Macronutrient Deficiencies Research Articles

Multiple macro nutrients deficiency identification using fuzzy C means

Every plant needs nutrients for their growth. The leaf analysis in a plant can present the need of a nutrient to be determined. The macronutrients deficiency in plants can be identified by specific type of color variations using leaves image. Early identification of macronutrients can help plants in becoming suitable for the harvest and lessen the utilization of farm inputs. The proposed system implements a novel approach to identify the lack of nutrients in maize leaf images. The maize leaf images are collected from Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The input images are preprocessed where the images in RGB color space are converted to Lab model. Then C means clustering is used to segment the nutrient deficient part from leaf image. The multi-Color space based feature Extraction is used to extract the features from deficient area of maize leaf image and type of nutrients deficiency is identified using Fuzzy rule-based system that gives the percentage of nutrient deficiency affected in maize image. Then, the performance of this work is evaluated using confusion matrix.

Strategies of urban trees for mitigating salt stress: a case study of eight plant species

Key messageSome species synthesize larger amounts of polyprenols, which probably increase the plant’s ability to mitigate salt stress. Salt stress does not cause macronutrient deficiency in the leaves of urban trees. Ionic imbalance in the leaves caused by soil salinity worsens the health status of sensitive species.Street trees are exposed to relatively high stress levels, and the average lifespan of street trees is shortened compared to those of trees living under controlled natural conditions. Soil salinity adversely affects trees at all stages of growth and development. This study attempts to determine how the urban environment, with particular emphasis on salt stress, affects tree species with different levels of salinity sensitivity. The aim of this study was to identify the strategies of eight tree species for mitigating salt stress based on the determination of the chemical composition of the macroelements in the leaves, the ionic imbalance, and the ability of the trees to synthesize and accumulate polyprenols in the leaves. The obtained results suggest that individual species implemented different strategies in response to salt stress. The low sensitivity species: Q. rubra, R. pseudoacacia, G. triacanthos and A. campestre. blocked the uptake of Cl and Na to the leaves. The medium-sensitivity species: P. x hispanica blocked the uptake of Cl and Na and G. biloba maintained very high contents of Cl and Na in its leaves without leaf damage and synthesized large amounts of polyprenols. G. triacanthos and A. campestre synthesized large amounts of polyprenols. The high-sensitivity species (T. x euchlora and A. platanoides) exhibited very high contents of Cl and Na in their leaves, which were significantly damaged and had a pronounced ionic imbalance. These effects were not compensated for by the increased synthesis of polyprenols. In conclusion, the accumulation of polyprenols in leaf tissue may be one of the strategies that increase the resistance of plants to salt stress. Plants have many other methods of mitigating salt stress.

Interrelations of nutrient and water transporters in plants under abiotic stress.

Environmental changes cause abiotic stress in plants, primarily through alterations in the uptake of the nutrients and water they require for their metabolism and growth and to maintain their cellular homeostasis. The plasma membranes of cells contain transporter proteins, encoded by their specific genes, responsible for the uptake of nutrients and water (aquaporins). However, their interregulation has rarely been taken into account. Therefore, in this review we identify how the plant genome responds to abiotic stresses such as nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity and low temperature, in relation to both nutrient transporters and aquaporins. Some general responses or regulation mechanisms can be observed under each abiotic stress such as the induction of plasma membrane transporter expression during macronutrient deficiency, the induction of tonoplast transporters and reduction of aquaporins during micronutrients deficiency. However, drought, salinity and low temperatures generally cause an increase in expression of nutrient transporters and aquaporins in tolerant plants. We propose that both types of transporters (nutrients and water) should be considered jointly in order to better understand plant tolerance of stresses.

