Macronutrient Distribution Research Articles

Evaluating Various Methods Used by Direct-to-Consumer Products Promising Personalized Nutrition

The increasing availability of direct-to-consumer personalized nutrition products has raised questions about their scope of personalization and added value compared to general dietary guidelines. This study evaluated eleven personalized nutrition products across six distinct methodologies, including DNA analysis, blood marker analysis, microbiome testing, blood glucose monitoring, questionnaire-based personalization, and consultation with a dietitian, comparatively evaluating their consistency and added value compared to general dietary guidelines. A 24-year-old obese male with no pre-existing illnesses was chosen as the case participant to represent a typical individual seeking personalized nutrition advice for weight loss. Significant variability and inconsistency were observed across and within the different methodologies, particularly in recommendations for energy intake and macronutrient distribution. Most advice was generic and aligned closely with existing dietary guidelines, with a notable lack of behavioral change strategies. This study underscores the challenges in personalized nutrition, highlighting the problem that current practices often fall short of delivering truly tailored recommendations. There is a critical need for clearer definitions, evidence-based guidelines, and more comprehensive approaches to fully realize the potential of personalized nutrition in improving individual health.

Association between mealtime distribution of macronutrient and mental health in apparently healthy Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Mental health (MH) disorders are one of the most prevalent global public health issues for a significant portion of the population. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the mealtime distribution of macronutrients and MH in Iranian adults. We used a convenience sampling technique to perform this cross-sectional study. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to assess the MH outcome. Dietary consumption was assessed using multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. The coefficient of variation (CV) was then used to compute the macronutrient distribution at mealtime. In all, 54.6%, 53.9%, and 56.6% were classified as having anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms, respectively. The CV scores for carbohydrate were relatively evenly distributed across all meal times, with a mean of 0.38, 0.38, and 0.39 for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. We observed no significant association between the mealtime distribution of carbohydrates and mental health indices in any of the analyzed models. However, a more skewed distribution of protein intake towards dinner (i.e. a higher protein CV value) was positively associated with anxiety (OR: 1.69; CI: 1.02-2.78) and stress symptoms (OR: 1.93; CI: 1.17-3.16). We also observed a significant association between fat distribution and depression symptoms, with subjects in tertile 2 having higher odds of depression compared to T1 (OR: 1.63; CI: 1.00-2.63). In conclusion, a skewed distribution of protein and fat intake may be associated with mental health problems. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings and gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

Micronutrient inadequacy differs by intake of fat amount and class among adults that consume a restricted carbohydrate diet: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2018

BackgroundRestricted carbohydrate diets remain among the most popular for weight loss and general health improvement. Recent evidence demonstrates that carbohydrate restricted diets are low in overall diet quality, yet their association with micronutrient inadequacy has not been well characterized at a population-level in adults in the United States. Objective1) To evaluate the prevalence of not meeting daily micronutrient recommendations in US adults that met the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) and those who restricted carbohydrate to <45% energy, and 2) examine the effect of total fat and fat class on these results for the restricted carbohydrate group. DesignThis study utilized 24-hour recall data on food and nutrient intake from respondents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Participants/settingThis study included 15,029 respondents who were ≥20 y, had complete and reliable nutrient intake data, and were not pregnant or breastfeeding. Main outcome measuresThe main outcome was the prevalence of not meeting daily micronutrient recommendations based on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Statistical analyses performedThe National Cancer Institute’s usual intake methodology was used to estimate usual dietary intake and the prevalence of the US adult population not meeting the DRIs. ResultsCompared to participants that met the AMDRs, those that consumed restricted carbohydrate diets had greater prevalence of inadequacy (% <Estimated Average Requirement) for vitamin A (46.7% vs 33.6%), folate (12.9% vs 4.3%), vitamin C (42.5% vs 23.3%), vitamin D (64.6% vs 61.3%), magnesium (45.2% vs 41.3%), and iron (3.0% vs 1.3%), and lower prevalence of inadequacy for zinc (8.1% vs 12.2%) and vitamins B-12 (1.7% vs 2.8%; P<0.05 for all comparisons). Restricted carbohydrate diet consumers had a lower likelihood of exceeding the Adequate Intake (AI) for vitamin K (57.8% vs 67.6%) and potassium (32.1% vs 39.2%; P<0.001 for both), higher likelihood of exceeding the AI for choline (16.9% vs 5.6%, P<0.001), and a greater proportion exceeded the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) for sodium (92.1 vs 88.5%, P<0.001). Fat amount and class in those consuming restricted carbohydrate diets modified many of these associations, but the effects were heterogenous across micronutrients. ConclusionThis study shows that there are different types of restricted carbohydrate diets that can be characterized by fat amount and class, each with their own association with micronutrient intake. This information can be used by clinicians to provide more targeted dietary counseling to their patients who restrict carbohydrates, depending on the amount and type of fat they consume.

