Macroptilium Lathyroides Research Articles

Eco-friendly synthesis of CuO/NiO nanocomposite and their enhanced photocatalytic organic dyes degradation, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and antioxidant applications

In this study, Macroptilium lathyroides leaf extract was used as a reducing and capping agent to prepare the biogenic CuO-NiO nanocomposite. The synthesized samples were analyzed using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Dynamic light scattering, and Zeta potential. The structure, surface morphology, elemental compositions, and stability of the particles were determined. The average size of the particles from TEM was found to be 10.6 nm with a cubic structure. Furthermore, CuO-NiO nanocomposite was used to study the methylene blue dye degradation when exposed to sunlight for 90 min, about 98.1 % of the dye degraded. The nanocomposite showed high antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (20 mm) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella pneumonia (16 mm), Escherichia coli (18 mm) at 30 µg/mL. The antifungal activity against Trichoderma viride (14 mm), Candida albicans (13 mm) and excellent antioxidant properties with an IC50 value of 184.52 µg/mL were observed. Furthermore, it shows potent cytotoxic effects against the lung cancer cell line A549, and breast cancer cell line MCF 7 with an IC50 value of 59.8 µg/mL, 42.90 µg/mL, respectively.

First report of Tomato interveinal chlorosis virus infecting Rhynchosia minima plants in Brazil.

Tomato interveinal chlorosis virus (ToICV; Begomovirus solanumintervenae, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) has been described infecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Macroptilium lathyroides in Northeastern (NE) Brazil for more than a decade (Albuquerque et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2012). During a survey in 2020, plants of the leguminous weed Rhynchosia minima exhibiting virus-like symptoms such as mosaic and interveinal chlorosis were observed in the state of Alagoas, NE Brazil. Symptomatic leaf samples of R. minima were randomly collected (n=15; supplementary figure 1). Total DNA from each sample was used as a template for PCR amplification of partial begomoviral DNA-A sequences using the degenerate primer pair PAL1v1978 and PAR1c496, universal for geminiviruses (Rojas et al., 1993). Amplicons of ~1.2 kbp were observed from 12 samples, although this should not be considered as incidence since only symptomatic plants were collected. To identify the begomovirus associated with R. minima, viral genomes were amplified from PCR-positive samples using rolling circle amplification (RCA) (Inoue-Nagata et al., 2004). The RCA products were digested with HindIII, cloned into the pBluescript II KS+ plasmid vector and bidirectionally Sanger-sequenced (Macrogen Inc., Seoul). BLASTn searches indicated that the clones (n=4) reported here corresponded to a begomovirus DNA-A component, and pairwise comparisons showed that they shared the highest identity with ToICV, at 92.4-94.7% nucleotide sequence identity. Based on the species demarcation criteria of ≥91% nucleotide identity for the genus Begomovirus (Brown et al., 2015), the begomoviruses obtained from R. minima are new isolates of ToICV. The new DNA-A sequences of 2,619-2,623 nt in length were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers PP639092 to PP639095. Multiple nucleotide sequence alignments were prepared using the MUSCLE algorithm implemented in MEGA v.11 (Kumar et al., 2018), and a maximum likelihood (ML) tree was reconstructed in RaxML-NG (Kozlov et al., 2019), assuming a general time reversible (GTR) nucleotide substitution model with a gamma (G) model of rate heterogeneity and 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The DNA-A-based tree showed that the ToICV sequences clustered into a monophyletic group, additionally supporting these isolates as members of the species Begomovirus solanumintervenae. At least two independent interspecies recombination events were predicted among the ToICV isolates, with breakpoints located in the Rep-encoding region and ToICV (GenBank Accession JF803253), tomato mottle leaf curl virus (JF803248) and soybean blistering mosaic virus (MN486865) detected as putative parents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ToICV infecting R. minima worldwide, expanding the host range of this begomovirus. Non-cultivated plants such as R. minima play a crucial role as reservoirs and sources of inoculum for begomoviruses (Paz-Carrasco et al., 2014), reinforcing their relevance to socioeconomically important crops.

Morphological and productive characterization of Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. native to the semi-arid region of Brazil

Morphological and productive characterization of Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. native to the semi-arid region of Brazil

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Phasey Bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) in China.