Eating habits of women of childbearing age from Varna, Bulgaria

Abstract Background Eating habits of childbearing age women are an important public health determinant. The inappropriate dietary pattern of women in reproductive age leads to deviations in their nutritional status with possible adverse health consequences for them and their offspring. Both malnutrition and over nutrition can adversely affect reproductive abilities of women as well as the course and outcome of a possible pregnancy. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study on dietary habits of 107 women, aged 19 to 42 years, in Varna, Bulgaria between March-December 2019. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy and lactation. A questionnaire was applied composed of questions on diet, dietary pattern, food frequency consumption, and the respondents' physical activity. The results were compared with the National Food Based Dietary Recommendations for Adults in Bulgaria. Data was statistically analysed with SPSS version 19. Results The average age of participants was 25.65 ± 7.48 years. 22.4% of the surveyed women followed no particular diet. 35.5% and 30.8% of the respondents had daily consumption of milk and dairy products respectively. Meat consumption 3-4 times a week was reported by 29.9% of the respondents. Only 1/4 of the respondents consumed fish each week. The relative share of women who did not consume fish was 10.3%. Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was 42.1% and 57% respectively. Conclusions The majority of the surveyed women does not follow the National recommendations for consumption frequency of milk, dairy products, meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. Respondents who do not consume fish, meat or milk and dairy products are at risk of deficiencies of both micronutrients and macronutrients. It's necessary to raise awareness about healthy eating and associated health risks. Key messages Nutrition of women of childbearing age is an important factor affecting public health. Inadequate dietary habits before conception raises the risk for the course and outcome of pregnancy with consequences for offspring health.

Physicochemical characteristics, minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity in fig tree fruits with macronutrient deficiencies

In this research, effects of macronutrient deficiency (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) on the production, physicochemical characteristics, minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of fig fruits (Ficus carica L.) were evaluated using the missing element technique in a controlled hydroponic system under greenhouse conditions. N-deficient plants had no fruit production, while fruits with absence of P, K, and Ca were the most affected in terms of size, weight, and physicochemical characteristics. On the other hand, the concentration of minerals was significantly different (p<0.05), finding some interactions of synergism and antagonism between ions. Phenolic compounds increased in fruits with P and Ca deficiency, as well as the antioxidant capacity DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) in the fruits of the treatment -Ca. Regarding the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) test, higher values were found for all treatments without minerals (-P, -K, -Ca, and -Mg) with respect to the control. The results obtained explain the responses of the fig tree subjected to nutritional deficiencies.

Nutrient Budgeting of Primary Nutrients and Their Use Efficiency in India

The imbalanced use of fertilizers in India is evident from the fact that the current ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in agricultural soil in several states is skewed towards nitrogen. This imbalance causes problems, right from stagnating or declining productivity to soil sickness, widespread deficiency of macro nutrients and micronutrients, and soil alkalinity and salinity. Eventually, it results in reduced efficiency of fertilisers, low yields and low profitability for farmers. Also, nitrogen pollution of surface and groundwater due to excessive fertiliser use has reached alarming levels in several states. Chemical fertilizers are currently the major emitters of nitrous oxide gas, a potent greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance. Nutrient budget is an important tool to provide an early indication of potential problems arising from nutrient surplus and nutrient deficit. Balanced use of all types of fertilizers, including traditional organic manures and biofertilizers are needed to bring about a change in the prevailing regime that encourages excessive use of chemical fertilizers. However, meeting future food security targets in an over-populated developing country like India, needs to increase the nutrient use efficiency. This ultimately leads to site-specific need-based nutrient application and minimizing nutrient losses from fields. This leads to the 4R Nutrient Stewardship concept, applying the Right Source of nutrients, at the Right Rate, at the Right Time and in the Right Place. This paper provides a historical overview of the nutrient budgeting efforts and systematically reviews major challenges, opportunities, in defining, quantifying, and applying nutrient budgets and improving nutrient use efficiency.

Awareness about the Importance of Nutrition During Pregnancy Among Women in Child Bearing Age: A Quantitative Study Among Urban Women.

Introduction An adequate nutrition pattern is of major importance for one’s health and well-being, especially during pregnancy when a woman undergoes major biological, physical, psychological and social transformations. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies predispose the fetus to preterm birth, neural tube defects, and low birth weight for gestational age. This study was conducted to determine the nutrition awareness of women in childbearing age in order to provide a greater understanding of the life course perspective (LCP) in relation to nutrition behaviors and pregnancy. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on based on our conceptualization of nutrition awareness and questionnaire based studies of a face-to-face interview. The participants were women with age group of 17 years to 45 years participate in studies in Jeddah city. Data collection procedures A Semi-structured questionnaires prepared in English language were translated in to Arabic and then translated back to English to check for consistency. The questionnaires were pretested Human ethical committee; the questions assessed respondents’ nutrition knowledge. Results and discussion Different questions were asked to 175 selected pregnant women to be included in this study assess knowledge of pregnant mothers on nutrition and determinant factors in the study area. Most of the respondents (34.85.2%) were in 19-25 years of age group.69.1 % (n=121) women says they pay attention to the number of soft drinks they drink each day. There would be fascinating to study awareness of specific nutrients and related issues, like consumption folic acid, non-vegetarian diet, minerals and life style such as mental stress and physical exercise.

