Macrophomina Phaseolina Isolates Research Articles

First Report of Charcoal Rot on Soybean Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Manitoba, Canada.

First Report of Charcoal Rot on Soybean Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Manitoba, Canada.

Germination and seedling growth of groundnut seeds infected with Macrophomina phaseolina isolates

Macrophomina phaseolina is a common contaminant of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds but not much information has been documented about its adverse impact on seed health and germination. This study was carried out to determine the incidence of M. phaseolina on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds displayed for sale in local markets, characterize the isolates and determine how the fungal presence would affect the germination and seedling growth, so as to provide information on seed handling practices and planning strategies for reducing crop loss due to the fungus. The fungus was isolated using the direct plating inoculation method and then grown for a period of 7 days on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) with temperature set at 28 oC. The DNA was extracted from pure cultures and PCR was performed using primer in pair: ITS4 and ITS5. The products got from the PCR were sequenced for identification of species on the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Phylogenetic tree was generated based on the ITS1-2 gene sequences of the isolates. The 18 M. phaseolina isolates adopted for use in this study were all obtained from apparently healthy seeds of different varieties of groundnut sourced from local markets in Delta and Edo States, Nigeria. The experiment on germination of groundnut seeds was set up in a completely randomized design in ten replicates. The individual M. phaseolina isolates inhibited germination and seedling growth in varying degrees. The virulence of the isolates ranged from moderately pathogenic (50%) to extremely pathogenic (75%). Out of the 18 isolates, 14 were found to cause 100% mortality. The inoculated plants exhibited the disease symptoms (damping off, root rot, collar rot, necrosis, wilting and chlorosis) while the control remained healthy. Seedling emergence, number of leaves, root length, and stem girth of infected plants decreased when compared to the control.

Identification of resistant cowpea genotypes and aggressiveness of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates by diallel analysis

AbstractCowpea is grown in semiarid regions of Brazil. However, the occurrence of diseases, such as charcoal rot, is one of the main limiting factors to production. Disease is caused by the fungus Macrophomina spp., one of the most important plant pathogens in semiarid conditions. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method to control this disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate cowpea lines inoculated with different Macrophomina phaseolina isolates to determine the aggressiveness of the pathogen isolates and the predominant type of resistance in the host. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, using a 5 × 10 factorial scheme with five replications (two plants per pot) in two independent crops. Partial diallel analysis was used to assess the reaction of host genotypes (horizontal and vertical resistance) and the aggressiveness of the isolates. Host reaction and pathogen aggressiveness were analysed by lesion length. Horizontal resistance was observed, corresponding to 56.69% of the variation. The lines L19, L29, L48, and L95 were the most resistant based on estimates of general responsiveness. Among the M. phaseolina isolates evaluated, N105 and ISO16 were the most aggressive based on general aggressiveness ability. By diallel analysis, we identified the most promising genotypes, as well as the most aggressive isolates.

Mellein: Production in culture by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and its role in pathology.

Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) is a fungal pathogen proposed to enter host roots by releasing toxins that induce local necrosis in roots allowing entry of hyphae. Mp is reported to produce several potent phytotoxins, including (-)-botryodiplodin and phaseolinone, but isolates that do not produce these phytotoxins retain virulence. One hypothesis explaining these observations is that some Mp isolates may produce other unidentified phytotoxin(s) responsible for virulence. A previous study of Mp isolates from soybean found 14 previously unreported secondary metabolites using LC-MS/MS, including mellein, which has various reported biological activities. This study was conducted to investigate the frequency and amounts of mellein produced in culture by Mp isolates from soybean plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot and to investigate the role of mellein in any observed phytotoxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis of cell-free culture filtrates (CCFs) from 89 Mp isolates revealed that 28.1% produced mellein (49-2,203 µg/L). In soybean seedlings in hydroponic culture, Mp CCFs diluted to 25% (vol/vol) in hydroponic growth medium induced phytotoxic symptoms with frequencies of 73% chlorosis, 78% necrosis, 7% wilting, and 16% death, and at 50% (vol/vol) induced phytotoxicity with frequencies of 61% chlorosis, 82% necrosis, 9% wilting, and 26% death. Commercially-available mellein (40-100 µg/mL) in hydroponic culture medium induced wilting. However, mellein concentrations in CCFs exhibited only weak, negative, insignificant correlations with phytotoxicity measures in soybean seedlings, suggesting that mellein does not contribute substantially to observed phytotoxic effects. Further investigation is needed to determine if mellein plays any role in root infection.