A review of nutritional recommendations for scuba divers.

Scuba diving is an increasingly popular activity that involves the use of specialized equipment and compressed air to breathe underwater. Scuba divers are subject to the physiological consequences of being immersed in a high-pressure environment, including, but not limited to, increased work of breathing and kinetic energy expenditure, decreased fluid absorption, and alteration of metabolism. Individual response to these environmental stressors may result in a differential risk of decompression sickness, a condition thought to result from excess nitrogen bubbles forming in a diver's tissues. While the mechanisms of decompression sickness are still largely unknown, it has been postulated that this response may further be influenced by the diver's health status. Nutritional intake has direct relevancy to inflammation status and oxidative stress resistance, both of which have been associated with increased decompression stress. While nutritional recommendations have been determined for saturation divers, these recommendations are likely overly robust for recreational divers, considering that the differences in time spent under pressure and the maximum depth could result nonequivalent energetic demands. Specific recommendations for recreational divers remain largely undefined. This narrative review will summarize existing nutritional recommendations and their justification for recreational divers, as well as identify gaps in research regarding connections between nutritional intake and the health and safety of divers. Following recommendations made by the Institute of Medicine and the Naval Medical Research Institute of Bethesda, recreational divers are advised to consume ~170-210 kJ·kg-1 (40-50 kcal·kg-1) body mass, depending on their workload underwater, in a day consisting of 3 hours' worth of diving above 46 msw. Recommendations for macronutrient distribution for divers are to derive 50% of joules from carbohydrates and less than 30% of joules from fat. Protein consumption is recommended to reach a minimum of 1 g of protein·kg-1 of body mass a day to mitigate loss of appetite while meeting energetic requirements. All divers should take special care to hydrate themselves with an absolute minimum of 500 ml of fluid per hour for any dive longer than 3 hours, with more recent studies finding 0.69 liters of water two hours prior to diving is most effective to minimize bubble loads. While there is evidence that specialized diets may have specific applications in commercial or military diving, they are not advisable for the general recreational diving population considering the often extreme nature of these diets, and the lack of research on their effectiveness on a recreational diving population. Established recommendations do not account for changes in temperature, scuba equipment, depth, dive time, work of breathing, breathing gas mix, or individual variation in metabolism. Individual recommendations may be more accurate when accounting for basal metabolic rate and physical activity outside of diving. However, more research is needed to validate these estimates against variation in dive profile and diver demographics.

291 Isoenergetic reduction of dietary macronutrients changes body composition and physical activity in cats, regardless of body condition, when fed to maintenance

