Macroscopic Effects Research Articles

The Performance Test of an Updated Linear-Motor Flux Pump With Single-Sided DC Winding

In order to further optimize the size of the linear-motor type flux pump, an updated linear-motor type motor flux pump device with single side DC winding was designed and fabricated. Compared with the previous generation of linear-motor type flux pump with traveling wave length of 21 mm, the volume of this generation of linear-motor type flux pump with traveling wave length of 15 mm is reduced by nearly 30% and the pumping current capacity is increased by more than 30%, which generated the same DC biased AC travelling magnetic wave in the airgap, and pumped DC current into the high temperature superconducting (HTS) closed-loop in a non-contacting manner, based on the macroscopic magnetic coupling effect. In this work, we tested the performances of this updated flux pump device. We pumped current into two parallel superconducting stators and a YBCO double pancake coils. The pumping current of two parallel superconducting stators reached 219 A, while pumped current in YBCO double cake coil (DPC) reached 73 A, mainly due to the limit of the small critical current of the HTS DPC. The experimental results show that using one-sided DC coil can achieve effective bias effect, which further verified the rationality of explanation based on the macroscopic magnetic coupling effect. These results are helpful to optimize the HTS flux pump device and further understand the working mechanism of the flux pump.

Control the Output of an HTS Dynamo With a DC Background Field

This paper proposed and demonstrated a feedback control method for a high temperature superconducting (HTS) dynamo, which was based on an additional DC coil. This method was based on the theory of macroscopic magnetic coupling effects (MMCE) discovered by Wang and Coombs, "Macroscopic magnetic coupling effect: The physical origination of a high-temperature superconducting flux pump," <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Phys. Rev. Appl.,</i> by using this theory, we had realized very flexible and accurate control of the pumped current in the HTS closed-loop. In this experiments, we had shown that the DC background field has a significant impact on the DC output of HTS dynamo, for instance, by applying a reversed DC bias field to the AC travelling wave generated by the HTS dynamo, we had managed to reverse the pumped current from 69.5A to -28.7A in the YBCO coil, without changing the rotation of HTS dynamo. Based on this experiment, we had developed a feedback control system, i.e., by controlling the direction of the DC bias field, we had managed to control the direction of HTS dynamo's DC output. By doing this, we had realized the adaptive control of the pumped current in the HTS closed-loop, with the control accuracy reached up to about 0.15A. This work verified that the state of superconducting magnetic flux quanta plays an important role in HTS dynamo's DC output, as had been explained in the theory of MMCE. This work had proven the “four-quadrant control” method proposed in MMCE, which may have important implications in HTS applications, especially in applications with high current accuracy such as in magnetic resonance imaging, etc.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Radiosensitization Properties of Metallic Nanoparticles in Brachytherapy of Gastric Adenocarcinoma by I-125 Seed: A Simulation Study by MCNPX and MCNP6 Codes

Purpose: In the current study, we aimed to look into the macroscopic and microscopic dose enhancement effect of metallic nanoparticles in interstitial brachytherapy of gastric adenocarcinoma by Iodine-125 source using a nano-lattice model in MCNPX (2.7) and MCNP6.1 codes. Materials and methods: Based on a nano-lattice simulation model containing a radiation source and a tumor tissue with cellular compartments loaded with 7 mg/g spherical nanoparticles, the microscopic and macroscopic levels of energy deposition by the secondary electrons was estimated. Results: The results show that the values of macroscopic DEF are higher than microscopic DEF values and the macroscopic DEF values decrease by increasing the distance from the surface of brachytherapy source. Accordingly, it could be noted that gold nanoparticles have the highest radiosensitization effect among the other nanoparticles and the related DEF value is close to the resultant DEF values for bismuth nanoparticles. Moreover, the results revealed a remarkable discrepancy between the DEF and secondary electron spectra calculated by MCNPX (2.7) and MCNP6.1 codes, which could be justified by the difference in energy cut-off and electron transport algorithms of two codes. Conclusions: According to the both MCNPX (2.7) and MCNP6.1 outputs, it could be concluded that the presence of metallic nanoparticles in the tumor tissue of gastric adenocarcinoma increases the physical effectiveness of brachytherapy by I-125 source. This study aims to provide recommendations for future preclinical studies. Actually, the results presented herein give a physical view of radiosensitization potential of different metallic nanoparticles and could be considered in design of analytical and experimental radiosensitization studies in tumor regions using various radiotherapy modalities in the presence of heavy nanomaterials.