Molecular variability of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates using SSR marker

An experiment was conducted at RARI, Durgapura, SKNAU, Jobner during kharif 2020 to analyze the genetic diversity of the 12 Macrophomina phaseolina isolates by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The SSR primers were tested for amplification of genomic DNA of Macrophomia phaseolina isolates. Total five primers of MB series were screened against twelve Macrophomia phaseolina isolates. All primes amplified scorable banding pattern. Level of polymorphism for SSR analysis ranged between 60–85.7%. The similarity matrix indicated that 12 isolates exhibited 42.82–100% similarity coefficient. The SSR analysis shows high molecular variability among the isolates grouped into five major clusters A, B, C, D and E. In the similarity matrix Mp-DPR was found to have higher value of similarity coefficient (1), whereas Mp-JSM was found to have lower value if similarity coefficient (0.42).

Determination of the Antagonistic Effects of Some Rhizospheric Bacteria against Macrophomina phaseolina under In Vitro Conditions

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a fungal pathogen causes charcoal rot disease (Sin: Rhizoctonia bataticola) and is responsible for significant yield losses in many plants. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the antagonistic ability of 39 different bacteria, isolated from the fields of sugar beet in 2019, against the pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina isolated from sugar beet, beans and chickpeas. Approximately 31% of the bacteria showed antibiosis effect against the pathogen. It was determined that the effectiveness level of Lelliottia amnigena, Bacillus atrophaeus, B.pumilus and B. cereus (7 isolates) was moderate to high against Macrophomina phaseolina. Bacillus atrophaeus (PTo15-1a) showed the highest efficacy of 80%, 72.94% and 82.35% against Macrophomina phaseolina of chickpea, bean and sugar beet respectively. Lelliottia amnigena (Pto 14-1b) was moderately effective (57.78%) against the chickpea isolate of the pathogen. It was observed that of the seven Bacillus cereus isolates used in the experiment, three isolates (Pto14-1a, Pto12-1b, Pto17-1b) were highly effective against the chickpea pathogen, two (Pto12-1b, Pto14-2b) against bean pathogen, and one (Pto15-1b) against sugar beet isolate. Results have shown varied level of antagonism by different test bacterial against different Macrophomina phaseolina isolates, while the highest level of antibiosis shown by Bacillus atrophaeus against all pathogenic isolates indicated that it can be a potential future bioagent in managing the disease.

Inoculation methods and agressiveness of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates in cowpea

ABSTRACT: The fungi Macrophomina phaseolina is the charcoal rot causal agent, one of the most important cowpea crop disease in semiarid regions can causes 100% yield losses. The search for resistant genotypes requires efficient phenotyping. In addition, there is the problem of great variation in aggressiveness between isolates. This study aimed to 1) test three methods of inoculation in semiarid conditions, and 2) to evaluate the aggressiveness of isolates of M. phaseolina. In the first experiment carried out in greenhouse, the inoculations methods were evaluated, using two cowpea lines, three inoculation methods and three pathogen isolates. On the second experiment, fifteen M. phaseolina isolates were inoculated in one cultivar to evaluate their aggressiveness. By assessing the length of the lesions and the severity of the disease using an index, we identified the toothpick inoculation method as the most efficient. Toothpick method allowed to discriminate the genotypes and the aggressiveness of the pathogen.