Abstract Commercial extruded cat foods deviate noticeably from the natural diet of wild cats and contain greater carbohydrate and less protein. This alteration in macronutrient distribution is postulated as a potential factor in feline obesity, yet the precise role of carbohydrates in either predisposing to, or treating, obesity in cats remains inconclusive. This study explored the effects of diets differing in protein, fat, and carbohydrates (NFE) on physical activity and body composition when fed to adult male cats to maintain body weight (BW). Three extruded diets were formulated for adult maintenance according to AAFCO in an isoenergetic approach using the same ingredients in varying proportions: low-protein (LP; protein 28% of metabolizable energy [ME], fat 40% ME, NFE 32% ME), low-fat (LF; protein 42% ME, fat 30% ME, NFE 30% ME), or low-carbohydrate (LC; protein 36% ME, fat 41%ME, NFE 23% ME). Lean (n = 9) and obese (n = 9) adult male neutered cats were fed each diet for 4-wk in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Physical activity was measured via actigraphy on d 15 to 21 of each period. On d 23 total tissue mass (TTM), body fat mass (BFM), lean soft tissue mass (LSTM), and bone mineral content (BMC) were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Daily food intake and weekly BW were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed in SAS Studio via the GLIMMIX procedure with diet and body condition (bc) as fixed effects and cat as subject. A Tukey post-hoc analysis was performed to assess multiple comparisons when significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Body weight (Pbc &amp;lt; 0.0001), TTM (Pbc &amp;lt; 0.0001), BFM (Pbc &amp;lt; 0.0001), LSTM (Pbc &amp;lt; 0.0001), and BMC (Pbc = 0.004) were greater in obese compared with lean cats. Regardless of body condition, LSTM was greater in cats consuming the LF diet (P = 0.010). Daily physical activity was similar between lean and obese cats; however, activity as a ratio of light:dark activity was greater for lean cats compared with obese (Pbc = 0.027). Additionally, cats were more active during dark hours when fed LC and LF (Pdiet = 0.016), though no difference was observed for activity during light hours (P = 0.452). These findings support previous observations regarding body composition disparities between lean and obese cats. Contrary to previous reports, no discernible distinctions in voluntary physical activity were noted between lean and obese cats. In previous studies, both high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets reduced voluntary physical activity when fed to maintain BW which was attributed to a potential alteration in mood and energy levels seen in other species. An increase in physical activity in cats consuming the LF diet could suggest a similar pattern. Future research should explore the metabolic implications of varied macronutrient distributions to expand upon the physiological insights presented herein. Funding for this study was provided by Champion Petfoods, Mitacs Accelerate, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada.

Soil carbon stocks and nutrient stratification in a volcanically active coffee-dominated landscape in south-central Guatemala

The volcanoclastic mountains of Central America offer elevations ideal for coffee production. Both vulcanism and land use can have significant impacts on soil formation and properties. We evaluated how the interactive impacts of soil formation and coffee-dominated land use modulate soil storage and vertical distribution of organic carbon and nutrient elements in a volcanically active landscape dominated by coffee agriculture in south-central Guatemala. Thirty-seven pedons under coffee production (n = 29), forest cover (n = 5) and pasture (n = 3) were characterized and classified, and concentrations and stocks of organic carbon and macronutrient and micronutrient elements were quantified across genetic horizons. Additionally, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock values calculated using the fixed depth (FD) and equivalent soil mass (ESM) methodologies were compared. The active stratovolcano in the region had a strong effect on the development of andic properties and soil horizon burial, with thirty-one pedons classified as Andisols, three as Inceptisols and three as Entisols. Land use management practices and soil horizon burial by deposition of volcanic material were partly reflected in the vertical distribution of SOC concentrations and stocks. The vertical distribution of macronutrients was generally more sensitive to land use than the vertical distribution micronutrients, which could potentially reflect differences in inputs via fertilizers and vegetation cover and in outputs with biomass harvest. Soil organic carbon stocks were similar when calculated by FD and ESM, reflecting relatively consistent depth-wise bulk density. These results demonstrate that in volcanically active landscapes, land use should be considered in concert with soil-forming factors to comprehensively understand organic carbon and nutrient element storage in soils.

P119 COMPARISON BETWEEN MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION AND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT HYPERTENSION

