = 1.243). After the local smelter began recycling lead-acid storage batteries in the 1950’s, the 206Pb/207Pb ratio declined (mean = 1.224) suggesting contamination of Horseshoe Lake with Pb from sources elsewhere around the world. The results of this study demonstrate how isotopic ratios of Pb can be used to reconstruct historical anthropogenic contamination.

A Resisting Performance of an Appalachian Traditional Murder Ballad: Giving Voice to "Pretty Polly"

It ain't about how pretty you sing, it's all about bow good you tell story. Dellie Norton, traditional ballad singer, Madison County NC, as told to author by Sheila Kay Adams, Norton's great-niece, 7 November 2004 SCENARIO 1: MY PARTNER'S MOTHER INTRODUCES me to her friends: a white, upper-middle-class, heterosexual couple. They are in their late sixties or early seventies and are from northeastern Ohio, just one county away from those considered Appalachian. Clearly a part of symphony set, their faces brighten when they learn a musicologist stopping off in Ohio on my way to a music workshop in North Carolina. What are you going to do? I'm going to study old-time specifically, banjo. What that? he says a raised eyebrow. Old-time music, say very simplistically, since can tell they are already losing interest, is kind of music that predates bluegrass and contemporary country It's a kind of early country actually. Oh, he says a look of amused condescension, I didn't think you could call that music. Scenario 2: A friend who loves old-time music and bluegrass and who plays fiddle, guitar, mandolin, and Dobro decides that she can't listen to most old-time and bluegrass bands anymore since so many of songs are misogynist. It violent ones that anger her most, especially murder ballads, in which woman horrifically killed and her murderer suffers few consequences. The Country Gentlemen's recording of River Bottom particularly offensive to her: with a clothesline tied around her knees ... so glad to put an end to that disease. These true stories illustrate a dilemma for feminist lover of old-time, bluegrass, and Appalachian (1) The first scenario demonstrates a widely held position: Appalachian its unabashed banjo twanginess, its hoedown fiddle, and its high, strained, and dispassionate vocal style, a vivid aural representation of itself and as such cannot be considered music worthy of serious study, much less enjoyment. As Ronald D. Eller writes, Appalachia may likely have replaced benighted South as nation's most region.... Always part of mythical South, continues to languish backstage in American drama, still dressed, in popular at least, in garments of backwardness, violence, poverty, and hopelessness once associated South as a whole. No region of United States today plays role of 'other America' quite so persistently as Appalachia. (2) Of course, there an audience that enjoys escaping into precisely this other America, its somewhat exotic rural sounds and modal melodies that can conjure up images of a simpler and more authentic era and place, far from urban noise and confusion. (3) Some of these listeners may choose to ignore misogynist lyrics or perhaps not even notice them, while others may explain them away as artifacts of past cultural norms. (4) Others, however, like woman in second scenario, may feel conflicted, eventually choosing to abandon a favorite genre of music that both maligned by the popular mind and unmistakably misogynist for listener, fan or not, who attends to lyrics of much of its repertoire. would like to examine another option for woman in second scenario. Perhaps it possible to find or create performances of Appalachian music that retain exuberance of fiddle, twang of banjo, or detachment of voice (performances that, in effect, sound Appalachian) while presenting violent lyrics in a way that does not celebrate or ignore their misogyny. The most challenging songs will, of course, be murder ballads, which pervade American folk music and are central to southern Appalachian repertoire. (5) The plot of these murdered sweetheart ballads follows a well-established formula: a young woman lured away from home by her lover to a secluded spot on pretext of marriage or discussing marriage; presumably, she pregnant. …

Effects of affiliation and power motivation arousal on salivary progesterone and testosterone

Following up on earlier research suggesting a link between implicit affiliation motivation and progesterone (P) and implicit power motivation and testosterone [T; Schultheiss, O.C., Dargel, A., Rohde, W., 2003. Implicit motives and gonadal steroid hormones: Effects of menstrual cycle phase, oral contraceptive use, and relationship status. Horm. Behav. 43, 293–301.], we tested whether arousal of affiliation motivation increases P levels and whether arousal of power motivation increases T levels. Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to watch 30 min of either Bridges of Madison County (affiliation arousal) or The Godfather II (power arousal), or a documentary about the Amazon (control condition). Levels of P and T were assessed in saliva samples taken before (T1), immediately after (T2), and 45 min after the movie (T3). The efficacy of experimental conditions to differentially arouse motives was verified by assessment of changes in affiliation and power motive imagery expressed in imaginative stories written before and after the movie. After the movie, salivary P levels (T2 and T3) in the affiliation-arousal group were significantly higher than in the control group and marginally higher than in the power-arousal group. Subjects' postmovie T responses (T3) depended on premovie T levels: in men, higher premovie T levels predicted a greater likelihood of postmovie T increases in the Power Arousal condition but not in the other conditions, whereas in women, higher premovie T levels tended to be associated with postmovie T decreases in the Power Arousal condition but not in the other conditions. These findings suggest that aroused affiliation motivation has a specific stimulatory effect on P, whereas aroused power motivation has a specific stimulatory effect on T in men, but not in women, with high baseline T levels.