Skin diseases in displaced populations: a review of contributing factors, challenges, and approaches to care.

There are 70.8 million persons displaced worldwide due to war, persecution, and violence. Eighty percent of displaced persons reside in low- and middle-income countries with limited healthcare resources. Cutaneous diseases are commonly reported among displaced persons owing to numerous interrelated factors such as inadequate housing, overcrowding, food insecurity, environmental exposures, violence including torture, and breakdown of healthcare infrastructure. Diagnosis and management of these conditions, as well as an understanding of the context in which they present, is crucial to providing dermatologic care for displaced populations worldwide. Herein, we define displaced populations and, within this context, review the epidemiology of skin diseases, discuss pertinent skin conditions, examine challenges to care provision, and present approaches for improving dermatologic care. Inflammatory and communicable infectious disorders are the most common skin diseases seen in displaced populations. Other relevant conditions include skin manifestations of heat injuries, cold injuries, immersion foot syndromes, macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence. Provision of dermatologic care to displaced populations is hampered by limited diagnostic and therapeutic resources and specialist expertise. Medical screening for cutaneous disorders, context-relevant dermatology training, and telemedicine are potential tools to improve diagnosis and management of skin diseases in displaced populations.

Malnutrition in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Review of the Current Literature

Malnutrition is well-studied in various aspects of the orthopaedic literature, most commonly in relation to arthroplasty, spine surgery, and trauma. However, the management of nutritional deficiencies is commonly overlooked among orthopaedic sports medicine providers. The purpose of this article is to analyze the available sports medicine literature to review the associations between malnutrition and the management of orthopaedic sports medicine patients from a treatment and performance standpoint. PubMed was searched for relevant articles published from 1979 to 2019. Clinical review. Level 4. Few studies exist on the implications of macronutrient deficiencies specific to orthopaedic sports medicine procedures. Interestingly, micronutrient disorders-namely, hypovitaminosis D and iron deficiency-have been well studied and may lead to worse postoperative outcomes, injury rates, and athletic performance. Nutritional supplementation to correct such deficiencies has been shown to mitigate these effects, though further study is required. Nutritional deficiencies are highly prevalent in orthopaedic sports medicine patients, and practitioners should be aware of their potential effects on treatment and performance outcomes. Management of such deficiencies and their effect on surgical patients remain an area of potential future research. Future studies are warranted in order to explore the potential therapeutic role of nutritional supplementation to prevent complications after common orthopaedic sports medicine procedures, improve athletic performance, and reduce injury rates.

Association of the daily diet with childhood stunting in Burundi

Background: Stunting is a major public health problem in Africa, where more than one-third of below 5 years children are stunted. The aim of this paper is to find relation of daily dietary intake of <5 years old children with their height for age status in Burundi.
 Method: A literature review was done using CINAHL, PubMed, Medline. A grey literature search was done using Google scholar and Bing. The most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from the target country was used for the data analysis. The analysis contains the data pertaining to children <5 years of age.
 Results: information of a total of 6096 children were included in the study among them 55% of children were stunted. Female children are more susceptible to stunting than the male. Children living in rural areas have a higher possibility of having below normal height for age. Children who did not consume milk and sugar in the previous day (1.809 times higher risk and 1.542 times higher risk respectively) are at higher risk of being stunted relative to the normal child. Children who are born in a twin (AOR OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.875-6.104) or triplet (AOR = 6.9, 95% CI = 3.204-14.736) pregnancy have high risk of being stunted. The relative risk of stunting increases in people who are in a low socio-economic class.
 Conclusion: Findings from this national-level data clearly show that there is a need for interventions addressing macro-nutrient deficiency along with special attention to micro-nutrients supplements can solve the problem of stunting in Burundi.
 Birdem Med J 2020; 10(2): 108-114

Macronutrient deficiency in snap bean considering physiological, nutritional, and growth aspects.