Introduction: The hormonal changes of menopause have a deleterious effect on metabolism and on blood pressure regulation, since 50% of women have metabolic syndrome. At this stage, there is an increased risk for some chronic non-communicable diseases, especially hypertension. Anthropometric data are established indicators for the risk of heart disease and, associated with the food consumption of post-menopausal women and hypertension, represent a gap to be elucidated. Objective: To compare the relationships between anthropometric measures and macronutrient distribution in the diet of postmenopausal women with and without hypertension. Methods: The study recruited 45 women between 45 and 65 years old, with and without hypertension and a minimum of one year of amenorrhea. Participants answered a food recall and had their weight, height, waist circumference, abdomen and hips collected. Distribution of macronutrients in the diet, waist/hip ratio and waist/height were calculated. Data by T-test considering significant differences between groups for p &lt;0.05. Results: There was a statistical difference between normotensive and hypertensive women for BMI (24.87±4.05 kg/m2 vs. 32.03±4.20 kg/m2; p&lt;0.001) Waist Circumference (80.91±9.96 cm vs. 102.08±9.27 cm, p&lt;0.001); Hips circumference (101.43±8.15 cm vs. 111.23±8.93 cm; p&lt;0.001); Waist-to-height ratio (0.43±0.06 cm vs. 0.64±0.06 cm, p&lt;0.001); and Waist-to-hips ratio (0.79±0.05 cm vs. 0.91±0.04 cm, p&lt;0.001) In food consumption, there was an important disparity in intake of carbohydrates (172.66±88.67 g vs. 250.32 ± 92.95 g, p=0.007) and lipids (55.69±26.23 g vs. 82.07±51.12 g, p=0.037) with no difference in protein consumption (62.80±23.32 g vs. 77.60±39.67 g, p=0.139). Conclusion: The study suggests that there are significant differences in anthropometric and food consumption variables among the participants, which may, therefore, be related to the development of hypertension.

Exploring the ketogenic diet's potential in reducing neuroinflammation and modulating immune responses.

The ketogenic diet (KD) is marked by a substantial decrease in carbohydrate intake and an elevated consumption of fats and proteins, leading to a metabolic state referred to as "ketosis," where fats become the primary source of energy. Recent research has underscored the potential advantages of the KD in mitigating the risk of various illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, and cancer. The macronutrient distribution in the KD typically entails high lipid intake, moderate protein consumption, and low carbohydrate intake. Restricting carbohydrates to below 50 g/day induces a catabolic state, prompting metabolic alterations such as gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Ketogenesis diminishes fat and glucose accumulation as energy reserves, stimulating the production of fatty acids. Neurodegenerative diseases, encompassing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease are hallmarked by persistent neuroinflammation. Evolving evidence indicates that immune activation and neuroinflammation play a significant role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The protective effects of the KD are linked to the generation of ketone bodies (KB), which play a pivotal role in this dietary protocol. Considering these findings, this narrative review seeks to delve into the potential effects of the KD in neuroinflammation by modulating the immune response. Grasping the immunomodulatory effects of the KD on the central nervous system could offer valuable insights into innovative therapeutic approaches for these incapacitating conditions.

Personalized Nutrition Therapy without Weight Loss Counseling Produces Weight Loss in Individuals with Prediabetes Who Are Overweight/Obese: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Obesity stands out as a primary risk factor for diabetes. Attaining healthy weight loss, especially reducing body fat, is important in managing prediabetes and preventing progression to full diabetes and its co-morbidities. This study examined the effects of personalized nutrition therapy (PNT) combined with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on body weight and composition in individuals with prediabetes. A total of 30 individuals with prediabetes who were overweight or obese were assigned randomly to either the treatment, observed CGM data plus PNT, or the control group which was blinded to their blood glucose results throughout the study. Both groups were provided with dietary recommendations for calorie intake and macronutrient distribution, coupled with personalized goal setting for glucose control and healthy eating, without any specific emphasis on weight reduction or changes in physical activity. Regular visits were scheduled every 10 days to perform measurements and replace CGMs. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model with repeated measures. Over the 30-day follow-up period, both groups experienced significant reductions in weight and fat mass. The treatment group exhibited two-fold greater reductions in both weight and fat mass, a significant decrease in carbohydrate intake, and a significant increase in time spent on physical activitycompared to the control group. In addition, compliance was notably higher in the treatment group. These findings indicate that overweight or obese individuals with prediabetes can achieve weight loss and improved body composition through personalized education for glucose control, without exclusively emphasizing weight loss as the primary objective. Additionally, the real-time feedback provided by CGM enhances these improvements.

Planetary Health Diet Compared to Dutch Dietary Guidelines: Nutritional Content and Adequacy.