Two Notes on Composition

Abstract If, as some philosophers maintain, there are no composites, we do not have to ask whether, as others hold, composition is identity. Here I argue that both groups are wrong: there are composites, and composition is not identity. I examine one argument for excluding composites from our ontology, based on their alleged causal redundancy. I give reason to think that composites are ineliminable in causal explanations of macroscopic effects. I go on to argue that the relation between composites and their components is not one of identity.

Associations of medication with subcortical morphology across the lifespan in OCD: Results from the international ENIGMA Consortium

BackgroundWidely used psychotropic medications for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may change the volumes of subcortical brain structures, and differently in children vs. adults. We measured subcortical volumes cross-sectionally in patients finely stratified for age taking various common classes of OCD drugs. MethodsThe ENIGMA-OCD consortium sample (1081 medicated/1159 unmedicated OCD patients and 2057 healthy controls aged 6–65) was divided into six successive 6–10-year age-groups. Individual structural MRIs were parcellated automatically using FreeSurfer into 8 regions-of-interest (ROIs). ROI volumes were compared between unmedicated and medicated patients and controls, and between patients taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), tricyclics (TCs), antipsychotics (APs), or benzodiazepines (BZs) and unmedicated patients. ResultsCompared to unmedicated patients, volumes of accumbens, caudate, and/or putamen were lower in children aged 6–13 and adults aged 50–65 with OCD taking SRIs (Cohen's d = −0.24 to −0.74). Volumes of putamen, pallidum (d = 0.18–0.40), and ventricles (d = 0.31–0.66) were greater in patients aged 20–29 receiving APs. Hippocampal volumes were smaller in patients aged 20 and older taking TCs and/or BZs (d = −0.27 to −1.31). ConclusionsResults suggest that TCs and BZs could potentially aggravate hippocampal atrophy of normal aging in older adults with OCD, whereas SRIs may reduce striatal volumes in young children and older adults. Similar to patients with psychotic disorders, OCD patients aged 20–29 may experience subcortical nuclear and ventricular hypertrophy in relation to APs. Although cross-sectional, present results suggest that commonly prescribed agents exert macroscopic effects on subcortical nuclei of unknown relation to therapeutic response.

Effect Mechanisms of Sodium on NO Heterogeneous Reduction by Nitrogen-Containing Char: Experimental and DFT Investigation

ABSTRACT NO heterogeneous reduction by char has a great potential in reducing NOx emission. Notably, Na has a considerable effect on heterogeneous reduction. Herein, the Zhundong demineralization coal and the NaCl addition coal were taken as research objects. The char sample structure is characterized by BET surface area analysis, XRD, and XPS. Experimental and density functional theory were used to explore the macroscopic and microscopic effects of the Na contents on NO heterogeneous reduction by nitrogen-containing char in the reduction zone of staged combustion. The results showed that the properties of char are not the key factors, which affect NO heterogeneous by char at high temperature. Na promoted the adsorption and reduction of NO by improving NO chemisorption energy and reducing the largest reduction energy barrier. The catalytic NO heterogeneous activity depended on the contents of Na. While the 0.6 wt.% NaCl addition had the best catalytic effect, the adsorption capacity and reduction rate of NO were 4.96 times and 1.22 times than DC char, respectively. However, a large amount of Na will cover the active centers on char surface to inhibit NO chemisorption and reduction. The reduction of NO to N2 was accompanied by CO release. According to the simulation results, Na can reduce the largest reaction energy barrier of C(O) complexes desorption to promote the formation of CO.

