Macroscopic Characters Research Articles

Retiboletus (Boletaceae) in northern Thailand: one novel species and two first records.

Morphological characters and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses were used to identify Retiboletus specimens collected in northern Thailand. Retiboletus brevibasidiatus is described as new to science, whereas R. fuscus and R. nigrogriseus are reported for the first time from Thailand. Retiboletus brevibasidiatus produces medium-sized basidiomes, with a dark blonde to clay pileus and densely reticulate stipe mostly on the upper part with pale yellow to chrome yellow basal mycelium. It is difficult to separate R. brevibasidiatus from other closely related species on the basis of macroscopic characters. However, the new species can be distinguished by microscopic characters, mostly the shorter basidia. The macro- and micro-morphology of the R. fuscus and R. nigrogriseus collections from Thailand fit well with the previous descriptions of materials from China and Japan. Detailed descriptions, molecular phylogeny, and illustrations of the three species are provided.

Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi and Disease on Vegetable Crops at Polyculture Systems

Vegetables polyculture system is potentially increasing pathogenic fungi diversity because various plant hosts are available. There is no data about patogenic fungi diversity at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This study aimed to determine patogenic fungal diversity and disease percentage caused by the fungi at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This research used purposive random sampling. Infected plants were collected at ten polyculture farming locations and fungal identification was performed at the laboratory. Fungi were identified morphologically based on the signs, symptoms, as well as macroscopic and microscopic characters. The fungi's pathogenity was determined by applying Koch's postulate test. The data were analyzed descriptively through literature comparison. The results showed that seven fungal species were found at polyculture farms in Serang Village. The obtained fungi were Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Septoria sp., Cercospora sp., Botryodiplodia sp., and Nigrospora sp. The lowest damage was 18.24% on tomato fruit infected by Fusarium sp. and the highest was on chili plants which was caused by Colletotrichum sp. The data is the first report for polycuture system. The obtained data has important implication for the management of vegetables farming in Serang Village.

STANDARDIZATION OF SNOW MOUNTAIN GARLIC

Background: Snow mountain garlic (SMG) is also known as Kashmiri garlic and ek pothi lahsun is herb which grows in high altitude and in low temperature conditions. It has shown beneficial effects in breathing discomforts like common cold, Asthma, flu also refines the blood circulation Various standardization parameters have been recorded in this study. Objectives: The present study focuses on standardization of SMG. Materials and Methods: The standardization parameter follow WHO Guidelines of herbal drugs. Standardization parameter like macroscopic characters, extractive value (hot extraction), ash value (total ash, acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash), bitterness value, swelling Index, phytochemical screening have been studied. Results: The pharmacognostic studies shows that SMG is semi obtuse in shape and have pale brown outer covering and inner colour is white with little sticky latex. It has characteristic odour and slight astringent taste. The physiochemical analysis shows different extractive values in solvents, with maximum extractives obtained in hydro alcohol (45%). total ash value observed was 1.038%, acid insoluble ash 0%, water soluble ash 0.16%, bitterness value of 0.030mg/ml, swelling index of 1.06 and foaming index was found to be less than 100. Conclusion: The Standardization of snow mountain garlic was performed and the data obtained can be further utilized for establishing the identity and purity of the drug.
 Key Words: Snow mountain garlic, Kashmiri garlic, Standardization parameter, Physiochemical analysis, Phytochemical evaluation

Characterization of Contaminants Molds in Smoked Fish Coated in Chitosan

Smoked fish is one of the traditional fish processing through the process of open heat smoking. The water content in smoked fish is quite high. The high water content will facilitate the growth and development of decaying microbes. Some studies have reported that smoked fish after being stored for several days will be overgrown at any time, even smoked fish that have been coated with chitosan. Research objectives to analyze the characteristics of contaminants in smoked fish treated with chitosan. The research was conducted from November to December 2020 at FPIK UNIPAS Morotai Laboratory. The growth medium of the glyph uses potato extract (PDA), the isolation of the glyph from smoked cob fish, as well as the characterization of the glyph which includes macroscopic and microscopic characters. The data obtained is analyzed descriptively. The result is isolation was found five isolates of any time, namely isolates KU1, KU2, KU3, MG1, and KS1. Based on macroscopic and microscopic characterization, isolate KU1 such as Fusarium oxysporum , isolate KU2 such as Aspergillus niger , isolate KU3 such as Penicillium sp., isolate MG1 such as Aspergillus flavus , and isolate KS1 such as Acremonium sp.

