Macromolecular Network Research Articles

Dynamic Covalent Macromolecular Networks for Adaptive Drug Delivery Systems: An Informative Review

Dynamic covalent macromolecular networks represent a groundbreaking advancement in adaptive drug delivery systems, enabling precise and controlled drug release in response to various physiological stimuli. These systems rely on dynamic covalent bonds, such as imine, disulfide and boronic ester linkages, which are capable of reversible bond exchange. The ability of these bonds to respond to environmental triggers like pH, temperature, light and redox conditions, makes them highly adaptable for tailored drug release. This review explores the fundamentals of dynamic covalent chemistry and the design and synthesis of macromolecular networks, highlighting their ability to integrate diverse stimuli-responsiveness. Key applications in targeted cancer therapy, smart hydrogels for wound healing, co-delivery of therapeutics and long-term controlled drug release are discussed. These systems are also finding a place in tissue engineering, where adaptive drug release can be synchronized with tissue regeneration. Despite the numerous advantages of dynamic covalent macromolecular networks, challenges remain regarding their scalability, biocompatibility and long-term stability. Overall, dynamic covalent networks hold great potential to revolutionize the field of drug delivery by offering enhanced control, specificity and therapeutic efficacy in complex medical treatments, such as cancer and chronic disease management.

A facile strategy for in-situ polymerization of P[sbnd]N network coatings for durable flame-retardant cellulose

In this study, a facile method for durable flame-retardant modification of cotton fibers by in situ polymerization of PN macromolecular physical networks is presented. The proposed method employs an in-situ Michael addition reaction to form a durable, cross-linked phosphine oxide network coatings using trivinylphosphine oxide (TVPO) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) for flame retardant finishing within the cotton fibers. The fabrics were treated using dry and steam cross-linking methods, followed by multiple laundering cycles. SEM analysis and surface characterization verified the deposition of phosphine oxide macromolecules on the surface and inside the cellulose fibers. The finished fabrics exhibited significant improvements in flame resistance, as demonstrated VFT and LOI, which could reach up to 32.5 %. Enhanced flame retardancy and durability were further confirmed through TG and CCT, characterized by increasing residue from 7.00 % to 41.33 % and reducing THR from 11.67 MJ/m2 to 0.68 MJ/m2. Moreover, the finishing fabrics had very good wash resistance and can remain flame retardant after 50 wash cycles. Possible decomposition mechanisms of flame-retardant cotton fabrics were explored by analysis of evolved gas during decomposition through TG-FTIR. The results indicated that the proposed flame-retardant system offered an effective, formaldehyde-free solution with excellent performance.

Constructing 3D Crosslinked Macromolecular Networks as a Highly Efficient Interface Layer for Ultra-Stable Zn Metal Anodes.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are experiencing rapid development due to their high theoretical capacity, abundant zinc resources, and intrinsic safety. However, the progress of AZIBs is hindered by uncontrollable parasitic reactions and excessive dendrite growth, which compromise the durability and effective utilization of zinc metal anodes. To address these challenges, the study has constructed a 3D crosslinked macromolecular network composed of zinc ion-bonded potato starch (StZ) as an interface layer on Zn foil (StZ-Zn) to inhibit hydrogen evolution, regulate Zn2+ flux, and ensure uniform Zn deposition. Density functional theory calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, COMSOL Multiphysics simulations, and in situ Raman spectra demonstrate that the 3D StZ interface layer facilitates Zn2+ desolvation by restructuring the solvation shells. This process reduces the concentration of H2O at the anode, thereby inhibiting the hydrogen evolution reaction. Consequently, Zn2+ transport is more efficient, promoting a homogeneous Zn2+ flux and enabling dendrite-free Zn deposition. As a result, StZ-Zn||StZ-Zn symmetric cell delivers a superb lifespan of 4800 h at the current density of 5 mA cm-2, and the corresponding cumulative capacity is as high as 12000 mAh cm-2. Notably, StZ-Zn||NaV3O8·1.5H2O full cell can stably operate for 2500 cycles at 5 A g-1 with an outstanding capacity retention of 92%.