In 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission proposed a Planetary Health Diet (PHD) to address challenges toward sustainable and healthy diets. However, its suitability within the Dutch context and a comparison with the Dutch Dietary Guidelines (DDG) needs investigation. Our study aimed to compare the PHD with DDG in terms of food groups, servings, nutritional content, and adequacy in adults. We modeled two theoretical diets, the PHD (PHD-NL) and another based on the DDG (DDG-NL), using the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (FCS-2016) and Dutch Food Composition Database to calculate the nutritional content and compared it with the Dutch Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). The PHD included higher quantities of vegetables, fish, legumes, and nuts, while the DDG suggested more significant amounts of cereals, tubers, starchy vegetables, dairy, and red meat. We observed differences in macronutrient distribution; while both diets lacked sufficient vitamin D, calcium content was lower in the PHD-NL. The PHD-NL had higher levels of fiber, vegetable protein, unsaturated fats, and non-heme iron, while vitamins B2, B6, B12, and calcium were lower than the DDG-NL diet. The PHD-NL has nutritional adequacy in the Dutch context, except for vitamin D and calcium, although it is essential to be cautious with iron because of the bioavailability of non-heme iron in plant-based diets. These findings have implications for the adoption of a sustainable diet according to nutritional requirements, population health status, and sociocultural context, as well as compliance with specific dietary behaviors of populations.

Cross-Sectional Associations between Nutrient Intake and Tooth Decay in Older Australian Men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project

Poor nutrition is a risk factor for dental decay in younger people. However, except for sugar, it is unclear if this is true in older age groups. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible associations between overall dietary intake of nutrients and diet quality and the presence of dental decay in community-dwelling older men. A cross-sectional analysis of a longitudinal study with a standardized validated diet history assessment and comprehensive oral health examination in 520 community-dwelling men (mean age: 84 years) participating in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. Nutrient reference values were used to determine if individual micronutrients and macronutrients were meeting recommendations. Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) were attained for fat and carbohydrate intakes and were incorporated into a dichotomous variable to determine if the participants were consuming a high fat-low carbohydrate diet. Diagnosis of coronal caries was based on visual criteria and inspection and was completed on each of the five coronal surfaces. Root surface caries was textual changes across four root surfaces. This diagnosis was used to categorize participants by the presence and severity of coronal and root caries. The adjusted logistic regression showed not meeting the recommended intakes for thiamin (odds ratio [OR]: 2.32 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–4.67), and zinc (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.71–6.48) were associated with presence of severe root decay. Adjusted analysis also showed that participants who were outside the recommended AMDR for fat (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38–0.98) and those who consumed a high fat and low carbohydrate diet (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.91) were less likely to have coronal tooth decay. Our study shows associations between micronutrients and macronutrients and coronal and root surface decay. Although this study cannot prescribe causality or be generalized to all older adults, diet has a possible association with dental decay in older men.

Is there a beneficial effect of a high-protein diet on body composition and strength capacity in physical active middle-aged individuals?-An eight-week randomized controlled trial.

Demographic changes are resulting in a continual increase in the proportion of individuals over 65 years old. Simultaneously, muscle mass (MM) tends to decrease with age, with a decline noticeable from the middle of the fourth decade of life. While physical activity is considered a modulator for maintaining MM, the interaction with nutrient uptake, especially protein intake, is getting more into focus. Due to a lack of data on the effect of a high-protein diet on middle-aged individuals (40-65 years), this study aimed to investigate the influence of a high-protein diet in middle-aged physically active persons on body composition and performance. Using stratified randomization, participants were allocated to either a high-protein group (>2.3 g/kg FFM/day) (n = 12, age = 57.83 ± 7.74 years, height = 170.42 cm ± 11.04 cm, BMI = 30.26 ± 4.46, MM = 31.71 ± 6.89 kg) or a control group (<2.3 g/kg/FFM/day) (n = 14, age = 58.21 ± 6.44 years, height = 170.57 cm ± 8.28 cm, BMI = 26.31 ± 5.59, MM = 29.67 ± 8.08 kg). Body composition [fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), MM] and strength were assessed at baseline (T0), after four weeks (T1) and after eight weeks (T2). Exercise habits were not changed over the entire period and dietary habits were recorded using FDDB Explorer. Statistical analysis was performed using the current version of R and linear mixed models. No significant differences in energy intake were found between the groups (p = .974). In macronutrient distribution, a significantly higher consumption of protein was found in the high-protein group (p < .0001, d = 2.22) [140 ± 70 g/day (HPG) vs. 79 ± 40 g/day (CG)]. A trivial reduction in FM over time in both groups (p = .046, d = 0.04, ) was observed. No significant differences were detected in FFM (p = .887) and MM (p = .711). Trivial interaction effects (time*group) were observed for upper (p = .007, d = 0.12, ΔHPG = 4.38 ± 3.25 kg) and lower body strength (p = .0507, d = 0.07, ΔHPG = 3.33 ± 2.36 kg). Our results indicate no to only trivial effects of adding a high-protein diet to otherwise physically active middle-aged individuals. Trivial effects could be seen for an increase in muscle strength after this eight-week intervention. However, MM and FFM were not significantly affected. Based on the small effect sizes we observed in our results we do not see a benefit of a high-protein diet on body composition and strength capacity without altering the exercise habits.