Simulation Analysis of Cement-Stabilized Macadam Compaction Processing Based on the Discrete Element Method

The mechanical properties of cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) base mixture are closely related to its forming process. Although the present study investigates the macroscopic effects of molding on cement-stabilized macadam, mesoscopic research analyses of the internal composition’s structural characteristics and change trends after molding lack sufficient intuitiveness. In this study, we built three-dimensional models of cement-stabilized macadam for heavy compaction molding and vibration molding tests based on the discrete element theory. The effects of different molding methods on cement-stabilized macadam’s internal structure were revealed from the mesoscopic perspective by tracking changes in porosity, coordination number, force chain development and internal particle position during the simulation molding process. The simulation results show that (1) the first 10 compactions had a significant influence on the molding effect, and specimens’ height and porosity decreased the fastest; (2) after the simulation experiments, the average coordination number of particles in the vibration molding specimen was 2.3% higher than that of the heavy compaction molding specimen; (3) after the simulation experiments, the vibration molding specimen’s porosity was 2.5% lower than that of the heavy compaction molding specimen; and (4) the vibration molding specimen’s particle distribution was more uniform, whereas the heavy compaction molding specimen’s particle distribution was dense at the top and sparse at the bottom. Overall, the effect of vibration molding is superior to that of heavy compaction molding.

Lattice-Boltzmann simulation of incompressible fluid flow past immersed bodies: models and boundary conditions

PurposeThe main purpose of this paper was to investigate Lattice Boltzmann (LB) models for the bulk incompressible flow past immersed bodies and to find the set of boundary conditions (BCs) that can be considered suitable for modeling the borders of the numerical simulation domain in such a way as to avoid any effect of these BC on the flow trail that is formed behind the body.Design/methodology/approachThree different models of the Lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) and six different sets of BCs are tested. In addition to the classical LBE based on the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) single relaxation time collision model, a moments-based model and a model with two relaxation times were investigated.FindingsThe flow pattern and its macroscopic effects on the aerodynamic coefficients appear to be very dependent on the set of BC models used for the borders of the numerical domain. The imposition of pressure at the exit results in pressure perturbations, giving rise to sound waves that propagate back into the simulation domain, producing perturbations on the upwind flow. In the same way, the free-slip BC for the lateral bords appears to affect the trail of vortices behind the body in this range of Reynolds number (Re = 1,000).Originality/valueThe paper investigates incompressible flow past immersed bodies and presents the set of BCs that can be considered suitable for modeling the borders of the numerical simulation domain in such a way as to avoid any effect of these BCs on the flow trail that is formed behind the body.

Elucidating the Infrared Spectral Properties of Succinic Molecular Acid Crystals: Illustration of the Structure and the Hydrogen Bond Energies of the Crystal and Its Deuterated Analogs.

Herein, the infrared spectroscopic properties of molecular succinic acid crystals (SA) and their four isotopic analogs [C2H4(COOH)2, h6-SA; C2H4(COOD)2, d2-SA; C2D4(COOH)2, d4-SA; C2D4(COOD)2, d6-SA] are reported. The correlation between the structure of succinic acid molecules and their corresponding hydrogen bond energies is elucidated. The effects related to the isotopic dilution as well as the changes in the spectrum recording temperature on the fine structures of the vO-H and vO-D bands are interpreted. The infrared spectral anomalies detected in the spectra of isotopically neat succinic nanocrystal acids are confirmed by theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT). According to previous spectroscopic studies of succinic acid and those carried out for α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, a decent agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical DFT simulations is obtained. Moreover, the spectra of single crystals of the h6 and d4 succinic acid variants prove that the vibrational coupling mechanism between the (COOH)2 cycles is rigorously convergent to that detected in the spectra of aromatic carboxylic acids, suggesting thereby that the promotion of symmetry-forbidden high stretching IR transitions plays a crucial role. Furthermore, the obtained experimental results reveal that the succinic acid shows a spectral behavior significantly different from that characteristic of hydrogen associations of other acids of homologous series, such as the glutaric, adipic, malonic, and pimelic acid crystals. The results obtained herein shed light on the way to explore the revealed structure of isotopic derivatives of succinic acid crystals and may prove to be useful results for understanding the nature of unconventional interactions as well as the macroscopic energy effects directing the development of hydrogen associations.