Marine durability of carbon black-filled polychloroprene: Effect of seawater ageing on network, tensile and fatigue properties

With the development of marine renewable energies, the durability of materials at sea is more than ever a major issue in reducing the risk of failure of offshore devices. In this aggressive environment, elastomers, and in particular polychloroprene (CR), have many applications because of their good damping and fatigue properties. However, these materials are subject to ageing in service, which leads to changes in their mechanical properties. The ageing of these materials in a marine environment has not been extensively studied, despite the need to predict components lifetimes. This paper investigates the mechanical and microstructural consequences of a carbon black-filled CR degradation when exposed to seawater. To this end, swelling, uniaxial tensile and fatigue tests are carried out on materials previously subjected to accelerated ageing in natural seawater. Particular attention is paid to understanding the physico-chemical phenomena involved, and analysing fracture and fatigue properties in relation to those of the macromolecular network.

Nanocomposites of Thermosetting Polymers and Graphene Quantum Dots—Physical Attributes and Ongoing Progressions

Thermosets, before hardening, consist of independent macromolecules similar to thermoplastics, however, chemical curing of these macromolecules via heat or radiations may form irreversibly crosslinked macromolecular networks between their main chains. Graphene quantum dots are inimitable spherical nano-entities having the advantages of extremely small sizes, of 5-10 nm, very high surface area, surface/edge effects, quantum confinements and a range of physical characteristics including semiconductivity, fluorescence and magnetic properties. Similar to other nanocarbons (like graphene, fullerene or nanodiamonds), graphene quantum dots have been examined as noteworthy nanofillers to enhance the essential physical features of various macromolecular matrices, such as thermosets, thermoplastics and rubbers. Consequently, this review article was intended to systematically discuss the existing scientific state of graphene quantum dots reinforced thermosetting macromolecular matrices for the formation of high performance nanomaterials. According to the literature reports, the type, amount and molecular weight of these macromolecules seemed to affect the epoxy-quantum dots interactions and physical properties, like strength and heat stability of the resulting nanomaterials. Moreover, including graphene quantum dots in thermosetting matrices, like epoxies, hyperbranched polyesters and hyperbranched polyurethanes, has positively influenced the engineering aspects (mainly mechanical and thermal attributes) of the resulting nanocomposites owing to their interactions, compatibility and interfacial tendencies toward these matrices. Principally, epoxy/graphene quantum dots nanocomposites have been fabricated and investigated for the effects of graphene quantum nano-entities on the physical property enhancements of these irreversibly crosslinked macromolecules due to their mutual matrix-nanofiller interfaces. As per our analysis, the literature hitherto on the graphene quantum dots reinforced thermosetting matrix nanocomposites has disclosed significant property improvements of these macromolecules and their promising technological applications for high performance anticorrosion coatings, electromagnetic interference shields and biomedical fields.

Mechanistic elucidation of the molecular weight dependence of corrosion inhibition afforded by polyetherimide coatings

Corrosion of critical metal components exacts a heavy toll in terms of maintenance and replacement costs and damage to ecosystems upon failure. Polymeric barrier coatings protect against corrosion; however, design principles for modulating polymer structure to improve corrosion inhibition remain contested and elusive. Here, we examine molecular-weight-dependent differences in the efficacy of corrosion inhibition on aluminum substrates afforded by polyetherimide (PEI) coatings. Analyses of coated substrates evidence a clear trend denoting improved corrosion inhibition for higher weighted-average molecular weight (MW) PEI. The more rigid and entangled macromolecular network of higher-MW variants exhibit stable impedance values, |Z|0.01 Hz ca. 1010 Ω/cm2, upon extended immersion in brine media, whereas lower-MW variants are readily hydrated and disentangled resulting in a significant reduction in impedance values. Results illuminate mechanistic understanding of molecular-weight-dependence in corrosion inhibition, advance a framework for considering the dynamical evolution of secondary structure, and exemplify generalizable design principles for corrosion inhibition.