Identification of new sources of resistance to dry root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from India and Myanmar in a mungbean mini-core collection

Dry root rot (DRR), caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a prevalent disease of mungbean in Myanmar, and an emerging problem in South Asia. The pathogen is a polyphagous necrotroph, survives in the soil for many years that results disease mitigation difficult. Managing DRR in mungbean through an integrated approach has been suggested, and the use of resistant varieties is one of the economical methods. The present study aimed to identify sources of resistance against DRR from a mungbean mini-core collection and to characterize the associated M. phaseolina isolates from India and Myanmar. Evaluation of the 296 mungbean mini-core accessions against the isolate MP1 by paper towel method identified 29 accessions with DRR resistance (disease scores: ≤ 3), and 18 of them with the consistent resistance in the repeated experiment. During the screening of 18 resistant accessions in the glasshouse, nine accessions were found DRR resistance in repeated sick pot experiments with ≤10% disease incidence. A subset of 30 accessions was selected from the mini-core collection based on their in vitro DRR reactions. These accessions were evaluated for DRR resistance in the field in Yezin, Myanmar in 2018 and 2019. Out of the 30 accessions, ten accessions were found DRR resistance with ≤10% disease incidence in both years of evaluations. Pooled analysis of percent disease incidence data of 15 accessions common in both glasshouse and field revealed the stability of accessions VI001509AG, VI001244AG, and VI001400AG for DRR resistance across years and locations. The three resistant accessions along with a susceptible check VC693088 were re-evaluated by paper towel method against nine additional M. phaseolina isolates from India (MP3-MP11). The accessions VI001509AG and VI001400AG were resistant to all nine isolates, while accession VI001244AG was resistant to MP5, MP6, and MP7 isolates. These accessions could be used in mungbean DRR resistance breeding programs.

Pre and post emergence mortality in soybean seedling by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates

Charcoal rot of soybean incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid [=Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler] is a serious disease causes considerable yield loss across the world. Present investigation was undertaken to determine the pathogenic potential of sixteen isolates isolated from charcoal rot affected samples of different districts of Madhya Pradesh, India. Three varieties i.e. JS 93-05, JS 20-29 and JS 95-60 were tested against each isolate by sick pot method. All sixteen isolates were found to be pathogenic and recorded pre and post emergence mortality significantly. Maximum pre-emergence (37.78%) and post emergence (20.63%) mortality was recorded from the isolate of Chhindwara (Mp-4(CWA)). Significant highest mean percentage of pre-emergence (32.35%) and post emergence mortality (18.99%) was observed in JS 20-29 and JS 95-60, respectively. Based upon the average data of pre and post emergence mortality in three varieties (table 3), isolates from Chhindwara (Mp-4(CWA)), Jabalpur (Mp-1(JBP)), Hoshangabad (Mp-6(HBD)) and Seoni (Mp-3(SEO)) were found to be highly virulent(>25% mortality). Whereas, isolates from Umariya (Mp-12(UMR)), Rajgarh (Mp-15(RJG)) and Raisen (Mp-10(RSN)) were least virulent (Up to 20% mortality).

Secondary Metabolites Produced by Macrophomina phaseolina Isolated from Eucalyptus globulus

In the course of investigations on the role of secondary metabolites in plant-microbe interactions, the production of secondary metabolites by Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from Eucalyptus globulus, was studied. This fungus is responsible for several plant diseases which affect crop productivity and industry. Although secondary metabolites may play a role in disease development, there are very few reports on M. phaseolina metabolomics and, as far as we know, isolates from eucalypts have not been investigated for secondary metabolites production. In the present paper, metabolites typical of fungi, from the family Botryosphaeriaceae, were identified for the first time as products of M. phaseolina. Furthermore, the isolate under examination was grown in the presence and absence of host stem tissue, and metabolite profiles were compared. Five products are reported for the first time in this species and azelaic acid was exclusively produced in the presence of eucalypt stem. Finally, phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests of culture filtrates and crude organic extracts were also performed. Key Contribution: Lipophilic metabolites produced by M. phaseolina might play a role in the plant-fungus interactions responsible for serious diseases of E. globulus.