The forage legume phasey bean Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. is an annual or short-lived perennial of the family Fabaceae. It is native to the tropical and subtropical areas from North to South America, and is naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world (Tobisa and Nakano 2019). It is mainly used for forage, green manure, and slope protection (Silva et al. 2018). In addition, the nitrogen fixation ability of this plant can also improve the soil. In February 2022 and January 2023, powdery mildew symptoms were observed on 70% of M. lathyroides plants on the Hainan Medical University campus (19° 58' 53″ N; 110° 19' 47″ E) in Haikou, Hainan Province, China. Powdery mildew colonies covered the leaf surfaces and stems of affected plants, causing discoloration and defoliation. Mycelia were superficial and hyphal appressoria were nipple-shaped. Conidiophores (n =30) were unbranched, cylindrical, 100 to 233 × 8 to 15 µm, and produced three to five immature conidia in chains with a crenate outline. Foot cells (n =30) were cylindrical, straight or sometimes curved at the base, and 36 to 56 µm long. Conidia (n =100) were ellipsoid-ovoid to doliiform, 24 to 34 ×13 to 20 m (length/width ratio = 1.5 to 2.3), with well-developed fibrosin bodies, and produced germ tubes from the lateral position. Based on these morphological characteristics, the pathogen was provisionally identified as Podosphaera xanthii (Braun and Cook 2012). The teleomorph was not observed. A specimen was deposited in the Hainan Medical University Plant Pathology Herbarium as HMML-23. To confirm the identification, genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium, conidiophores, and conidia using a fungal DNA kit (Omega Bio-Tek, USA). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and sequenced directly. The resulting 575-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (accession no. OR240256). A BLASTn search in GenBank of this sequence showed 100% similarity with the ITS sequences of P. xanthii isolates from China (MT242593, MK439611 and MH143483), Korea (MG754404), Vietnam (KM260704), Japan (MZ604267), and Puerto Rico (OP882310). Additionally, the 28S rDNA region was amplified using the primer pairs NL1 and NL4 (O´Donnell 1993; accession no. OR240255). This region shared 100% similarity with P. xanthii isolates (MK357436, LC371333, OP765401, and MZ604267) as well. To confirm pathogenicity, five healthy potted plants of M. lathyroides were inoculated by gently pressing a powdery mildew-infected leaf onto 15 young leaves. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 24 to 30°C, 70% relative humidity, with a 16-h photoperiod. After 7 days, inoculated leaves showed powdery mildew symptoms whereas no symptoms were observed on control plants. The fungal colonies observed on inoculated plants were morphologically identical to those found on the originally infected leaves collected from Hainan Province. Based on the morphological characteristics and molecular identification, the fungus was identified as P. xanthii. This fungus has been reported causing powdery mildew on M. atropurpureum in Thailand (Meeboon et al. 2016). In the United States phasey bean powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe fallax has been previously reported (Poudel and Zhang 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first record of P. xanthii infecting M. lathyroides in China. Over the past 50 years of introduction, phasey bean has become one of the main leguminous forages for establishing artificial mixed seeding grasslands in southern China. We are concerned that the pathogen could become a threat to the widespread planting of M. lathyroides in the future.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Macroptilium Lathyroides (L) leaf extract and their spectroscopic characterization, biological activity and photocatalytic dye degradation study

Present study demonstrates the preparation of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) with novel plant of Macroptilium lathyroides (L) due to its low inexpensive, accessibility, functional benefits, and green strategy method. Various techniques such as UV–visible, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, X-ray diffraction, Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize the CuO NPs. UV–Visible and FTIR analysis used to find the presence of bioactive molecules which are responsible for reduction and stabilization of CuO NPs. XRD results revealed the monoclinic structure of the synthesized CuO NPs. The SEM and TEM analysis were confirmed that the average crystallite size was 18.9 nm. Furthermore, the photocatalytic capability of green synthesized CuO NPs were employed to investigate the Methylene Blue degradation under solar irradiation. The results of the present study reveal that MB degradation rate was about 98 % accomplished. In addition, biological applications such as antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, anticancer and antifungal behaviours were reported. Disc diffusion method was performed to test the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Further, antifungal activity studied against the fungal strains such as Candida Albicans and Trichoderma viride. Antifungal activity at higher concentration of CuO NPs reveal that Staphylococcus aureus showed maximum zone of inhibition about 14 mm, and Candida Albicans showed about 15 mm. MTT assay was carried to analyse the cytotoxicity and anticancer activity against VERO cell line and MCF 7 cell line for the synthesized CuO NPs. From the results, MCF 7 cell line with IC50 =71.02 show better activity against CuO NPs. Antioxidant activity of CuO NPs performed by DPPH method, with an IC50–86.96 µg/mL. In accordance with the results obtained, the synthesised CuO NPs proves to be an effective material in terms of bioremediation of domestic and industrial waste by killing pathogenic bacteria, breaking down of colourant and stimulating antifungal agents.