Nutritional deficiencies limit the growth of snap bean plants, therefore knowing the biological mechanisms involved in it is fundamental. This study is aimed to evaluate the damage caused by a deficiency of macronutrients in physiological variables that cause decreased growth and the appearance of visual symptoms in snap bean. Thus, we design a hydroponic system of snap bean cultivation in order to test the effect of macronutrient deficiencies in a controlled environment. The treatments consisted in evaluate the effects of lack of one macronutrient in time. To perform this, we used Hoagland and Arnon solution in its complete formulation (control) or without N, P; K; Mg, Ca or S in each treatment. Physiological, nutritional, and growth analyses were performed when visual deficiency symptoms of each omitted nutrient appeared. Thus, the omissions of N and P in the nutrient solution led to lower accumulations of all macronutrients in the shoot. And the K, Ca, Mg, and S omissions decreased the amounts of K, Ca, Mg, P, and S in the shoot of the snap bean plants when compared with the plants grown in the complete nutrient solution. With the lowest accumulation of macronutrients, the content of photosynthetic pigments and the photosynthetic rate were reduced, with harmful effects on plant growth. Thus, from the losses in dry matter production of the shoot, the order of limiting of macronutrients in bean plants was N < P < Ca < S < Mg < K, with a decrease of up to 86.2%, 80.1%, 51.2%, 46.5%, 25.6%, and 19.3%, respectively. The nitrogen deficiency is more evident, proven by symptoms such as chlorosis in the lower and upper third leaves and necrosis of the lower third leaves.

Diet Diversity in Andasibe, Madagascar

Abstract Objectives In Madagascar, over 75% of the population is impoverished and 50% of children experience stunted growth with lifelong health and developmental implications. Beyond inadequate energy intake, diet homogeneity contributes to macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies underlying underdeveloped organ and skeletal system. Research measuring diet diversity of the rural Malagasy population is lacking. A pilot diet-diversity study was conducted in the rural village of Andasibe to identify specific dietary components missing from the Malagasy diet. Methods Diet diversity data were obtained using guidelines established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Over a 6-week period, 24-hour dietary recalls were collected of 150 representative adult household members- typically the mother or father of the household. Subjects provided verbal accounts of food and beverages consumed the day prior. Researchers then guided participants through a list of foods to capture any forgotten items. Foods recorded in the dietary recalls were assigned to categories based on nutrients of interest related to malnutrition and other diseases of nutrition inadequacy. Diet diversity scores (DDS) were assigned corresponding to food categories included in the 24-hour recall. Results The average DDS of all surveys was 4 of a possible 9, corresponding to “medium” diet diversity. 37% of subjects received a “low” DDS and consumed between 1–3 food categories per day. 15% of participants received a “high” DDS and consumed between 6–8 categories per day. Categories unreported in the average recall were “legumes, nuts, and seeds”; “vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetable”; and “milk and milk products”. Animal protein from sources such as meat or fish, dairy products, or eggs was not reported in most recalls. Conclusions Low consumption of protein, vitamin A, and iron-containing items on a given day may be indicative of dietary inadequacies related to stunting and morbidity. Diet diversity data allows for basic quantification of the extent of dietary homogeneity in Andasibe, which likely mimics that of other Malagasy villages and identifies priority areas for future nutrition intervention. Funding Sources Funding was provided by Auburn University's Office of Undergraduate Research and the College of Human Sciences.

Special issue in honour of Prof. Reto J. Strasser - JIP-test as a tool for early detection of the macronutrients deficiency in Miscanthus plants

The optimization of cultivation process and improving the yield of perspective energy crops in Europe could be one of the ways to overcome the problem of limited amount of conventional fuel. The aim of this work was to check if the use of JIP-test, as a noninvasive method for early detection of the changes in photosynthetic apparatus, can be applied to detect nutrients deficiency in miscanthus (Miscanthus × gigantheus Anderss.) plants. The experiment was performed in fully randomized design with the following experimental variants: CaNPK (full fertilization, control), NPK (without calcium), CaKN (phosphorus poor), CaPK (nitrogen poor), CaPN (potassium poor), and Ca (without NPK). Our results revealed that the reaction of photosynthetic apparatus of miscanthus plants grown under certain macronutrient deficiency was associated with exclusive significant modifications in the measured chlorophyll fluorescence signals, analysed further by JIP-test. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves discovered substantial deficiency of phosphorus and potassium ahead of the standard chemical method.

Actual Nutrition and Dietary Supplementation in Lithuanian Elite Athletes.