Relationship between Morphologic, Phenotypic and Pathogenic Characteristics in Macrophomina phaselina Isolates from Cucumber Plants

During 2018 summer season, surveys were carried out in cucumber growing areas of Hatay province of Turkey. Roots and crowns of cucumber plants showing disease symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, root rot, damping-off and gumming were collected. A total of 25 Macrophomina phaseolina isolates were determined by morphologic characteristics on PDA medium. Colony sizes were measured after incubation for 3 days on PDA and colony diameters ranged from 45 to 81mm. A strong positive correlation was present between mycelial growth and disease severity (R=0,801). PDA medium amended with 120 mM potassium chlorate was used for phenotyping. Eight isolates were dense, 12 isolates feathery and 5 isolates were restricted. A high correlation was present between mycelial growth and disease severity (R=0.920). Sclerotia size of M. phaseolina isolates ranged from 19.1 to 29.9. In the pathogenicity test, cucumber seedlings were transplanted to plastic pots containing potting mixture of soil, perlite, peat (1:1:1) amended with 50g of M. phaseolina inoculum grown in cornmeal-sand mixture. Disease severity was measured with a 0-4 scale according to the symptoms on roots. Disease severity index was varied from 2 to 4 and virulence was significantly different (P<0.05) among isolates. Dense isolates were most virulent with the 3.75 mean disease scale followed by Feathery and Restricted phenotyped isolates with 3.17 and 2.27 respectively. According to the results of this study, a high correlation (R=0.92) was determined between chlorate phenotype and virulence in M. phaseolina isolates from cucumber plants in Turkey.

Assembly, annotation, and comparison of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from strawberry and other hosts

BackgroundMacrophomina phaseolina is a fungal plant pathogen with a broad host range, but one genotype was shown to exhibit host preference/specificity on strawberry. This pathogen lacked a high-quality genome assembly and annotation, and little was known about genomic differences among isolates from different hosts.ResultsWe used PacBio sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding to provide nearly complete genome assemblies for M. phaseolina isolates representing the strawberry-specific genotype and another genotype recovered from alfalfa. The strawberry isolate had 59 contigs/scaffolds with an N50 of 4.3 Mb. The isolate from alfalfa had an N50 of 5.0 Mb and 14 nuclear contigs with half including telomeres. Both genomes were annotated with MAKER using transcript evidence generated in this study with over 13,000 protein-coding genes predicted. Unique groups of genes for each isolate were identified when compared to closely related fungal species. Structural comparisons between the isolates reveal large-scale rearrangements including chromosomal inversions and translocations. To include isolates representing a range of pathogen genotypes, an additional 30 isolates were sequenced with Illumina, assembled, and compared to the strawberry genotype assembly. Within the limits of comparing Illumina and PacBio assemblies, no conserved structural rearrangements were identified among the isolates from the strawberry genotype compared to those from other hosts, but some candidate genes were identified that were largely present in isolates of the strawberry genotype and absent in other genotypes.ConclusionsHigh-quality reference genomes of M. phaseolina have allowed for the identification of structural changes associated with a genotype that has a host preference toward strawberry and will enable future comparative genomics studies. Having more complete assemblies allows for structural rearrangements to be more fully assessed and ensures a greater representation of all the genes. Work with Illumina data from additional isolates suggests that some genes are predominately present in isolates of the strawberry genotype, but additional work is needed to confirm the role of these genes in pathogenesis. Additional work is also needed to complete the scaffolding of smaller contigs identified in the strawberry genotype assembly and to determine if unique genes in the strawberry genotype play a role in pathogenicity.