Notes about Phaseolus pallar Molina (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae-Phaseoleae): alas but at best a synonym!

A name given by Molina in 1782 and again in 1810 to a new Phaseolus species after a food legume crop grown for millennia mostly in the western part of the Quechua realm in South America refers to that crop (in the text of his essay) as well as to a weed (in his short Latin description), thus raising taxonomical uncertainty. Obviously, a taxonomical epithet cannot refer to two different botanical entities within the same genus. An example of that uncertainty was the naming of a specimen likely of Macroptilium lathyroides collected in northern Colombia and kept in the negative series of Berlin-Dahlem at the Field Museum. That crop spread so widely and fast that it received several names that Molina and a fortiori Philippi should have considered.

Cytogenetic characterization and karyotype evolution in six Macroptilium species (Leguminosae).

Macroptilium (Benth.) Urb. is a neotropical legume genus from the subtribe Phaseolinae. The investigated species present a stable chromosome number (2n=22), but differ in their karyotype formulae, suggesting the presence of chromosome rearrangements. In this work, we comparatively analysed the karyotypes of six species (Macroptilium atropurpureum, Macroptilium bracteatum, Macroptilium erythroloma, Macroptilium gracile, Macroptilium lathyroides, and Macroptilium martii) from the two main clades that form the genus. Heterochromatin distribution was investigated with chromomycin A3 (CMA)/4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to localize the 5S and 35S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites. Single copy bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) previously mapped in the related genera Phaseolus L. and Vigna Savi were used to establish chromosome orthologies and to investigate possible rearrangements among species. CMA+/DAPI- bands were observed, mostly associated with rDNA sites. Additional weak, pericentromeric bands were observed on several chromosomes. Although karyotypes were similar, species could be differentiated mainly by the number and position of the 5S and 35S rDNA sites. BAC markers demonstrated conserved synteny of the main rDNA sites on orthologous chromosomes 6 and 10, as previously observed for Phaseolus and Vigna. The karyotypes of the six species could be differentiated, shedding light on its karyotype evolution.

A new species of the genus Macroptilium L. (Leguminosae Juss.) Faboideae for the flora of Senegal

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urban was recorded for the first time in Senegal in the Dakar region. A detailed description of the species has been well established accompanied by illustrations.

Leaf Epidermal Comparison of Phasey Bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) and Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum)

Phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) and siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) are introduced legumes that become a common species in pastureland. The nutritional content of these legumes has been explored, but on the contrary the anatomical study. The anatomical trait, especially in leaf epidermal, have been used to increase the understanding in taxonomy. This study aimed to investigate the leaf epidermal variability among phasey bean and siratro. The method used longitudinal section for upper and lower epidermal, then stained in safranin 0,1%. The results show that the upper epidermal in phasey bean have polygonal epidermal cell, while the lower part and the both part of siratro have irregular-shaped. The type of stomata in upper epidermal of phasey bean is paracytic and the lower epidermal is paracytic and anomocytic. Both epidermal sides in siratro have paracytic and anomocytic stomata. The index of stomata in phasey bean is higher than the siratro, but the index of trichomes in phasey bean is lower than siratro. The trichomes only absent in upper epidermal of phasey bean. Both plants have a similar types of trichomes: capitate glandular trichomes and linear non-glandular trichomes.

Transmission and Pathogenicity of Papaya Virus E: Insights from an Experimental Papaya Orchard.

A study was conducted to investigate epidemiological aspects of papaya virus E (PpVE), a cytorhabdovirus commonly found in papaya (Carica papaya L.) plantings in Ecuador. Besides papaya, PpVE was found in three Fabaceae weeds, including Rhynchosia minima, Centrosema plumieri, and Macroptilium lathyroides, the latter being the species with the highest virus prevalence. Greenhouse experiments showed that in M. lathyroides, single infections of PpVE induce only mild leaf mosaic, whereas in mixed infections with cowpea severe mosaic virus, PpVE contributes to severe mosaic. In papaya, PpVE did not induce noticeable symptoms in single or mixed infections with papaya ringspot virus. Transmission experiments confirmed that whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) transmit PpVE in a semipersistent, nonpropagative manner.

Common bacterial blight of bean: a model of seed transmission and pathological convergence.