Strong and tough anisotropic short-chain chitosan-based hydrogels with optimized sensing properties for flexible strain sensors

Conductive hydrogels are ideal candidates for developing flexible electronic devices, but they still cannot exhibit excellent strength, satisfactory toughness and high conductivity in sync, greatly limiting their further applications. Inspired by the structure-enhanced properties of natural tissues, we adopted a straightforward and efficient methodology for constructing strong and tough anisotropic short-chain chitosan-based hydrogels with salting-assisted tensile remodeling treatment. The anisotropic hydrogels present anisotropic mechanical and electrochemical performance due to the oriented arrangement of chitosan and P(AM-AA) macromolecular networks. The remarkable tensile strength, toughness, and conductivity of parallel-oriented hydrogels are up to 9.01 MPa, 32.77 MJ/m3, and 692.30 mS/m, respectively, which are much higher than that of isotropic and vertical-oriented hydrogels, verifying the structure-optimized mechanical and sensing performance. The anisotropic conductive polypolysaccharide hydrogels are assembled as strain sensors for real-time human movement monitoring, Morse code encryption and decryption transmission, and gesture prediction combined with a machine learning algorithm, providing new inspiration for blossoming strong, flexible electronic products.

Highly sustainable water mist-responsive superwetting sponge (DTMO/FS-50/Hollow-CuCo-ZIF@Sponge) for speedy pollutants removal and solvent-free regeneration

Smart solvent-responsive superwetting materials are particularly favored due to their ability to handle different types of pollutants. However, most of them rely on organic solvent vapors, and neglect the desorption efficiency of pollutants, especially using the solvent-free desorption method. A responsive sponge was fabricated by coating hollow MOFs particles with different sizes, greatly enhancing roughness and porosity, and followed by modification with short-chain fluorinated surfactants, long-chain siloxanes, tannic acid, and polydopamine. There are several advantages in this paper: (I) a hollow MOFs structure was achieved, greatly enhancing specific surface area, porosity, and active sites, which acted as a superior container for responsive modifiers network. (II) the reactions among biomass dopamine hydrochloride (PDA), tannic acid (TA), long-chain siloxanes, short-chain fluorinated surfactants and PU substrate, formed smart responsive biomass macromolecular networks, not only greatly improved adhesion between hollow MOFs and sponge substrate, but also showed enhanced synergistic effects for smart wettability transition. (III) the coated sponge showed smart responsive superwetting behaviors under environmentally friendly water mist rather than organic vapors or unfriendly vapors. (IV) the coated sponge could handle various kinds of pollutants based on polarity selection, and also quickly desorb the pollutants after change the polarity under water mist activation. The intelligent sponge can quickly and selectively adsorbed various microplastics and efficiently deal with oil-in-water and oil-in-water emulsions. It has good mechanical durability, maintaining a separation capacity of more than 88 % after repeated adsorption and desorption of MPs180 times.

The coupling of rotational and translational dynamics for rapid diffusion of nanorods in macromolecular networks

The rod-like viruses show anomalously rapid diffusion in bio-tissue networks originated from the rotation-facilitated transportation; however, the experimental investigation of the correlation of the rotational and translational dynamics is still in blank. Herein, typical rod-like and spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) are dispersed in the classical Tetra-PEG gels, respectively, as model systems for light scattering studies. The contributions from translational and rotational diffusive dynamics, and network fluctuation dynamics can be well-resolved and the stretch exponent of rotational dynamics at 0.25 is proven to be the fingerprint for the coupled rotational and translational dynamics of nanorods. The rotation facilitated re-orientation finally leads to the fast transportation of nanorods. The discoveries are confirmed to be valid for rod-like biomacromolecule systems by studying the diffusive dynamics of Tobacco mosaic virus in gels. The work can be inspiring for the development of protocols to prevent infection of microorganism and regulate the transportation of nano-medicines.

Adaptative survival of Aspergillus fumigatus to echinocandins arises from cell wall remodeling beyond β−1,3-glucan synthesis inhibition

Antifungal echinocandins inhibit the biosynthesis of β−1,3-glucan, a major and essential polysaccharide component of the fungal cell wall. However, the efficacy of echinocandins against the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is limited. Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and other techniques to show that echinocandins induce dynamic changes in the assembly of mobile and rigid polymers within the A. fumigatus cell wall. The reduction of β−1,3-glucan induced by echinocandins is accompanied by a concurrent increase in levels of chitin, chitosan, and highly polymorphic α−1,3-glucans, whose physical association with chitin maintains cell wall integrity and modulates water permeability. The rearrangement of the macromolecular network is dynamic and controls the permeability and circulation of the drug throughout the cell wall. Thus, our results indicate that echinocandin treatment triggers compensatory rearrangements in the cell wall that may help A. fumigatus to tolerate the drugs’ antifungal effects.