New Appalachian Books: Write-Ups

NEW APPALACHIAN BOOKS Write-Ups George Brosi and Leanna Lantz Kathy Cantley Ackerman. The Heart ofRevolution: The Radical Life and Novels ofOlive Dargan. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 2004. 237 pages with an index, notes and works cited. Hardback in dust jacket. $29.95. Unquestionably, the works of Olive Tilford Dargan (1869-1968), one of Brosi's very favorite regional authors, deserve much more attention than they have received, so it is great to have this book out. However, I wish it had used Olive Tilford Dargan's full name as this avowed feminist used it and that it was much more complete. Instead of a volume like this that is less than half biography of a truly fascinating person and mostly criticism, we need two books: one criticism and another biography. I still wonder: Why did her baby die? Why did she often live apart from her husband? Why did he drown? Where, exactly, did she live in Swain County, North Carolina? How was she viewed there? Who were her friends in Asheville? Did she ever join the Communist Party? Readers are enticed by this book, but never satisfied, yet it is a step in the right direction. The author is writer-in-residence at Isothermal Community College in Spindale, North Carolina. Sheila Kay Adams. My Old True Love. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2004. 289 pages. Hardcover. $23.95. Sheila Kay Adams' singing voice has been a joy and inspiration as she has shared the music of her deeply rooted Madison County, North Carolina, mountain family with thousands as a performer. This novel will bring her author's voice into more homes as it tells the fascinating tale of a young ballad singer living in North Carolina in the 1800s. Adams has definitely nailed mountain dialogue. This book is authentic to the core and quite an enjoyable read. Geoffrey L. Buckley. Extracting Appalachia: Images of the Consolidation Coal Company, 1910-1945. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2004. 215 pages with an index, bibliography, notes and lots of photos. Trade Paperback. $22.95. 94 Inspired by a collection of over 4,000 photos at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum ofAmerican History, Buckley uses a series ofphotographs takenbythe Consolidation Coal Company mostly in West Virginia and Kentuckyin the early 20th century to effectively convey daily coal camp life. The commentary offers much food for thought aboutboth the intentions of the company and what their pictures inadvertently reveal. The author teaches geography at Ohio University in Athens. Thomas Burton. The Serpent and the Spirit: Glenn Summerford's Story. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 2004. 262 pages with an index and lots of photos. Trade paperback. $19.95. Burton, a retired professor at East Tennessee State, established himself as one of the most sensitive and comprehensive writers about religious serpenthandlerswithhisbook Serpent Handling Believers (1993). The technique of allowing people of varying vantage points to tell the story in their own words is again utilized in this book which revolves around the 1992 murder trial in Scottsboro, Alabama, of Glenn Summerford, a serpent handling believer accused of killing his wife with rattlesnakes. This is truly an absorbing tale told in an enthralling manner. Marian Coe. Once Upon A Different Time. Boone, NC: High Country Publishers, Ltd., 2004. 141 pages, illustrated by Paul Zipperlin. Trade paperback. $12.95. Flirting with creative non-fiction, Marian Coe's short novel works off of a series of articles by Mark Twain's friend, Charles Dudley Warner, published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1885 that record a horseback journey from Abingdon, Virginia, to Asheville, North Carolina. Marian Coe came to the North Carolina mountains a few years ago as a retiree. Steven R. Cope. Clover's Log. Nicholasville, KY: Wind Publications, 2004. 97 pages. Trade Paperback. $14.00. This poetry collection includes "The Stand by a Tree" which appeared in the Winter 2004 issue of Appalachian Heritage. "The best poems are records of the mind grappling with itself—with love, with mood, with puzzling out the lineaments of the world. Clover's Log is filled with such poems—passionate, unsparingly honest—episodes of the heart. The language is spare and gleaming...

Why I Believe That Lloyd Chandler Wrote ?Conversation with Death,? also Known as ?O Death?

These three essays are about Lloyd Chandler (1896-1978), an itinerant Freewill Baptist preacher from Madison County, North Carolina, and the assertion that he authored Conversation with Death (better known by the title O Death) after receiving a God-sent vision in 1916. The notion of Chandler's authorship has encountered great skepticism. The essays examine, from both insider and outsider perspectives, the reasons why people who knew Lloyd Chandler believe in his authorship while those who did not know him reject the notion out of hand. Barbara Chandler bases her argument that Chandler wrote the song on her personal knowledge of his life and character. Carl Lindahl presents the verbalized memories of Chandler's family, friends, and fellow preachers to explain what the song meant to Chandler himself and how he played upon the elements of fear and pain implicit in the song to craft performances that listeners found unforgettable. Using a historic-geographic approach, Lindahl examines the O Death song-complex and argues that his intensive research has failed to find any version that shares as much as one full line with the Chandler text predating 1927, although previous folklorists traced the song to sixteenth-century British broadsides. In his afterword, Lindahl describes his relation to the family and his growing commitment to advocacy.