Micro-morphological identification study on Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and its adulterants based on stereo microscope and desktop scanning electron microscope.

The Chinese Materia Medica, Cordyceps sinensis (called "Dongchongxiacao" in Chinese), used as a tonic for nearly 600 years by Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has been recorded by Chinese Pharmacopoeia. This drug is rare and precious, which in turn lead to the emergence of adulterants derived from the same genus of Cordyceps. The adulterants which can be commonly found in the market are Cordyceps gunnii (called "Gunichongcao" in Chinese), Cordyceps liangshanensis (called "Liangshanchongcao" in Chinese), and Cordyceps gracilis (called "Xinjiangchongcao" in Chinese). This study combined a desktop scanning electron microscope and stereo microscope to distinguish C. sinensis from the above three adulterants especially on their different characters of caterpillar parts. Referring to the professional entomological literature, the micro-morphological features including the cuticle of the abdomen and the planta of abdomen prolegs were observed, photographed, and expressed based on the description of macroscopic characters. The identification method studied in this article is more convenient, quick, and environmental friendly.

Pharmacognostic studies and anatomical peculiarities in medicinal plant Enicostemma axillare

Abstract. Mulani RM, Dhawle KS, Dhuldhaj UP. 2021. Pharmacognostic studies and anatomical peculiarities in medicinal plant, as Enicostemma axillare. Asian J Ethnobiol 4: 23-30. Pharmacognostic evaluations were carried out by plant material collection, preparation of herbarium; organoleptic properties, macroscopic characters, microscopic characteristics. For the physiological studies Transverse Sections (T.S.) of root, stem and leaves were taken and also powder analysis, physicochemical value determination such as total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble ash were done. The distinguishing characters of Enicostemma axillare (Poir. ex Lam.) A. Raynal stem is the presence of parenchyma. Leaves microscopy indicates presence of anisocytic stomata, minor leaf veins, phloem transfer cells and numerous sclereids. Macroscopic study shows leaves and roots with glabrous-surface, and stem was tall simple to branch and maybe prostrate or ascending. Color variation indicates presence of different types of components and essential oils; determined the percentage of leaf, stem and root: ash values; water-soluble, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble ash values. This study provides anatomical properties for the proper identification and establishment of standards of E. axillare for the medicinal applications to treat diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, abdominal ulcers, hernia, swelling, itching, and insect poisoning. This helps in pharmacognostical standardization of drugs in crude form and also to differentiate them from adulterations.

Molecular typing of clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from Iran using microsatellites.

Background and Purpose: Because of the growing incidence of Aspergillus infection, typing methods of Aspergillus species are increasingly being used. Accordingly, studying the spread and population dynamics of strains isolating from clinical and environment, from a single host to large-scale ecosystems is definitely needed. In the current study, we carried out a genetic analysis of nine microsatellite loci in isolates from different regions of Iran to compare and explore the genetic diversity between environmental and clinical A. fumigatus strains. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six clinical (n=43) and environmental (n= 23) isolates of A. fumigatus, have collected from six cities of Iran. All A. fumigatus isolates identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, the ability to grow at above 45°C, and confirmed using DNA sequencing of the partial b-tubulin gene. Sixty-six A. fumigatus isolates were subjected by microsatellite typing using three separate multiplex PCRs with a panel of nine short tandem repeats (STR) to evaluate the genetic relatedness. Results: The STR typing of 66 A. fumigatus isolates revealed 38 distinct genotypes distributed among environmental and clinical isolates. We identified 12 clones including 40 different isolates representing 60% of all isolates tested, which each clone included 2–7 isolates.Conclusion: The STR typing is considered as a valuable tool with excellent discriminatory power to study the molecular epidemiology and genotypic diversity of A. fumigatus isolates. These findings show that the high genetic diversity observed of Iranian A. fumigatus isolates with those outside Iran and formed a separate cluster.

Comparative Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Five Different Market Samples of Piper Longum Linn.