Background Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans (Xcf) and Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xpp) are the causal agents of common bacterial blight of bean (CBB), an important disease worldwide that remains difficult to control. These pathogens belong to distinct species within the Xanthomonas genus and have undergone a dynamic evolutionary history including the horizontal transfer of genes encoding factors probably involved in adaptation to and pathogenicity on common bean. Seed transmission is a key point of the CBB disease cycle, favouring both vertical transmission of the pathogen and worldwide distribution of the disease through global seed trade.TaxonomyKingdom: Bacteria; phylum: Proteobacteria; class: Gammaproteobacteria; order: Lysobacterales (also known as Xanthomonadales); family: Lysobacteraceae (also known as Xanthomonadaceae); genus: Xanthomonas; species: X. citri pv. fuscans and X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xcf‐Xpp).Host rangeThe main host of Xcf‐Xpp is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and members of the Vigna genus (Vigna aconitifolia, Vigna angularis, Vigna mungo, Vigna radiata, and Vigna umbellata) are also natural hosts of Xcf‐Xpp. Natural occurrence of Xcf‐Xpp has been reported for a handful of other legumes such as Calopogonium sp., Pueraria sp., pea (Pisum sativum), Lablab purpureus, Macroptilium lathyroides, and Strophostyles helvola. There are conflicting reports concerning the natural occurrence of CBB agents on tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata).SymptomsCBB symptoms occur on all aerial parts of beans, that is, seedlings, leaves, stems, pods, and seeds. Symptoms initially appear as water‐soaked spots evolving into necrosis on leaves, pustules on pods, and cankers on twigs. In severe infections, defoliation and wilting may occur.DistributionCBB is distributed worldwide, meaning that it is frequently encountered in most places where bean is cultivated in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, except for arid tropical areas. Xcf‐Xpp are regulated nonquarantine pathogens in Europe and are listed in the A2 list by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO).GenomeThe genome consists of a single circular chromosome plus one to four extrachromosomal plasmids of various sizes, for a total mean size of 5.27 Mb with 64.7% GC content and an average predicted number of 4,181 coding sequences.Disease controlManagement of CBB is based on integrated approaches that comprise measures aimed at avoiding Xcf‐Xpp introduction through infected seeds, cultural practices to limit Xcf‐Xpp survival between host crops, whenever possible the use of tolerant or resistant bean genotypes, and chemical treatments, mainly restricted to copper compounds. The use of pathogen‐free seeds is essential in an effective management strategy and requires appropriate sampling, detection, and identification methods.Useful websites https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/XANTPH, https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/XANTFF, and http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/ca/CA16107.

Biology and genetic diversity of phasey bean mild yellows virus, a common virus in legumes in Australia.

This study examined the natural and experimental host range and aphid and graft transmission of the tentative polerovirus phasey bean mild yellows virus (PBMYV). Eleven complete coding sequences from PBMYV isolates were determined from a range of hosts and locations. We found two genetically distinct variants of PBMYV. PBMYV-1 was the originally described variant, and PBMYV-2 had a large putative recombination in open reading frame 5 such that PBMYV-1 and PBMYV-2 shared only 65-66% amino acid sequence identity in the P5 protein. The virus was transmitted by a clonal colony of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora) and by grafting with infected scions but was not transmitted by a clonal colony of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae). PBMYV was found in natural infections in 11 host species with a range of symptoms and severity, including seven important grain legume crops from across a wide geographic area in Australia. PBMYV was common and widespread in the tropical weed phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides), but it is likely that there are other major alternative hosts for the virus in temperate regions of Australia. The experimental host range of PBMYV included the Fabaceae hosts chickpea (Cicer arietinum), faba bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum), and phasey bean, but transmissions failed to infect several other members of the families Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. PBMYV was commonly found in grain legume crops in eastern and western Australia, sometimes at greater than 90% incidence. This new knowledge about PBMYV warrants further assessments of its economic impact on important grain legume crops.