Influence of Climate Factors on Demographic Changes in the New York Populations of the Federally-Listed Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. var. americana

KELSALL, N., C. HAZARD, AND D. J. LEOPOLD (Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse, New York 13210). Influence of climate factors on demographic changes in the New York populations of the federally-listed Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. var. americana J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131:161-168. 2004.-Approximately 92% of the U.S. population of American hart's-tongue fern (Phyllitis scolopendrium var. americana) is found in Onondaga and Madison counties, New York, in 17 distinct colonies. All New York colonies have been periodically censused since 1916, though rarely in the same year. This study examines census data of the total New York population during and following the severe drought of 1999 and during the summers of 2000 and 2002. Additionally, the long-term (1922-2002) census data of seven colonies are examined relative to climate data for the same period. The total New York population has declined overall since the last previous census in 1995. No climate variables explained more than 23% of variation in population size of any growth phase. The lack of controlling, largescale climate factors suggests that the distribution of hart's-tongue fern in New York is determined mostly by the occurence of habitat capable of buffering climatic fluctuations. Future work should combine small-scale habitat and large-scale climate factors in any analysis.

Regional debris-flow distribution and preliminary risk assessment from severe storm events in the Appalachian Blue Ridge Province, USA

Storms of high-intensity rainfall, including hurricanes, occur about once every 3 years in small areas of the mountains of the eastern United States posing a high debris-flow hazard. Reported casualties and monetary losses are often an insufficient and inadequate means for comparing the impact from debris flows. A simple GIS technique was used to characterize the distribution and density of debris flows for making a preliminary assessment of risk of impact on roads. This technique was used for comparison of three major severe storms resulting in numerous debris flows: August 10–17, 1940, near Deep Gap, North Carolina; August 19–20, 1969, in Nelson County, Virginia; and June 27, 1995, in Madison County, Virginia. Based on the criteria of the number of debris flows and area covered by debris flows, the August 19–20, 1969, Nelson County, Virginia, event was the most severe of the three storms and posed the greatest risk of debris-flow impact on roads.

Transient Hazard Model Using Radar Data for Predicting Debris Flows in Madison County, Virginia

During the rainstorm of June 27, 1995, roughly 330–750 mm of rain fell within a 16-hour period, initiating floods and over 600 debris flows in a small area (130 km 2 ) of Madison County, VA. We developed a distributed version of Iverson9s transient response model for regional slope stability analysis for the Madison County debris flows. This version of the model evaluates pore-pressure head response and factor of safety on a regional scale in areas prone to rainfall-induced shallow (

Afterword

These three essays are about Lloyd Chandler (1896-1978), an itinerant Freewill Baptist preacher from Madison County, North Carolina, and the assertion that he authored "Conversation with Death" (better known by the title "O Death") after receiving a God-sent vision in 1916. The notion of Chandler's authorship has encountered great skepticism. The essays examine, from both insider and outsider perspectives, the reasons why people who knew Lloyd Chandler believe in his authorship while those who did not know him reject the notion out of hand. Barbara Chandler bases her argument that Chandler wrote the song on her personal knowledge of his life and character. Carl Lindahl presents the verbalized memories of Chandler's family, friends, and fellow preachers to explain what the song meant to Chandler himself and how he played upon the elements of fear and pain implicit in the song to craft performances that listeners found unforgettable. Using a historic-geographic approach, Lindahl examines the "O Death" song-complex and argues that his intensive research has failed to find any version that shares as much as one full line with the Chandler text predating 1927, although previous folklorists traced the song to sixteenth-century British broadsides. In his afterword, Lindahl describes his relation to the family and his growing commitment to advocacy.

COMPARISON OF CRABRO ADVENA NESTS IN UPSTATE NEW YORK (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)

Three nests of Crabro advena from near Chittenango, Madison County, NY were excavated, examined, measured, and drawn. The cell contents were taken to a laboratory, analyzed, weighed, and sent out for identification. Adult Tachinidae comprised the major prey type captured by the wasps. This study further extends the ecological and behavioral variation of C. advena. Information on nesting season, soil type, number of cells per nest, cell depth, number of prey per fully provisioned cell, and prey type from this and five other upstate New York studies are compared.