Pippalimoola (root of Piper longum.linn) is one of most important drug in Ayurveda used as single drug and in combination with other herbs ,minerals or metallic preparations for poly herbo-mineral formulations.. In Ancient literature we found that in the name of ‘Moola’(means firmly fixed a root) we must practice root but now a days instead of Pippali moola most of market samples are substituted with stem of same plant, so it is essential to check the botanical source of market samples.In this study,different five market samples of Pippalimoola were procured all over India and one sample (control) was collected after authentication of botanical source of plant.Pharmacognostical study was undertaken to observe morphological characters of market samples and compared with the collected sample. It was observed that out of five market samples; macroscopic and microscopic characters of one sample was matched with the characters of control root sample. While other four samples were found to be stem of the plant. Hence there is lots of variation in raw material of the plant in Indian market.

Botanical Studies of the Stem of Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq. Cultivated in Egypt

Family Verbenaceae is also known as Verbain or Verbena. It includes about 100 genera and more than 3000 species. One of these genera is Citharexylum which contains 115 species. Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq. is a large tree, native of the West Indies. The study investigates macroscopic and microscopic characters which could be helpful in authentication of the stem of C. quadrangulare Jacq. Moreover, it could be used also for further scientific investigation of the plant.

Leaf Morphoanatomy Studies of Parmentiera Cereifera Seem., Family Bignoniaceae, Cultivated in Egypt

Parmentiera cereifera Seem. is one of the edible and medicinal plants. It is known as Candle tree, Candlestick tree and Panama Candle tree. Reviewing the available literature, only two studies could be traced concerning the microscopical features of P. cereifera. The current leaf morphoanatomy studies showed various standardized parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic characters. These various diagnostic features could be helpful in authentication and identification of P. cereifera Seem. leaf.

Diversity of wood decaying fungi from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad campus, maharashtra (India)

The specimen of macro fungi were sun dried and kept in brown paper packet as per international mycological herbarium guidelines. Macroscopic and microscopic characters were recorded, fresh material from field and dried material in laboratory. The white rot fungi secretes enzyme which attacks not localized nears the hyphae but is wide spread and deeply diffused. The specimen of macro fungi were sun dried and kept in brown paper packet as per international mycological herbarium guidelines. Macroscopic and microscopic characters were recorded, fresh material from field and dried material in laboratory. Macroscopic observations carried out by using Cosmo Compound Light Microscope under 10X objective.

Morphoanatomy Studies of the Leaf of Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq. Cultivated in Egypt

Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq., family Verbenaceae. It is a large tree, native of the West Indies. It is used in traditional medicine as diuretic, antipyretic, antiarthritic and liver disorders. The present study investigates various standardized parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic characters which could be helpful in authentication of the leaf of Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq.

Clinico-mycological profile and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Dermatophytic Fungi isolated from Clinical Samples in Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt

Background. Dermatophytes encompass over 40 species in three genera: Trichophyton Microsporum, as well as Epidermaphyton. Infections due to dermatophytes are generally known as “tinea” or “ring-worm” infections because of characteristic ringed lesions. Many antifungal agents can be used to treat these infections. Unfortunately, drug resistance can lead to treatment failure. Objectives of this study is exploration of clinicomycological pattern of dermatophytic infections in patients with clinically suspected dermatophytosis attending the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic and characterization of antifungal susceptibility pattern for various dermatophytes species isolated from these patients. Methodology: A total of 62 dermatophytosis specimens (skin scrapings, nail, hair) were collected from 85 patients clinically suspected to have dermatophytosis. All the specimens were subjected to direct examination (10% KOH mount) and culture on Mycobiotic agar media then identification by macroscopic and microscopic characters. In vitro antifungal sensitivity testing to (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and voriconazole) was done on species isolated from a culture with E. test method. Results: Dermatophytosis had a higher incidence in men (n=42, 68%) and more common in age group from (6-20 years) (40%). Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type 23 (37%), followed by tinea capitis 20 (32%). Sixty two isolated dermatophytes species were distributed as follows: T. mentagrophytes 20 (32%), T. rubrum 16 (27%), T.violaceum 14 (23%), T.schoenlinii 7 (11%), M.canis 5 (6%). Voriconazole and terbinafine were the most active antifungal agents, while fluconazole showed the least antifungal activity. Conclusion: highest incidence of cases falling in the 6–20 years old age group with male predominance. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type followed by tinea capitis, tinea pedis, tinea ungums and tinea cruris. T.mentagrophytes was the most prevalent species isolated followed by T.rubrum, T. violaceum,T. Schoenlinii, and M.cais. Voriconazole showed notably low MIC values and was the most active azole against all dermatophytes isolates, followed by terbinafine, itraconazole ketoconazole. While fluconazole showed the least antifungal activity with high MICs values