Influence of intra-row plant spacing, phosphorus application and growth stage on the forage, seed yields and quality of phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) in subhumid area of Nigeria

Forage, seed yields and herbage chemical composition of phasey bean Macroptilium lathyroides) were investigated at 3 intra-row plant spacings (15, 30 and 45cm between plants; 50 cm between roms), 4 phosphorus (P) fertilizer application rates (O), 50, 100 and 750 kg/ha P) and 5 harvest stages (uncut control, 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks post sowing) in two growing seasons at Shika in northern Nigeria. The least intra-row plant spacing (15cm) produced higher (p<0.01) total DM vield (1.50 t/ha) than wider spacings. The proportion of leaf was least (40 %) in the widest spacing compared with other spacings (59-62 %). The P-fertilized plots produced 58-60% more total DM vields than the unfertilized plots and total DM yields increased with advanced plant growth. The highest percentage (61-63) of leaf was recorded from 6 to 12 weeks post sowing. Nitrogen level in herbage increased (p<0.05) with increased intra-row plant spacing and P application. Phosphorus and Calcium. Levels in herbage did not respond to intra-row plant spacing but increased with P application. The Ca:P ratios at the harvest stages were between 1:1 and 6:1. The highest seed yields (198 and 188 kg/ha) were recorded respectiely in the least intra-row plant spacing and the application of 100 kg Piha. Supplementation of calves on grasses/cereal stovers with phasey bean hay in a sustainable crop livestock production systems is suggested.

Intensidade de herbivoria na espécie Macroptilium lathyroides (Fabaceae)

RESUMO: As interações planta-animal, apresentam-se através de relações ditas desarmônicas ou antagonistas, e harmônicas ou de cooperação. Levando em consideração as relações antagonistas, a herbivoria é a mais importante, podendo afetar as folhas (folivoria), flores (florivoria), frutos (frugivoria) e sementes (granivoria). Fatores ambientais, dentre eles a densidade de plantas e interação com formigas, podem interferir diretamente nas taxas de herbivoria. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência e intensidade da herbivoria em indivíduos isolados e adensados de Macroptilium lathyroides. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma área adjacente da Universidade Estadual de Alagoas, localizada no município de Palmeira dos Índios-AL, área com sinais de perturbação antrópica, a vegetação apresenta características de transição entre Mata Atlântica e Caatinga. A espécie estudada foi M. lathyroides uma herbácea que possui nectários extraflorais associados às suas estruturas reprodutivas. Foram avaliadas as taxas de folivoria, florivoria e frugivoria em 100 indivíduos ocorrentes em diferentes densidades, contabilizando o número total de folhas, flores e frutos com e sem sinais de herbivoria. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste chi quadrado com auxílio da ferramenta estatística BioEstat 5.0. A folivoria apresentou maiores taxas em indivíduos isolados, contudo a frugivoria não foi afetada. Na área de estudo, a folivoria foi afetada pela densidade, o que pode afetar a manutenção dessa espécie no local.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Folivoria, florivoria, frugivoria, interação herbívoro-planta.

Chemical composition of Phasey Bean (Macroptilium Lathyroides (L.) Urb.)

The objective of the study was to determine the chimical composition of phasey bean throughout the productive cycle. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Capão do Leão – RS, physiographic south coast region of Rio Grande do Sul. At 45 days after the emergence of the plants, the first cut of the forage evaluation was performed and, at intervals of 15 days, another nine cuts were made, all 5 cm from the soil. The treatments corresponded to different evaluation dates of Macroptilium in free growth in an experiment with ten treatments and three replicates in a completely randomized design. The variables studied were neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude protein (PB), total lipids (TL), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and polynomial regression. All variables presented significance (P≤0.05) for cubic regressions, with mean values of: NDF = 58.15; FDA = 38.94; ADL = 9.15; PB = 11.59; TL = 1.18% e; P = 2.29; K = 10.19; Ca = 26.48 and Mg = 4.53 g / kg DM; similar to other hot-legged forage legumes. The bromatological quality of the Macroptilium lathyroides varied during the productive cycle, being directly influenced by the habit of indeterminate growth of the species. From the bromatological quality, the forage of the first growth of the Macroptilium lathyroides should be harvested up to 75 days after emergence, when the lower fiber and lignin contents associated with higher levels of crude protein, lipids, magnesium, and calcium.

Checklist of the Flora of Tutti Island, Khartoum Province, Sudan

The current study was aimed to inventory and document the flora of Tutti Island (the study area) During a field survey conducted between August 2016 to December 2018. A total of 155 species belong to 120 genera and 41 families were inventoried. A number of 135 species were Dicotyledonous belong to 115 genera and 37 families. However, 20 species were monocotyledonous belong to 17 genera and 4 families. The most representative families were Fabaceace (23 species), Poaceae (14 species), Amaranthaceae (13 species), Asteraceae (10 species), Malvaceae (9 species) and Euphorbiaceae (8 species) respectively. Herbs comprise the predominant type of growth habit (52.34%) followed by shrubs (30.87%), vines (10.06%) and trees (6.71%) respectively. Botanical names of species and families were updated.
 The study resulted in a number of species not previously recorded in the flora of the study area. The inventory led to a new generic record to the flora of Sudan; that is Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. Despite flora of the study area is rich, the study noticed that, there are some negative impact factors can affect this richness over time, these factors represented in human activities including overgrazing, agriculture and population expansion that beside to the annual flood.