Microscopic and macroscopic effects in the decoherence of neutrino oscillations

We present a generic structure (the layer structure) for decoherence effects in neutrino oscillations, which includes decoherence from quantum mechanical and classical uncertainties. The calculation is done by combining the concept of open quantum system and quantum field theory, forming a structure composed of phase spaces from microscopic to macroscopic level. Having information loss at different levels, quantum mechanical uncertainties parameterize decoherence by an intrinsic mass eigenstate separation effect, while decoherence for classical uncertainties is typically dominated by a statistical averaging effect. With the help of the layer structure, we classify the former as state decoherence (SD) and the latter as phase decoherence (PD), then further conclude that both SD and PD result from phase wash-out effects of different phase structures on different layers. Such effects admit for simple numerical calculations of decoherence for a given width and shape of uncertainties. While our structure is generic, so are the uncertainties, nonetheless, a few notable ones are: the wavepacket size of the external particles, the effective interaction volume at production and detection, the energy reconstruction model and the neutrino production profile. Furthermore, we estimate the experimental sensitivities for SD and PD parameterized by the uncertainty parameters, for reactor neutrinos and decay-at-rest neutrinos, using a traditional rate measuring method and a novel phase measuring method.

Lack of direct bone effect of tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, in juvenile rats and evaluation of the association between offspring growth and femur length

Bone has recently emerged as a target organ for some Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in adult and/or juvenile animal toxicity studies. Oral administration of tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, was not associated with clinical or macroscopic effects on bone growth and development in a rat juvenile animal study (JAS) with tofacitinib dosing starting on postnatal day (PND) 21. However, given that previous JAS did not include a targeted evaluation of bone, inclusive of microscopic examination, an additional rat JAS was conducted to further assess this risk. In this subsequent JAS, administration of tofacitinib from PND 7–49 or from PND 21–49 did not result in any direct effects on bone, with no histologic effects on developing bone. The only bone effect in this JAS was nonadverse shorter femur length, which was not considered to be a direct effect of tofacitinib, but rather an indicator of growth delay, as this was associated with lower body weights. There were no effects on femur length or body weight after a 2-month recovery period. To further explore the relationship between body weight and femur length, historical control data were analyzed from control rats in other JAS. This analysis clearly demonstrated that shorter femur length can occur as an indirect effect that is highly associated with lower body weight, consistent with what was observed in the JAS with tofacitinib. These analyses provide a robust and valuable data set to support the interpretation of such data in JAS, and further support the lack of direct effects of tofacitinib on bone growth and development. As with the previously conducted juvenile studies with tofacitinib, the additional JAS did not identify any special JAS-based concerns for use in pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age.

Sintering-Induced Failure Mechanism of Thermal Barrier Coatings and Sintering-Resistant Design

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been developed to protect superalloys against high-temperature heat fluxes, which are required for the development of high-performance gas turbines. TBCs have porous structures, which are densified by sintering. The resulting stiffening is a major cause of TBC failure in service. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the negative sintering effect on the life span of TBCs. In this study, the sintering mechanism and the dominant factors causing changes in stiffening and mechanical properties were revealed experimentally. The experimental results show that the multiscale undulation of the originally smooth two-dimensional (2D) pore inner surface triggers multipoint contact between the upper and lower inner surfaces, resulting in pore healing during thermal exposure. The healing of 2D pores is the main structural characteristic change in TBCs after thermal exposure and the main reason for the stiffening and changes in mechanical properties. Then, the sintering effect on TBCs with vertically cracked structures was designed and simulated. We found that implanting vertical cracks in the topcoat can reduce the sintering effect and driving force for cracking by 87.9% and 79.9%, respectively. The degree of reduction depends on the space between vertical cracks. Finally, the mechanism responsible for the sintering-resistant TBCs was analyzed and discussed. Vertically cracked structures exhibited scale-sensitive stiffening, indicating that macroscopic stiffening is much lower than microscopic stiffening. In other words, the macroscopic sintering effect was lowered, and the TBCs remained highly resistant to global strain during thermal exposure. The resulting strain energy release rates are much lower than those of conventional TBCs. The results of this study contribute to the long-life thermal protection of superalloy-based components used in advanced gas turbines.