Background and objectives: Health is partly determined by the state of one’s nutrition; it stimulates the body’s functional and metabolic adaptations to physical strain and helps one prevent sports injuries and get in shape in terms of body composition. This study aims to investigate the actual nutrition and dietary supplements taken by elite Lithuanian athletes and to identify the relationship between the dietary intake, dietary supplementation and body composition of elite athletes. Materials and Methods: The research subjects were 76.7% of Lithuanian elite athletes (N = 247). The actual diet was investigated using the 24 h recall dietary survey method. Dietary supplementation was studied applying the questionnaire method. Measurements of body composition were performed using the BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) tetra-polar electrodes and measuring resistivity with 8–12 tangent electrodes at different frequencies of signal: 5, 50 and 250 kHz. Results: Results indicate that among the athletes, 62% use too few carbohydrates and 77% use too much fat. Although the 3.5% increase in lean body mass (95% CI: −0.107, 7.070) helps gain an increased protein intake with food (p = 0.057), 38% of athletes consume too little protein with food. The athletes mostly use carbohydrates (86%), vitamins (81%), protein supplements (70%), and multivitamins (62%). We did not determine the impact (p > 0.05) of individual or complex supplement use on the lean body mass (%) or fat mass (%) values of athletes. Conclusions: Athletes consume insufficient carbohydrates, vitamin D, calcium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and too much fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and they use proteins irrationally. Sport nutritionists should also focus on the risk of malnutrition for female athletes. Nutritional supplements partially offset macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency. Nevertheless, the effect of food supplements on the body composition of athletes is too small compared to the normal diet. Athletes ought to prioritize the formation of eating habits and only then use supplements.

Malnutrition, Health and the Role of Machine Learning in Clinical Setting.

Nutrition plays a vital role in health and the recovery process. Deficiencies in macronutrients and micronutrients can impact the development and progression of various disorders. However, malnutrition screening tools and their utility in the clinical setting remain largely understudied. In this study, we summarize the importance of nutritional adequacy and its association with neurological, cardiovascular, and immune-related disorders. We also examine general and specific malnutrition assessment tools utilized in healthcare settings. Since the implementation of the screening process in 2016, malnutrition data from hospitalized patients in the Geisinger Health System is presented and discussed as a case study. Clinical data from five Geisinger hospitals shows that ~10% of all admitted patients are acknowledged for having some form of nutritional deficiency, from which about 60–80% of the patients are targeted for a more comprehensive assessment. Finally, we conclude that with a reflection on how technological advances, specifically machine learning-based algorithms, can be integrated into electronic health records to provide decision support system to care providers in the identification and management of patients at higher risk of malnutrition.

Strigolactones Decrease Leaf Angle in Response to Nutrient Deficiencies in Rice.

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that are synthesized from β-carotene through sequential reactions catalyzed by DWARF (D) 27, D17, D10, and OsMORE AXILLARY GROWTH (MAX) 1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In rice, endogenous SL levels increase in response to deficiency of nitrogen, phosphate, or sulfate (−N, −P, or −S). Rice SL mutants show increased lamina joint (LJ) angle as well as dwarfism, delayed leaf senescence, and enhanced shoot branching. The LJ angle is an important trait that determines plant architecture. To evaluate the effect of endogenous SLs on LJ angle in rice, we measured LJ angle and analyzed the expression of SL-biosynthesis genes under macronutrient deficiencies. In the “Shiokari” background, LJ angle was significantly larger in SL mutants than in the wild-type (WT). In WT and SL-biosynthesis mutants, direct treatment with the SL synthetic analog GR24 decreased the LJ angle. In WT, deficiency of N, P, or S, but not of K, Ca, Mg, or Fe decreased LJ angle. In SL mutants, deficiency of N, P, or S had no such effect. We analyzed the time course of SL-related gene expression in the LJ of WT deficient in N, P, or S, and found that expression of SL-biosynthesis genes increased 2 or 3 days after the onset of deficiency. Expression levels of both the SL-biosynthesis and signaling genes was particularly strongly increased under −P. Rice cultivars “Nipponbare”, “Norin 8”, and “Kasalath” had larger LJ angle than “Shiokari”, interestingly with no significant differences between WT and SL mutants. In “Nipponbare”, endogenous SL levels increased and the LJ angle was decreased under −N and −P. These results indicate that SL levels increased in response to nutrient deficiencies, and that elevated endogenous SLs might negatively regulate leaf angle in rice.