Chemical composition and phytotoxic activity of Lippia origanoides essential oil on weeds

Studies in the area of allelopathy in agriculture have increased due to search on alternative methods of weed control compared to conventional herbicides. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and phytotoxicity of the Lippia origanoides essential oil on weeds of the species Bidens subalternans, Euphorbia heterophylla and Macroptilium lathyroides. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of L. origanoides by means of hydrodistillation and diluted in the concentrations of 0.01 to 1%. The chemistry composition was determined by a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometry. Phytotoxic activity was evaluated in pre and post-emergence by tests of germination, seedling growth, chlorophyll content and cellular respiration. The results demonstrated an essential oil rich in monoterpenes, mainly oxygenated, with camphor as the major compound. In general, both germination and seedling development were entirely inhibited by essential oil, decreasing with increasing concentrations. The concentrations 0.5 and 1.0% totally inhibited the germination of B. subalternans, but did not affect the germination of M. lathyroides. The essential oil sprayed on the weed leaves had no effect on chlorophyll content but was able to induce visible injuries such as necrosis and chlorosis. Only the cellular respiration of E. heterophylla was affected by the essential oil. All the phytotoxic effects observed are due to the high content of monoterpenes in the essential oil, mainly the oxygenates, and also the concentration used. Therefore, the L. origanoides essential oil have bioherbicidal potential for the tested species.

Germination of Macroptilium lathyroides seeds as a function of the presence of salts on the substrate

Weeds are species evolutionarily adapted to development in areas of disorders caused by man or not. Adoption of practices to control and integrated weed management, it is essential the knowledge related to germination and environmental factors that interfere with seed germination processes. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the behavior of Macroptilium lathyroides seeds in response to different levels of osmotic potential induced NaCl and CaCl2 solutions. The experiment has been organized in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 6, consisting of two salts in concentrations 6 with 4 repetitions. The seeds were kept in on moistened gerboxes germibox roles with NaCl and CaCl2 solutions at the potentials of 0.0; - 0.2; - 0.4; -0.6; -0.8 and -1.0 MPa. Daily reviews by germination, IVG and end ten days were determined shoot length, root length and plantlet dry weight were performed. The results demonstrated that salt stress induced by NaCl and CaCl2 provokes a gradual reduction in germination of M. lathyroides there is no tolerance limit. The NaCl The salt was more critical root development and of the seedlings dry weight.

Effects of sowing methods and seeding rates on growth and yield characteristics of phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides)

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing methods (broadcast or row sowing) and seeding rate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 g/m2) on growth, yield characteristics, and forage quality of phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.) cv. “Murray”). Experiments were carried out in 2002 and 2003. Sowing method affected dry‐matter yield (DMY): broadcast sowing resulted in higher DMY than row sowing in 2002, and during the first harvest in 2003. Dry‐matter digestibility (DMD) and crude protein (CP) concentration were not influenced by the sowing method, except when DMD and CP of the broadcast sowing treatment increased as the plant weight increased. Contrary to expectation, seeding rate did not affect leaf area index, DMY, DMD, CP, digestible dry‐matter yield or CP yield. Even the lowest seeding rate did not influence the yield and forage quality of phasey bean, compared with the recommended higher seeding rate.

PHASEY BEAN (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.) IS A POTENTIAL LOCAL LEGUM AS AN ANIMAL FEED

Provision of animal feed in accordance with quality standards and adequate quantities has become a strategic need to increase livestock productivity and accelerate the availability and fulfillment of foodstuffs from livestock. In this regard, a survey research has been designed to study some of the local fodder plants that have superior potential as animal feed. Fodder plants are classified as superior feed varieties if they have properties: easy to breed, high productivity as a producer of forage and / or seeds, has a fast regrowth, is resistant to defoliation, resistant to grazing, resistant to environmental stresses, and palatable for livestock. Based on the results of the survey, several species of local animal feed plants that have superior characteristics have been found. One of them is a phasey bean plant (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.). Phasey bean as a superior animal feed plant (TPT) besides being suitable for the above characteristics also has grown naturally in an area in Bali so it needs to be tested for its feasibility to be distributed throughout Bali.
 Keywords: phasey bean, superior legumes, tropical forage