Chilean Market Protein Shakes Composition.

Understanding the nutritional content of protein supplements is crucial for optimal nutritional planning among athletes and other people. Distribution of macronutrients and aminograms in the main products available in the national Chilean market remains unknown. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the main protein supplements available in the Chilean market. Information on macronutrients and aminograms from the nutritional labels of each product was extracted. The analysis considered the content per portion and per 100 g. Cluster analysis models and graphical representations were explored. Eighty protein shakes were assessed in the Santiago de Chile market. The median protein dosage was 32 g (range from 25 to 52), and the median energy value stood at 390 kcal (range from 312 to 514). The median protein content per 100 g of product was found to be 75 g (range from 42.5 to 97.2). The combined median concentration of amino acids was 4749.75 mg. Among these, the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan exhibited the lowest concentration at 1591.50 mg, while the conditional amino acid L-Glutamine had the highest median concentration at 17,336 mg. There was a significant prevalence of animal-derived products, placing specific emphasis on protein supplements that feature elevated levels of the amino acids L-Glutamine and L-Leucine.

Short-term impact of a healthy and typical Australian dietary pattern on cardiometabolic outcomes: insights from a randomised, cross-over feeding study

Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305 Australia.Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major cause of global mortality. Poor diet quality, characterised by excessive consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and insufficient intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, is associated with an increased risk of CVD(1). This study compares the impact of two short-term dietary interventions, a Healthy Australian Diet adhering to national guidelines and a Typical Australian Diet representing current national consumption patterns, on several cardiometabolic outcomes. These outcomes include body weight, waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood lipids and glucose concentrations. Data from an eight-week randomised, cross-over feeding study involving 34 adults (53% female, age 38.4 ± 18.1 years) were analysed, with participants randomly assigned to consume each diet for two weeks, separated by a two-week washout period. During each feeding phase, all food items were provided to ensure compliance. The Healthy Australian Diet adhered to the Australian Dietary Guidelines(2), including a balanced intake of the five food groups and meeting Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range targets(3), with saturated fat limited to ≤10% of energy. The Typical Australian Diet was formulated based on apparent consumption patterns in Australia(4), setting total fat intake at 40% of energy and total saturated fat at 15% of energy. Comprehensive data collection occurred at four key visits: week 0 (end of run-in; baseline 1), week 2 (post-feeding phase 1), week 4 (end of washout, baseline 2), and week 8 (post-feeding phase 2). Trained personnel measured WC using a tensible tape, while body weight and BFP measurements were obtained using bioimpedance analysis (Inbody 270; Biospace Co, Seoul, Korea). Blood pressure was recorded using the Uscom BP+ supra-systolic oscillometric central blood pressure device. Blood glucose and lipid (triglycerides, total-, low-density lipoprotein- [LDL] and high-density lipoprotein- [HDL] cholesterol) concentrations were measured after a 12-hour fast by an accredited pathology service. Differential changes in cardiometabolic variables between intervention groups were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models, adjusting for diet sequence, feeding phase, and subject ID as a random variable to account for potential autocorrelation. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted to assess the impact effects of each diet. There were no significant differences between the Healthy Australian Diet and the Typical Australian Diet with respect to weight, BFP, WC, blood triglycerides, systolic and diastolic BP. However, the Healthy Australian Diet led to a significantly greater decrease in total-, LDL-, HDL- and non-HDL cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose relative to the Typical Australian Diet (p&lt;0.001). The results underscore the importance of promoting dietary intakes that align with Australian Dietary Guidelines for optimising the risk of CVD and impaired glucose tolerance. Conversely, the Typical Australian Dietary pattern demonstrated detrimental cardiometabolic effects over a short period of just two weeks.