Investigating the efficacy of 1,2,4-oxadiazole decorated cross-linked polyamidoxime-based macromolecular networks in metal ions remediation

Investigating the efficacy of 1,2,4-oxadiazole decorated cross-linked polyamidoxime-based macromolecular networks in metal ions remediation

Fabrication and Characterization of Porous PEGDA Hydrogels for Articular Cartilage Regeneration.

Functional articular cartilage regeneration remains an unmet medical challenge, increasing the interest for innovative biomaterial-based tissue engineering (TE) strategies. Hydrogels, 3D macromolecular networks with hydrophilic groups, present articular cartilage-like features such as high water content and load-bearing capacity. In this study, 3D porous polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels were fabricated combining the gas foaming technique and a UV-based crosslinking strategy. The 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels were characterized in terms of their physical, structural and mechanical properties. Our results showed that the size of the hydrogel pores can be modulated by varying the initiator concentration. In vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels presented high biocompatibility both with human chondrocytes and osteoblast-like cells. Importantly, the 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels supported the viability and chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (hBM-MSC)-based spheroids as demonstrated by the positive staining of typical cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) (glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)) and upregulation of chondrogenesis marker genes. Overall, the produced 3D porous PEGDA hydrogels presented cartilage-like mechanical properties and supported MSC spheroid chondrogenesis, highlighting their potential as suitable scaffolds for cartilage TE or disease modelling strategies.

Experimental and simulation studies of degraded EPDM composite in the coupled gamma radiation-thermal environments

The degradation behaviors, mechanisms and compatibility are not well understood and hard to be harnessed for EPDM composite in the coupled gamma radiation-thermal environments. This contribution performs a thorough study accordingly with 0 ∼ 200 kGy dose under temperatures varying from room temperature to 90 °C in N2/O2 mixture atmosphere. Radiation-thermal aging leads to annealing effect and chemi-crystallization that rebuilds the semi-crystalline structure and invokes competitive filler migration, reconfiguration and loss. Crosslinking reactions prevail the scission during the investigated conditions. However, the surface oxidation and damage are not severe. In-situ nondestructive gas-phase FTIR sensitively find the formed various gaseous products, whose generation kinetics behaviors are temperature and dose dependent. Most surprisingly, the radiolysis caused carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are discovered with indispensable gamma radiation, which manifest temperature reined conversion thermodynamics and kinetics behavior. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of gas products is also validated by GC and GC-MS tests. The evolved semi-crystalline structure, macromolecular chain network and filler network significantly impact the mechanical property, but the barrier property and hydrophobic property are slightly influenced. The inverse temperature effect occurred at 50 °C for the mechanical properties, which show abnormal rejuvenation behavior due to the counteraction between aging induced change in molecular structure, aggregation structure and filler reconfiguration, migration and loss. The multiscale structure-property-behavior relationships possess good interdependency, indicating the main aging mechanism and failure mode are almost invariant. By ReaxFF simulation, the complex degradation mechanism for EPDM composite at atomic scale is revealed for the first time.

Simulations on coal water slurry gasification by molecular dynamics method with ReaxFF.

Coal water slurry (CWS) is a new type of liquid coal product with low pollution, which is mainly used in the chemical industry to produce syngas (CO + H2). It is of great significance to study the microscopic mechanism of CWS gasification reaction for improving the efficiency of coal gasification. In this paper, the method of molecular dynamics based on reaction force fields (ReaxFF-MD) is used to study the gasification process of CWS/O2 system at different temperatures. The results show that, in the range of 1600-2400 K, the macromolecular network structure of lignite is decomposed into a large number of small molecular structures and a small number of light tar free radical fragments, and the types and quantities of reaction products increased rapidly. At 2400-4000 K, the free radical fragments of light tar are further decomposed and reacted with gasification agents, but the types and quantities of reaction products have little change. At 3600 K, a full gasification reaction occurred in the system, and the content of syngas is the highest. The model was established and optimized by Materials Studio (MS) software. Based on ReaxFF-MD method, Lammps software was used to simulate the gasification process of CWS/O2 system, and the reaction force field files containing C, H, O, N, and S element were used. By calculating the activation energy of gasification reaction, the rationality of the model and calculation method was illustrated. The post-processing of the results was implemented using OVITO, ChemDraw software, and self-programmed Python scripts.