Nutrient–Specific Variation of C–N Metabolism in the Leaves and Roots of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annunm. L) in Response to Macronutrient Deficiency

Nutrient–Specific Variation of C–N Metabolism in the Leaves and Roots of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annunm. L) in Response to Macronutrient Deficiency

Dietary intake of a sample of stunted Egyptian preschool children

Background Growth retardation is highly prevalent among children. Infections and inadequate food intake are well-established causes of growth retardation. Nutrition plays a key role in the control of linear growth. Objective The aim was to assess dietary intake of stunted Egyptian preschool children. Participants and methods The study was designed as a case–control study that included 100 Egyptian children aged 2 to less than 6 years old with delayed linear growth, proportionate stunting, who were randomly selected from the stunted outpatient clinic of National Nutrition Institute. Their results were compared with age-matching and sex-matching controls. All participants were subjected to the following baseline assessment: full history; clinical examination; anthropometric measurements; dietary assessment including '24-h recall and food frequency questionnaire; and laboratory investigation, including he?moglobin concentration, serum Ca, Zn, vitamin A, thyroid stimulating hormone, T4, and T3. Results There was a dietary intake deficiency of several micronutrients among stunted children (primarily Ca, Zn, and vitamin A) as well as all macronutrient intake. Conclusion Dietary deficiency of macronutrients and specific micronutrients may play an essential role in linear growth retardation among stunted children. The calcium intake level among stunted children was far below the recommended figures. Nutrition education messages encouraging adequate consumption of dairy products are needed to counteract this pattern of low calcium intake.

Deficiências de macronutrientes em Abobrinha Italiana (Cucurbita pepo L.): caracterização de sintomas e crescimento

As plantas necessitam de elementos essenciais para sua vida, devido às diversas funções que esses elementos desempenham. descrever e avaliar os sintomas de carência nutricional de macronutrientes em abobrinhaa italiana, através do diagnóstico visual e avaliar os parâmetros de crescimento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o DIC com três repetições, contendo 7 tratamentos, em solução nutritiva. Os tratamentos foram: solução nutritiva completa (controle), soluções nutritivas com omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Após germinadas, as mudas foram translocas para a solução nutritiva completa, com 10% da sua força iônica (período de adaptação), as quais permaneceram sob aeração constante. Posteriormente, foram transplantadas em vasos de plástico (8L) com solução nutritiva. Os sintomas percebidos, foram fotografados e descritos. Após a manifestação dos sintomas visuais de deficiência, as plantas dos tratamentos foram colhidos. A omissão dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg em solução nutritiva resultam em alterações morfológicas, traduzidas em sintomas característicos de deficiência de cada nutriente. A omissão de macronutrientes afeta os parâmetros de crescimento e produção de matéria seca de Abobrinha italiana. De maneira em geral, a omissão de macronutrientes que mais afeta as diferentes partes a plantas foram N e P.

Bariatrik Cerrahide Beslenme Yönetimi

Obezite vücutta sağlığı bozabilecek derecede anormal ve aşırı yağ birikimi olarak tanımlanır. Kronik ve kompleks bir hastalık olan obezitenin prevalansı Türkiye ve dünya genelinde giderek artmaktadır. Obezitenin çevresel, genetik, hormonal, metabolik veya farmakolojik pek çok nedeni bulunmaktadır. Obezitenin tedavisi medikal ve cerrahi tedavi olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Medikal tedavi fiziksel aktivite eşliğinde, yaşam biçimi değişiklikleri hedefleyen sürdürülebilir diyet tedavilerini ve farmakolojik tedavileri içermektedir. Medikal tedavinin sonuç vermediği durumlarda bariatrik cerrahiye başvurulmaktadır. Bariatrik cerrahinin, malabsorbtif, restriktif veya kombine yöntemleri mevcuttur. Operasyonların başarısına postoperatif dönemde hastaların fazla olan vücut ağırlığındaki kayıp oranına bakılarak karar verilmektedir. Bariatrik cerrahinin mortalite oranı yaklaşık %1 olarak bildirilmektedir. Preoperatif dönemde genel bir uygulama olarak komplikasyon riskini en aza indirmek amacıyla vücut ağırlığı kaybı sağlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Postoperatif dönemde ise hastalara ilk günden birkaç aya kadar yoğunluğu giderek artan diyetler uygulanmaktadır. Cerrahi sonrası kısa dönem komplikasyonları arasında bulantı, kusma, dehidratasyon, diyare, konstipasyon, besin intoleransı ve dumping senromu bulunmaktadır. Uzun dönem komplikasyonları olarak ise mikro ve makro besin ögesi yetersizlikleri gösterilmektedir. Perioperatif dönemde komplikasyon risklerinin önüne geçmek ve operasyon başarısını en üst seviyede tutmak için diyetisyenler tarafından hastaya uygun tıbbi beslenme tedavisinin planlanması ve hastaların beslenme takibinin dikkatle yapılması son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada bariatrik cerrahi sürecindeki beslenme ilkeleri hakkında literatür bilgisi derlenmiştir.