EDITORIAL

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsMary LawMichael Lepp, PT, is in private practice, Associate Instructor of the Upledger Institute, and Clinical Instructor, Case Western Reserve University School of Dentistry, Cleveland, OH.Marie McKenzie, MS, OTR, is in private practice. She was Coordinator of Occupational Therapy at Scottish Rite Hospital at the time of this study.Heather Miller, MS, OTR/L, is currently employed by Madison County Educational Service Center, providing therapy services to the county's pre-schools. This research was completed in partial fulfillment of the requirements of an MS degree at Ohio State University.Linda Viscardis, BA, is Team Leader and Community Development Worker, Peterborough Family Enrichment Centre. She is Co-Founder of P.R.O.S.P.E.C.T.S., a support and advocacy group for families who have children with special needs.Debra Stewart, BSc, OT(C), is Occupational Therapist, Erinoak, Serving Young People with Physical Disabilities, Mississauga, ON, and Clinical Lecturer, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University.Janette McDougall, MA, was Project CoordinatorKip Husted, BEd, was a parent representative on the study team.Aviva Yochman, MA, OTR, was a student in the School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel at the time of this study.Imelda Burgman, MA OTR/L BCP, completed her MA in Movement Sciences at Teachers College, Columbia University, and was an Occupational Therapist at The Shield Institute, Bronx, NY. She is currently Lecturer, Habilitation, School of Community Health, Faculty of Health Studies, Charles Sturt University, Albury, N.S.W., Australia.Barbara J. Steva, OTWL, BCP, is Occupational Therapist, University of New England Community Occupational Therapy Clinic, Saco, ME. She was Director of Occupational Therapy and Therapeutic Recreation, Franciscan Children's Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, Boston, MA, when this work was completed.

Caught in the Web

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsAbigail DryMichael Lepp, PT, is in private practice, Associate Instructor of the Upledger Institute, and Clinical Instructor, Case Western Reserve University School of Dentistry, Cleveland, OH.Marie McKenzie, MS, OTR, is in private practice. She was Coordinator of Occupational Therapy at Scottish Rite Hospital at the time of this study.Heather Miller, MS, OTR/L, is currently employed by Madison County Educational Service Center, providing therapy services to the county's pre-schools. This research was completed in partial fulfillment of the requirements of an MS degree at Ohio State University.Linda Viscardis, BA, is Team Leader and Community Development Worker, Peterborough Family Enrichment Centre. She is Co-Founder of P.R.O.S.P.E.C.T.S., a support and advocacy group for families who have children with special needs.Debra Stewart, BSc, OT(C), is Occupational Therapist, Erinoak, Serving Young People with Physical Disabilities, Mississauga, ON, and Clinical Lecturer, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University.Janette McDougall, MA, was Project CoordinatorKip Husted, BEd, was a parent representative on the study team.Aviva Yochman, MA, OTR, was a student in the School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel at the time of this study.Imelda Burgman, MA OTR/L BCP, completed her MA in Movement Sciences at Teachers College, Columbia University, and was an Occupational Therapist at The Shield Institute, Bronx, NY. She is currently Lecturer, Habilitation, School of Community Health, Faculty of Health Studies, Charles Sturt University, Albury, N.S.W., Australia.Barbara J. Steva, OTWL, BCP, is Occupational Therapist, University of New England Community Occupational Therapy Clinic, Saco, ME. She was Director of Occupational Therapy and Therapeutic Recreation, Franciscan Children's Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, Boston, MA, when this work was completed.

The circus age: culture & society under the American big top

Circus Day The Circus as a Historical and Cultural Process Spectacular Labour Respectable Female Nudity From the King of Beasts to Clowns in Drag Instruct the Minds of all Classes Legacies - from Las Vegas to the Bridges of Madison County.

Anatomy of a Madison County (Illinois) Class Action: A Study of Pathology

If per capita filing rates were the same nationwide as they are in Madison County, Illinois there would have been over 42,000 filings in 2000. One reason for the county's popularity among lawyers is its reputation for the propensity of its judges to accommodate lawyers' interests. In this monograph, I focus on a single (Schuppert et al. v. Down et al.) filed in Madison County on behalf of hundreds of thousand of mostly elderly Americans who were the victims of a vast mass-marketing scheme conducted by James Blair Down (Down), a Canadian citizen. Ironically, if not tragically, the elderly victims of the scheme appear poised to become victims a second time - of class action justice in Madison County. A provisional settlement agreement is so abusive of the class's rights that it can only gain final judicial approbation from a court oblivious to the need to protect members from self-interested behavior by its self-appointed lawyers. Indeed, if there were an award for the most abusive settlement of the decade if not the century, this settlement would be an odds-on favorite to gain the prize. The only possible impediment is a unique confluence of events that is permitting public scrutiny of the settlement - scrutiny that has already had some effect on the judicial proceedings in Madison County.