Diversity of Endophytic Fungi of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) and Their Antagonistic Activity against Two Banana Pathogens

Aims: The present study was carried out to determine the diversity of endophytic fungi that colonize the leaves of Psidium guajava, and to evaluate their antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and Mycosphaerella fijiensis which are the two main phytopathogens of banana plants.
 Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I and Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, between April 2018 and February 2020.
 Methodology: Fragments of surface sterilized leaves of Psidium guajava were inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. The isolated and purified endophytic fungi were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characters using a mycological atlas as guide. The non-sporulating isolates were identified by comparing the ITS regions of their DNA to those of known fungi registered in the GenBank database. The antagonistic activity of the endophytic fungi isolated against Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella fijiensis was screened using dual culture method.
 Results: A total of 28 endophytic fungal were isolated from the leaves of Psidium guajava corresponding to a colonization frequency of 33.33%. These isolates were identified as: Aspergillus sp., Botryosphaeria sp., Fusarium sp., Neoscytalidium sp., Xylaria sp., Phyllosticta capitalensis, Cercospora apii, Xylaria longipes, Phomopsis sp., Phomopsis asparagi, Aspergillus versicolor, Pallidocercospora thailandica, and Xylaria grammica that belonged to the Deuteromycota and Ascomycota divisions. These endophytic fungi inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and Mycosphaerella fijiensis with the percentage inhibition varying respectively from 23.25% to 73.52% and from 21.36% to 100%. The species Botryosphaeria sp., Phomopsis sp., Phomopsis asparagi, and Xylaria longipes exhibited the greatest activity.
 Conclusion: The leaves of Psidium guajava have a fairly varied diversity of endophytic fungi. These endophytic fungi can serve as potential biological control agents against Panama and Sigatoka diseases of banana and also would produce secondary metabolites with antifungal properties.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR VARIATION OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP LYCOPERSICI ISOLATES CAUSING FUSARIUM WILT IN TOMATO

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important, commercial and widely grown vegetable crop in the world. Tomato plays a critical role in nutritional food requirements, income and employment opportunities for the people. However, its production is threatened by the Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and productionlossesbetween30%to40%. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the morphological and molecular variation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici isolates. Usual identification of Fusarium species based on their micro and macroscopic features and morphological characters alone may lead to incorrect designation. In order to identify the correct species, we amplified the 18S rRNA gene region by PCR, sequenced and analyzed for sequence similarity among the NCBI data through BLAST. Further, PCR amplification of ITS regions was performed using ITS primers. The amplified product of 18S rRNA gene was sequenced and deposited to Gen Bank with the accession numbers.

Identification of Endophyte Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria from Rice Root Systems Based on Morphological Characters

Endophytic bacteria have some benefits including N-fixation from the air, produce phytohormones such as auxin and cytokines, and stimulate growth. The objective of this study was to obtain endophytic bacterial isolates based on their morphological characteristics from the roots of rice plants. Sampling was taken at three different places in the rice planting area in the Bobosan District, Banyumas Regency and Tidar District, Magelang Regency. Sampling was observed on endophytic bacteria based on micro and macro morphological characters. The results showed that there was a diversity of microscopic morphological characters in size and macroscopic morphological characters in colony surface and color. Endophytic bacteria identified as having potential as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria..

Standardization of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seeds: A Quality by Design Approach

Abstract: Aim: To standardize Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seeds by developing QbD based HPLC method for identification and quantification of trigonelline in T. foenum graecum L. seeds, along with evaluation of various quality control parameters. Methods: The Analytical Target Profile and Critical Quality Attributes were determined followed by optimization of HPLC method by using 22 factorial design for designing the experiments for selected independent factors. Method Operable Design Region was developed for finding out the optimized chromatographic conditions. Further quality control parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic characters, physicochemical and phytochemical characterization including determination of toxic elements were carried out on the herb. Results: By application of QbD approach the optimized mobile phase was identified as water with 0.01% Hydrochloric acid and Methanol in the ratio of 70:30, with the flow rate of 1 mL/ min and UV detection at 263 nm. The linear model was established in the range of 2-10μg/mL with R2 value 0.998. The retention time of Trigonelline was found to be 2.877 min and the amount of Trigonelline in T. foenum-graecum L. Seeds was found to be 0.58%. The inter-day and intra-day precision were less than 2%, with accuracies between 96.6-110% of the true values. The quality control parameters showed the results within specified limits and the seeds showed absence of toxic elements in it. Conclusion: From the above finding we can conclude that the application of QbD approach for standardization of herbal drug can serve as an important tool for development of herbal drugs with desired quality. Key words: Quality by Design, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Trigonelline, Standardization, HPLC.