SURVEY, VARIETAL REACTION AND CHEMICAL CONTROL OF STRAWBERRY CHARCOAL ROT IN EGYPT

A survey was carried out to know the occurrence of charcoal rot disease of strawberry caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in different selected locations representing different soil types during the growing season of strawberry in Badr and Kom Hamada Districts in El-Behira governorate, Egypt. Also, the effect of five chemical fungicides at five concentrations was determined in vitro and in vivo experiments against M. phaseolina compared to the control. A total of 69 strawberry samples collected from farmer’s fields. Disease incidence (DI) and percentage of disease incidence (PDI) and disease index were recorded. Results revealed that percentage of disease incidence varies among the surveyed locations. Macrophomina phaseolina isolates M3 and M4 were the most destructive isolates. Results indicate that the selected Four strawberry cultivars showed different susceptibility to charcoal rot and Festival was the high susceptible cultivar. Our findings revealed that at 100 ppm concentration the most of the fungicides used inhibited the M. phaseolina mycelium growth, however the higher rate was recorded with Sendo by 91.95 % followed by 91.12% in Rhizolex-T and the least rate was recorded with Ridomil gold plus by 31.67%. At 200 ppm Rhizolex-T gave the highest inhibition by 96.67%, followed by Sendo and Sandcur by 95.96 and 95.00 % respectively while Ridomil gold plus gave the least inhibition rate by 43.06%.Results illustrated that use of fungicides markedly increased the survival of strawberry plants. The highest plant survival percentage was recorded with Rhizolex-T by 80% followed Sendo by 60%, while least plants survival percentage was recorded with Ridomil gold plus by10% compared with infected untreated control.

Isolation and characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates prevailing in Sindh, Pakistan

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is economically important fungal pathogen with wide host range. In this study we found morphological and phenotypical variation among isolates of the fungus infecting sunflower crop in Sindh province of Pakistan. Thirty two M. phaseolina isolates were obtained from infected plant samples of sunflower collected from different ten districts viz., Badin, Thatta, Hyderabad, Tando Muhammad Khan, Shaheed Benazirabad, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Dadu, Sukkur and Khairpur. Significant variation in characteristics was noticed among collected isolates. They were usually black, blackish-gray, grayish-black and gray in colony color. Generally three growths pattern; dense, feathery and restricted were seem. Among them dense was most common (50.0%) followed by feathery (34.36%) and restricted (15.64%). Maximum colony growth (90.0%) and minimum (65.0%) was recorded after 7 days of inoculation on medium. Feathery growth was generally fast and restricted growth was slow. Maximum average linear colony growth (13 mm) and minimum (9 mm) growth was noted. Isolates showed significantly varied sizes of microsclerotia. Maximum sclerotia size (124.0 µm) was obtained from fields of Badin while, minimum size of microsclerotia (83.0 µm) from sunflower fields of Sukkur. Microsclerotia from dense growth pattern were black and big in size and small microsclerotia from gray growth pattern. Keywords: Charcoal rot; Isolates and Characterization; Macrophomina phaseolina; Sunflower http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700152

Evaluation of the efficiency of Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species as biological control agents against four soil-borne fungi of melon and watermelon

Various experiments were carried out to promote biological control under semi-arid ecological conditions. In vitro assay, Aspergillus flavus seemed to be the most effective bioagent against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae with mycelial inhibition rate above 50%. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus terreus exhibited an exceptional hyperparasitism against F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis. The mycelial growth of five Macrophomina phaseolina isolates decreased in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum (44.42%). In greenhouse experiments, both A. flavus and A. fumigatus used preventively of melon inoculated with FOM generated the highest damage reduction rate of top and root dry weights (40–42 and 51–52%, respectively) and the lowest disease severity index (DSI). A. flavus was also effective in improving the plant development with the highest shoot (SDW) and root (RDW) dry weight values. Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma viride treated preventively on watermelon and melon plants inoculated with M. phaseolina decreased the damage of SDW and RDW and DSI. The development rate revealed the growth improvement potential of T. harzianum (watermelon, 15%) and A. flavus (melon, 12%). Watermelon plants inoculated with F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae and treated curatively with Trichoderma erinaceum, T. viride, and A. flavus and other inoculated by F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum and treated by Trichoderma helicum recorded the highest values of growth parameters, similarly for T. erinaceum on melon plants inoculated by F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Among all treatments for plants inoculated by F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, those three bioagents T. viride, T. erinaceum, and A. flavus revealed efficiency in plant growth. Trichoderma harzianum is the best bioagents against cucurbit soil-borne pathogens. Preventive treatment represents an effective strategy. Dipping roots with bioagent fungi suspension improve a good interaction pathogen antagonist.