Dietary Management of Obesity

Obesity is defined as a condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat cells, which results in increased body weight. Worldwide, obesity is progressively on the rise, leading to an increased prevalence of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Obesity is a result of the interplay between genetic, metabolic, social, behavioral, and cultural factors, necessitating an interdisciplinary and multimodal management approach. Diet therapy, which includes dietary modifications and nutritional interventions, is a fundamental component of the multifaceted approach to managing obesity. The principle of diet therapy is based on achieving weight loss through a negative energy balance and maintaining weight through an equilibrium of energy intake and expenditure. Strategies for weight loss and control rely on caloric restriction, macronutrient distribution, and dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets. Recently, studies have been conducted on weight control using information and communication technology-based interventions, as well as interventions based on intestinal microorganisms which consider inter-individual variability and long-term adherence. In conclusion, diet therapy stands as a pivotal element in the management of obesity, providing a personalized and comprehensive approach to weight control. By combining evidence-based dietary strategies with behavioral modifications and consistent support, healthcare professionals can enable individuals to attain and sustain a healthier weight, thereby reducing related health risks.

Abstract P480: Digesting Detention: Investigating Eating Patterns in Jails

Background: Over 12 million people cycle through jails every year in the US. People incarcerated experience significant health inequities compared to the general population, including higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Despite widespread acceptance of the association between diet and cardiovascular-related outcomes, research documenting dietary intake and nutritional status of individuals incarcerated in jail is limited. Food intake is notoriously difficult to measure, and current measurement tools are not designed for the jail setting. Objectives and Hypotheses: The objectives of this study were to 1) develop a food intake questionnaire for incarcerated adults; 2) document participants’ perceived accuracy of the instrument and 3) compare calorie, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake of people incarcerated in jail to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) and the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). We hypothesized that participants would consume more sodium, added sugar, and saturated fat while incarcerated compared to the DGA and macronutrient consumption patterns of people incarcerated in jail would not meet the AMDR. Methods: Cycle menus were obtained from the jail administration to design a questionnaire that would allow study participants to accurately document the consumption of foods provided by the jail and purchased through commissary each day. Sixty-five (65) incarcerated adults (24 women and 41 men) were recruited from a northern Arizona county jail to complete the 4-day cross-sectional food intake questionnaire. Participants were asked to fill out the questionnaires in real time. Following the study period, questionnaires were collected, and participants provided feedback on the appropriateness and feasibility of the questionnaire via a group listening session. Daily total and mean calorie, macro- and micronutrient intake were calculated using the ASA24 and compared to the AMDR and the DGA. Results: Of 65 people recruited, 64 completed the questionnaire. Participants reported enjoying reflecting on their diets but indicated that institutional menu modifications during the study period led to confusion as the food items listed did not always match what was served. Average percent saturated fat of total calories (11.7%, 95% CI: 10.9, 12.4) and sodium (3723 mg, 95% CI: 3048, 4399) exceeded DGA recommendations. Macronutrient consumption was within recommended ranges. Conclusions: The results of this study can inform efforts to improve the food intake tracking tool which can be used in future research assessing nutritional status in jails and prisons, as well as other controlled food environments. These results will also provide the first observational evidence of nutritional status in jail settings, informing future institutional policy change and interventions.

Dietary Inflammatory Index of Obese Individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Descriptive Study.

The objective of the present study was to describe the dietary inflammatory profile and its correlations with sleep parameters of obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Forty individuals underwent nocturnal polysomnography, anthropometric measurements, body composition by plethysmography, assessment of food consumption by three-day food records, and blood collection for the lipid, glycemic and hormonal profile. Food consumption data were evaluated semiquantitatively, quantitalively assessment, and calculation of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) was perfomed. The results demonstrated a predominantly proinflammatory dietary profile. The participants showed a low intake of fruit and vegetables. Additionally, a low consumption of fiber, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin E was observed, although there was an adequate distribution of macronutrients. In conclusion, although the inflammatory profile did not correlate with OSA, the study showed a directly proportional relationship between adequate dietary patterns and better sleep quality.