Dynamics of domain walls in ferroelectrics and relaxors

AbstractThe dynamic contribution of domain walls (DWs) to application‐relevant dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectrics and relaxor‐based oxide ceramics has been in the focus since the earliest studies on these complex multifunctional materials. Despite the vital importance of DWs in the material design for targeted applications, the understanding of these interfaces has been significantly advanced only recently owing to the concurrent development of analytical methodologies probing the structure of samples in situ and at different length scales. In this contribution, we present two recent cases that have raised particular attention and controversy. The first is on the electrically conductive DWs in BiFeO3 (BFO), whereas the second is on low‐angle DWs characteristic for relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−xPbTiO3 (PMN–PT). Using nonlinear piezoelectric measurements with the support from multiscale structural analysis, we illustrate with the two case studies how, on one hand, the local electrical conductivity in BFO and, on the other hand, the structural disorder inherent to PMN–PT affect DW dynamics, leading to emerging macroscopic effects. By clarifying some of the aspects of these particular interfaces, we hope that the presented results will provide guidance to analytical approaches for identifying the key microscopic mechanisms contributing to macroscopic functional properties of ferroelectric and related materials.

Effects of Scaffold Shape on Bone Regeneration: Tiny Shape Differences Affect the Entire System.

Although studies on scaffolds for tissue generation have mainly focused on the chemical composition and pore structure, the effects of scaffold shape have been overlooked. Scaffold shape determines the scaffold surface area (SA) at the single-scaffold level (i.e., microscopic effects), although it also affects the amount of interscaffold space in the tissue defect at the whole-system level (i.e., macroscopic effects). To clarify these microscopic and macroscopic effects, this study reports the osteogenesis abilities of three types of carbonate apatite granular scaffolds with different shapes, namely, irregularly shaped dense granules (DGs) and two types of honeycomb granules (HCGs) with seven hexagonal channels (∼255 μm in length between opposite sides). The HCGs possessed either 12 protuberances (∼75 μm in length) or no protuberances. Protuberances increased the SA of each granule by 3.24 mm2 while also widening interscaffold spaces and increasing the space percentage in the defect by ∼7.6%. Interscaffold spaces were lower in DGs than HCGs. On DGs, new bone formed only on the surface, whereas on HCGs, bone simultaneously formed on the surface and in intrascaffold channels. Interestingly, HCGs without protuberances formed approximately 30% more new bone than those with protuberances. Thus, even tiny protuberances on the scaffold surface can affect the percentage of interscaffold space, thereby exerting dominant effects on osteogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that bone regeneration can be improved by considering macroscopic shape effects beyond the microscopic effects of the scaffold.

Anomalous metals: From “failed superconductor” to “failed insulator”

Resistivity saturation is found on both superconducting and insulating sides of an "avoided" magnetic-field-tuned superconductor-to-insulator transition (H-SIT) in a two-dimensional In/InOx composite, where the anomalous metallic behavior cuts off conductivity or resistivity divergence in the zero-temperature limit. The granular morphology of the material implies a system of Josephson junctions (JJs) with a broad distribution of Josephson coupling EJ and charging energy EC, with an H-SIT determined by the competition between EJ and EC. By virtue of self-duality across the true H-SIT, we invoke macroscopic quantum tunneling effects to explain the temperature-independent resistance where the "failed superconductor" side is a consequence of phase fluctuations and the "failed insulator" side results from charge fluctuations. While true self-duality is lost in the avoided transition, its vestiges are argued to persist, owing to the incipient duality of the percolative nature of the dissipative path in the underlying random JJ system.

Continuous Implant Load Monitoring to Assess Bone Healing Status—Evidence from Animal Testing

Background and Objectives: Fracture healing is currently assessed through qualitative evaluation of radiographic images, which is highly subjective in nature. Radiographs can only provide snapshots in time, which are limited due to logistics and radiation exposure. We recently proposed assessing the bone healing status through continuous monitoring of the implant load, utilizing an implanted sensor system, the Fracture Monitor. The device telemetrically transmits statistically derived implant parameters via the patient’s mobile phone to assist physicians in diagnostics and treatment decision-making. This preclinical study aims to systematically investigate the device safety and performance in an animal setting. Materials and Methods: Mid-shaft tibial osteotomies of different sizes (0.6–30 mm) were created in eleven Swiss mountain sheep. The bones were stabilized with either a conventional Titanium or stainless-steel locking plate equipped with a Fracture Monitor. Data were continuously collected over the device’s lifetime. Conventional radiographs and clinical CT scans were taken longitudinally over the study period. The radiographs were systematically scored and CTs were evaluated for normalized bone volume in the defect. The animals were euthanized after 9 months. The sensor output was correlated with the radiologic parameters. Tissue samples from the device location were histologically examined. Results: The sensors functioned autonomously for 6.5–8.4 months until energy depletion. No macroscopic or microscopic adverse effects from device implantation were observed. The relative implant loads at 4 and 8 weeks post-operation correlated significantly with the radiographic scores and with the normalized bone volume metric. Conclusions: Continuous implant load monitoring appears as a relevant approach to support and objectify fracture healing assessments and carries a strong potential to enable patient-tailored rehabilitation in the future.