Variation in virulence of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates causing dry root rot of chickpea and performance of chickpea genotypes against this disease

Twenty isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina were collected from ten major chickpea growing states of India. Virulence of the isolates were tested on susceptible chickpea cultivars viz., H 09-23, L-550 and BG-212. A total of 215 chickpea genotypes were screened in sick plot, none of them were found resistant. However, only two entries viz., RSG 888 (2) and ICCV 93706 showed moderately resistant reaction.

Variability in sensitivity among different host origin- Macrophomina phaseolina isolates to azoxystrobin fungicide

The charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina , was isolated from chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut and jute root tissues collected from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Variability in isolates was recognized i.e. feathery growth for pigeonpea and jute isolates, and restricted growth for chickpea and soybean isolates. The sensitivity of M. phaseolina from the four hosts was tested for azoxystrobin, a respiration inhibitor (QoI group) fungicide. The minimum inhibitory concentration was lower (10 ppm) for isolates with restricted growth and higher (between 100 and 150 ppm) for isolates with feathery growth. Concentrations of this fungicide pose significant impact (P < 0.01) on time requirement for growth of isolate. We found strong effectiveness of azoxystrobin to inhibit the growth of slow-growing population of M. phaseolina . Moreover, this fungicide can also exploit for the fast-growing population of M. phaseolina but more time will be required, to act on such isolates, for better result of azoxystrobin. Our results indicate that the response of different isolates varied to concentrations of azoxystrobin; this could be interpreted that the fungicidal application may be performed only after the quantitative estimation of the prevailing population type in the field as because various populations of M. phaseolina may be available in an area. Therefore, our results advocate for judicious use of fungicide (azoxystrobin) application, which ultimate restrict the hazardous impact on soil health.

Status of Macrophomina phaseolina on Strawberry in California and Preliminary Characterization of the Pathogen

ABSTRACTMacrophomina crown and root rot has become a significant soil-borne disease issue in California. For many locations in the state, the disease is associated with fields that are no longer pre-plant, flat field fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin. Inoculation experiments indicated that some differences in strawberry cultivar susceptibility to Macrophomina phaseolina were seen a short time after the inoculation, but as disease progressed such differences did not persist. Preliminary characterization studies of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from strawberry indicated that such isolates may have a host preference for strawberry. Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from watermelon, thyme, and apple failed to cause disease in strawberry. Five cover crop species, which can be rotated with strawberry, did not develop disease when inoculated with strawberry isolates. In preliminary analysis using simple sequence repeat markers, isolates obtained from strawberry formed a separate group compared to isolates recovered from other known Macrophomina phaseolina hosts.

Pathotyping and AFLP-based molecular characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from different plant hosts

Pathotyping and AFLP-based molecular characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from different plant hosts

Pathogenicity and aggressiveness of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates to castor (Ricinus communis)

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is one of the most important diseases of castor (Ricinus communis) in the growing regions of Northeastern Brazil, particularly in the State of Bahia, which concentrates 65% of the country's production. The pathogenicity and aggressiveness of the charcoal rot pathogen was assessed in twenty-seven isolates of M. phaseolina obtained from six plant species: Ricinus communis (n=21), Gossypium hirsutum (n=2), Sesamum indicum (n=1), Helianthus annuus (n=1), Jatropha gossypifolia (n=1) and Arachis hypogaea (n=1). All isolates were pathogenic and exhibited a range of aggressiveness towards BRS Energia cultivar regardless of their host of origin.