Composition Distribution of the Thermal Soluble Organics from Naomaohu Lignite and Structural Characteristics of the Corresponding Insoluble Portions.

With cyclohexane (CH), benzene (BE), and ethyl acetate (EA) as solvents, Naomaohu lignite (NL, a typical oil-rich, low-rank coal) from Hami, Xinjiang, was thermally dissolved (TD) to obtain three types of soluble organics (NLCH, NLBE, and NLEA) and the corresponding insoluble portions (NLCH-R, NLBE-R, and NLEA-R). Ultimate analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to characterize NL and its soluble and insoluble portions. Results showed that, compared with NL, the C element in NLCH-R, NLBE-R, and NLEA-R increased, while the O element decreased significantly, indicating that thermal dissolution is a carbon enrichment process and an effective deoxidation method. The GC/MS results showed that oxygen-containing organic compounds (OCOCs) are dominant in NLCH, NLBE, and NLEA. NLCH is mainly composed of ketones (11.90%) and esters (19.04%), while NLBE and NLEA are composed of alcohols (12.18% and 2.42%, respectively) and esters (66.09% and 84.08%, respectively), with alkyl and aromatic acid esters as the main components. Among them, EA exhibits significant selective destruction for oxygen-containing functional groups in NL. XPS, FTIR, and TG-DTG results showed that thermal dissolution can not only affect the macromolecular network structure of NL, but also improve its pyrolysis reactivity. In short, thermal dissolution can effectively obtain oxygen-containing organic compounds from NL.

Microstructure and durability of rapid repair mortar with self-emulsifying waterborne epoxy polymer

Due to the low hydration rate of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), it cannot meet the requirements of rapid repair, especially in negative temperature environments. Simultaneously, facing the harsh marine environment, repair materials urgently need high durability. In this paper, a self-emulsifying waterborne epoxy polymer (WEP) suitable for cement systems was combined with sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) to prepare repair materials. The effect of the WEP on the development of microstructure, auto-drying shrinkage and durability was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance, XRD and SEM methods. Results showed that a continuous interpenetration polymer network (IPN) was intricately woven within the multiphase composites, using the macromolecular network structure formed by —OH groups in WEP and Ca2+ and Al3+ in cement as a bridge. The resistance to chloride migration and water absorption exhibited an increase followed by a decrease. In particular, the resistance to chloride migration was improved by 45 %. Similar trends were observed for the carbonation resistance. Due to the lower porosity and capillary pressure caused by IPN, leading to a decrease in auto-drying shrinkage. Nevertheless, the larger percentage of capillary pores in a mortar with a P/C of 15 % increased the auto-drying shrinkage. The WEP decreased the availability of pores of critical diameter (14 nm) of mortar exposed to water freezing, leading to an increase in the freeze-thaw resistance. The change in P/C hardly affected the resistance to sulfate attack. Under −10°C, at 2 hours, the compressive strength of CSA-based mortar satisfied the load requirements for vehicular operations. This research provides theoretical and practical implications for the repair work of large-scale projects serving in harsh environments.

Interfaces Between Nanoparticle and Biomacromolecular Network: Dynamic Behaviors, Confinement and Entropy

AbstractBiomacromolecular networks, crucial components of biological systems, are of great importance in biological and nanomedical science, in which the interfaces between nanoparticle and macromolecular networks are intriguing and drawing great attention. Herein, this review seeks to present the state‐of‐art progress and perspective of the dynamic behaviors, confinement and entropy at the nanoparticle‐biomacromolecular network interfaces. The basic biomacromolecular networks in living systems, recent research on networks with dynamic bonds and various diffusion behaviors of nanoparticles within biomacromolecular networks are summarized. In particular, entropic effects in the confined environments of biological networks are discussed, along with how they impact the mechanical properties and dynamical behaviors. The interesting research and findings included in this review might offer the scientific community a better understanding of how this field has developed thus far, and are anticipated to trigger more systematic and fundamental research to elucidate the underlying physics and broaden the potential applications of macromolecular networks, biological and artificial.