Diversity of genus Psathyrella (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales) from Punjab, India

A detailed investigation of species of Psathyrella was carried out in Punjab State, India. In this paper, 17 collections belonging to 14 species of genus Psathyrella has been worked out for their external, internal details & key to identification for these species has been given. These species include P. patialensis sp. nov., P. aurantiacoumbonata sp. nov. , P. plicatilis sp. nov., P. incerta , P. moshiana , P. singeri, P. dichroma, P. barrowsii, P. murrillii , P. candolleana var. solitaria, P. araguana, P. candolleana, P. longistriata & P. floccosa. Out of these, three species proposed as new species viz. P. patialensis sp. nov., P. aurantiacoumbonata sp. nov. , & P. plicatilis sp. nov. For all these species, detailed description of all the macroscopic & microscopic characters and of line drawings with the help of Camera Lucida are given. The taxonomy of three taxa is discussed along with the drawings of morphological & anatomical features.

Studi Cemaran Cendawan Pasca Panen Pada Emping Melinjo di Kabupaten Serang

Emping Melinjo is a typical Banten Food made from melinjo seed. This research aimed to study fungi that contaminate Emping Melinjo. Samples were collected from two melinjo producers and distributors in Kabupaten Serang; Waringinkurung and Ciomas. Samples were isolated with PDA medium. Isolates were identified from its macroscopic and microscopic characters. 11 fungi were successfully isolated, namely Aspergillus, Basipetospora, Paecilomyces, Rhizopus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Candida. The largest dominance index was the genus Aspergillus with 3.44. Fusarium, Basipetospora, and Cladosporium have dominance index of 0.81 followed by Paecilomyces and Rhizopus for 0.02. The highest contamination intensity of 26.8% in the Ciomas producer, 3.12% in the Ciomas distributor. 1.2% at Waringinkurung producers, and 2.4% Waringinkurung distributors.

Flourensia fiebrigii S.F. blake: A medicinal plant from the Argentinean highlands with potential use as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFlourensia fiebrigii is a plant used in traditional medicine in the Argentine Calchaquí Valley as purgative, expectorant, anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to analyze the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of F. fiebrigii leaf and stem, the phytochemical composition of leaves ethanolic extracts and to validate its traditional use as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory. Materials and methodsThe macroscopic and microscopic description of F. fiebrigii leaf and stem was carried out. Two extracts (immersions and tinctures) from leaves were obtained. The phytochemical analysis and UHPLC-OT-MS metabolome fingerprinting of both extracts were performed. The anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory activities of both extracts were determined using enzymatic inhibition assays of xanthine-oxidase (XOD), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and lipoxygenase (LOX). ResultsThe macroscopic and micrographic characters of F. fiebrigii were described to allow the botanical characterization of the plant species. The leaves extracts showed a high level of phenolic compounds with similar chromatographic patterns. Forty-five compounds were identified based on UHPLC-OT-MS including several sesquiterpenes, chalcones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, a lignan and phenylpropanoids phenolic acids that have been identified for the first time in this plant species. F. fiebrigii extracts were able to inhibit the XOD activity and, consequently, the formation of uric acid and reactive oxygen species, primary cause of diseases, such as gouty arthritis (IC50 values of 1.10–2.12 μg/mL). Pro-inflammatory enzymes like sPLA2 and LOX were also inhibited by F. fiebrigii extracts (IC50 values of 22.00–2.20 μg/mL) decreasing the production of inflammation mediators. ConclusionsThe present work validates the traditional medicinal use of F. fiebrigii as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory through the use of enzymatic assays. The presence of several chemical compounds with demonstrated anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties also supports the bioactivity of the F. fiebrigii.