Aligning Santal Tribe Menu Templates with EAT-Lancet Commission's Dietary Guidelines for Sustainable and Healthy Diets: A Comparative Analysis.

In the context of global shifts in food systems, this paper explores the unique dietary practices of the Santal tribe, an indigenous group in eastern India, to understand the health, nutrition, and sustainability aspects of their traditional food systems. This study evaluates the nutritional content of the Santal diet in comparison to the EAT-Lancet Commission's 2019 dietary guidelines for healthy and sustainable diets. The University of East Anglia, in collaboration with the NNEdPro Global Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health in Cambridge, PRADAN; colleagues in India and local Santal youth, conducted nutritional analyses of traditional Santal recipes. Two menu templates, Kanhu Thali and Jhano Thali, were selected for comparative analysis based on their representation of diverse dietary practices within the Santal community. Nutritional data, including energy as well as the distribution of macronutrients and micronutrients, were compiled and compared with the EAT-Lancet guidelines. The Santal menu templates (nutritionally complete meals) demonstrated alignment with EAT-Lancet recommendations in aspects such as whole grains, starchy vegetables, vegetables, plant-based protein sources, unsaturated fats, and limited added sugars. However, notable deviations included the absence of animal-based protein sources and dairy. The Santal diet showed high protein intake, largely from plant-based sources, and emphasised the importance of whole grains. Seasonal variations in nutritional content were observed between the two templates. While the Santal diet aligns with some aspects of global dietary guidelines, there are notable deviations that underscore the complexity of aligning traditional diets with universal recommendations. The findings emphasise the need for culturally sensitive dietary recommendations that respect traditional diets while promoting sustainability. Research needs to support tailored global guidelines enshrining core principles of nutritional adequacy which are inter-culturally operable in order to accommodate cultural diversity, local practices, and seasonal variations, crucial for fostering sustainable and healthy eating habits in diverse sociodemographic contexts.

Distribution of Macro Nutrients in Surface and Subsurface Soils under Saffron Growing Areas of Pulwama District of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, India

One hundred eighty (180) composite soil samples were collected from surface and subsurface layers from 18 saffron growing villages of Pulwama district to study the available primary and secondary nutrient status of the soils. None of the soil were found to be deficient in available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur. The soils were medium in available nitrogen and phosphorous and medium to high in potassium with mean values of 338.46, 21.25 and 258.83 kg ha-1 respectively in surface soils (0-15 cm) and mean values of 318.07, 18.82 and 232.03 kg ha-1 respectively in sub-surface soils (15-30 cm). All the soils were high in available calcium and magnesium with average values of 1677.1, 317.7 mg kg-1 and 1692.5 and 352.3 mg kg-1 in surface and subsurface soils respectively. The soils were low to medium in available sulphur content with surface and subsurface sulphur content of 10.51 and 8.70 mg kg-1 respectively.

Exploring the Impact of Protein Supplement Source on Body Composition in Women Practicing Anaerobic Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study.

Supplements based on protein hydrolysates have been used as an effective source to access amino acids with greater bioavailability, promoting absorption to improve body composition. Five groups of young women were randomly selected. They followed a personalized eating plan that included different protein supplements (meat, vegan, branched-chain amino acids [BCAAs], whey, and control group), combined with an exercise plan, for eight weeks, aiming to assess their consumption effects combined with resistance exercise on body composition. Bioelectrical impedance before and after the treatment was conducted. The results showed that the supplementation with BCAAs presented a significant decrease (p < 0.05) on the BMI in this group (initial BMI = 19.7 kg/m2; final BMI = 19.4 kg/m2). When comparing the final measures among the groups, the BCAAs and vegan supplements caused a significant decrease in body weight (50.24 kg and 51.34 kg, respectively). The BMI of the group supplemented with meat proteins was statistically higher (22.06 kg/m2) than that the group supplemented with BCAAs (19.4 kg/m2) (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the type of protein consumed to produce muscle mass in the participants after eight weeks of study under a controlled diet and anaerobic resistance exercise. Participants exhibited energy deficiencies, but their macronutrient distribution appeared normal. Following an 8-week intervention, meat and BCAAs reduced weight and BMI, although no statistical differences were observed. It is recommended to extend the treatment for a more comprehensive understanding.