Pinpointing the macroscopic signatures of attosecond transient absorption in helium: Reshaped spectral splitting and persistent quantum beating

Although attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (ATAS) has been widely used in the study of ultrafast dynamics of atoms, molecules, and solids, there is a need for further theoretical exploration of macroscopic effects beyond the response of single atoms. Here, the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) absorbance of He atoms in the presence of a delayed near-infrared (NIR) pulse is studied theoretically, from the limit of dilute-gas medium to high densities. By numerically solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation coupled with Maxwell's equations, we elucidate the macroscopic signatures in the absorption spectrum of an optically dense medium, including previously recognized XUV spectral pulse shaping, a complex spectral splitting, and a persistent quantum beating, based on the energies of the states involved. An analytical expression for optical density is deduced directly to pinpoint the physical origins of the various absorption features in a quantitative way, which helps one grasp the intuitive picture of the macroscopic absorption spectrum and provides guidance to explore applications such as optical pulse shaping and XUV molecular quantum beat spectroscopy.

Extraordinary optical transmission from a thin microcavity by macroscopic quantum effect

The macroscopic quantum effect is revealed to elaborate the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) from a subwavelength thin microcavity based on the uncertainty property of the transmitted electromagnetic fields after the aperture. A critical radius is found in the thin microcavity under a certain incident electromagnetic wavelength. With the aperture radius varying, the transmitted field can be divided into three regimes: I) the macroscopic quantum regime when the aperture radius is less than the critical radius, in which the field edge effect occurs and the EOT phenomenon is perfectly manifested; II) the wave-particle duality regime in the vicinity of the critical radius, in which the edge effect and diffraction phenomenon exist simultaneously; III) the wave regime when the aperture radius is greater than the critical radius, in which the near-field diffraction emerges. In addition, the influences of incident wavelength and microcavity thickness on EOT are also investigated. Our research has potential applications in advanced optical devices, such as light switch and optical manipulations.

Suppression of Macroscopic Quantum Effects in Arrays with Spiral Nanotubes Associated with the Dispersion of Their Characteristic Sizes

Suppression of Macroscopic Quantum Effects in Arrays with Spiral Nanotubes Associated with the Dispersion of Their Characteristic Sizes

The archetypal molecular patterns of conscious experience are quantum analogs

We define quantum analogs as vibrational excitations of quasiparticles coupled to electromagnetically-mediated resonance energy transfer in water (a crystal lattice). This paper addresses how neural magnetic resonance spectra of the brain’s magnetic field influence dipolar oscillation waves in crystal lattices of interfacial water molecules to produce correlates of phenomenal consciousness. We explore dipolar oscillation waves in hydrophobic protein cavities of aromatic amino acids as a conduit for coherent propagation of vibrational excitation and hydrogen bond distortion associated with phase coherence present in the magnetic field intensity oscillations at a frequency at which the energy switches from its trapped form as excited phonon states to free, cavity-mode magnetic field energy states. A quasi-polaritons that reflect “hydro-ionic waves” is a macroscopic quantum effect of crystal lattice vibrations, consisting of vibron polaritons coupled to ions across the neocortex, except the cerebellum, due to the absence of protein-protein interactions. They are quantum-like at the core and hence can exhibit quantum-like signaling properties when resonant energy is transferred as dipolar waves in hydrophobic protein cavities of aromatic amino acids. This is due to aromatic residue flexibility in molecular electromagnetic resonances. Finally, the archetypal molecular patterning of conscious experiences, which carries an inherent ambiguity necessary for non-contextually applying ‘meaning’ that encompasses cognitive signatures of conscious experience, satisfies the nature of quantum analogs and their transmutative properties.