SLiMAn 2.0: meaningful navigation through peptide-protein interaction networks.

Among the myriad of protein-protein interactions occurring in living organisms, a substantial amount involves small linear motifs (SLiMs) recognized by structured domains. However, predictions of SLiM-based networks are tedious, due to the abundance of such motifs and a high portion of false positive hits. For this reason, a webserver SLiMAn (Short Linear Motif Analysis) was developed to focus the search on the most relevant SLiMs. Using SLiMAn, one can navigate into a given (meta-)interactome and tune a variety of parameters associated to each type of SLiMs in attempt to identify functional ELM motifs and their recognition domains. The IntAct and BioGRID databases bring experimental information, while IUPred and AlphaFold provide boundaries of folded and disordered regions. Post-translational modifications listed in PhosphoSite+ are highlighted. Links to PubMed accelerate scrutiny into the literature, to support (or not) putative pairings. Dedicated visualization features are also incorporated, such as Cytoscape for macromolecular networks and BINANA for intermolecular contacts within structural models generated by SCWRL 3.0. The use of SLiMAn 2.0 is illustrated on a simple example. It is freely available at https://sliman2.cbs.cnrs.fr.

Early Detection and Monitoring of Anastomotic Leaks via Naked Eye-Readable, Non-Electronic Macromolecular Network Sensors.

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is the leaking of non-sterile gastrointestinal contents into a patient's abdominal cavity. AL is one of the most dreaded complications following gastrointestinal surgery, with mortality rates reaching up to 27%. The current diagnostic methods for anastomotic leaks are limited in sensitivity and specificity. Since the timing of detection directly impacts patient outcomes, developing new, fast, and simple methods for early leak detection is crucial. Here, a naked eye-readable, electronic-free macromolecular network drain fluid sensor is introduced for continuous monitoring and early detection of AL at the patient's bedside. The sensor array comprises three different macromolecular network sensing elements, each tailored for selectivity toward the three major digestive enzymes found in the drainage fluid during a developing AL. Upon digestion of the macromolecular network structure by the respective digestive enzymes, the sensor produces an optical shift discernible to the naked eye. The diagnostic efficacy and clinical applicability of these sensors are demonstrated using clinical samples from 32 patients, yielding a Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC) of 1.0. This work has the potential to significantly contribute to improved patient outcomes through continuous monitoring and early, low-cost, and reliable AL detection.

Dual Self-Assembly of Puerarin and Silk Fibroin into Supramolecular Nanofibrillar Hydrogel for Infected Wound Treatment.

The treatment of infected wounds remains a challenging biomedical problem. Some bioactive small-molecule hydrogelators with unique rigid structures can self-assemble into supramolecular hydrogels for wound healing. However, they are still suffered from low structural stability and bio-functionality. Herein, a supramolecular hydrogel antibacterial dressing with a dual nanofibrillar network structure is proposed. A nanofibrillar network created by a small-molecule hydrogelator, puerarin extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Pueraria, is interconnected with a secondary macromolecular silk fibroin nanofibrillar network induced by Ga ions via charge-induced supramolecular self-assembly. The resulting hydrogel features adequate mechanical strength for sustainable retention at wounds. Good biocompatibility and efficient bacterial inhibition are obtained when the Ga ion concentration is 0.05%. Otherwise, the substantial release of Ga ions and puerarin endows the hydrogel with excellent hemostatic and antioxidative properties. In vivo, evaluation of a mouse-infected wound model demonstrates that its healing effect outperformed that of a commercially available silver-containing wound dressing. The experimental group successfully achieves a 100% wound closure rate on day 10. This study sheds new light on the design of nanofibrillar hydrogels based on supramolecular self-assembly of naturally derived bioactive molecules as well as their clinical use for treating chronic infected wounds.