Macrolepiota Procera Research Articles

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR MYCELIAL GROWTH OF Macrolepiota procera MUSHROOM

Macrolepiota procera, commonly called the Parasol Mushroom, is a delicious mushroom collected from the nature and commonly consumed by the public in many regions of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the optimum culture conditions (pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources) for mycelial growth of M. procera. Three pH values (pH 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0), four incubation temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C), seven carbon (C) sources (dextrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose and xylose) and six nitrogen (N) sources ((NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3 and Ca(NO3)2, malt extract, peptone and yeast extract) were investigated. In the second step of the study, the effect of seven pH values (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the mycelial colony diameter was examined at 20 and 25°C since these temperatures gave the best mycelial growth in the previously conducted temperature experiment. The best mycelial growth was determined at pH 6.0. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of M. procera was found as 25°C. The use of glucose as carbon source and yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen source in the culture medium gave the best results for mycelial growth. Determining of optimum culture conditions for mycelial growth of M. procera will provide important contributions to the fortcoming studies on it’s commercially cultivation in Turkey.

Lead isotope ratios as tool for elucidation of chemical environment in a system of Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer-soil.

The analysis of isotope ratios of lead in the mushrooms and soil, where they were grown, assisted with a principal component analysis, offered a new perspective for understanding possible chemical environment in a real setup of those compartments. The content of lead and its isotope compositions were determined in soil samples and mushroom Macrolepiota procera from unpolluted area of Mountain Goč, Serbia. Sequential extraction procedure based on the Commission of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was applied on soil samples in order to determine the distribution of lead in the labile and un-labile fractions of the soil. Caps and stipes of mushrooms were subjected to microwave acid-assisted digestion prior to measurements by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometer for determination of lead content and lead isotope ratios. Information about the chemical fractionation of Pb in soil, Pb isotopic data from soil fractions and fruiting bodies allowed a more detailed insight on the uptake mechanisms. Lead was predominantly associated with reducible fraction (~ 60%). Only its small portion (∼ 1%) was present in the exchangeable and acid-extractable fractions suggesting the low mobility of Pb. Lead isotope analysis revealed the presence of anthropogenic lead in the surface soil. Significant lower 206Pb/207Pb compared with other fractions was found in exchangeable and acid-soluble fraction (1.331 ± 0.010), which corresponds to the isotope ratio of European gasoline. The highest 206Pb/207Pb ratio was observed in reducible fraction (1.162 ± 0.007), while in oxidizable and residual fraction, those values were similar (1.159 ± 0.006 and 1.159 ± 0.004, respectively). Distinction of exchangeable and acid-extractable fractions from others was also confirmed, for the first time, by principal component analysis. The analysis of four isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, 206Pb/204Pb, and 207Pb/204Pb) indicated that the analyzed M. procera accumulates lead from the first two fractions of topsoil layers.

Macrolepiota in Korea: New Records and a New Species

The genus Macrolepiota (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) is easy to recognize at the genus level because of big, fleshy basidiocarps with squamules covering the pileus; a single or double annulus; and big, thick-walled basidiospores with a germ pore. However, morphological identification is often unreliable in Macrolepiota due to similar morphological features among species. Due to the uncertainty of previous morphological identification in the genus Macrolepiota, it is necessary to re-examine Korean Macrolepiota using molecular data. We re-examined 34 Macrolepiota specimens collected from 2012 to 2018 in Korea using a reverse taxonomic approach, whereby species identification was first done based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region analysis, followed by morphological confirmation. We identified the presence of four species: M. detersa, M. mastoidea, M. procera, and M. umbonata sp. nov. Two species (M. detersa and M. mastoidea) were previously unrecorded from Korea and M. umbonata is a new species. Detailed descriptions of all four species and taxonomic key are provided in this study. Macrolepiota procera and M. umbonata are distributed through the country, but M. detersa and M. mastoidea are distributed only in limited areas. According to our results, the combination of ITS locus and morphology proved to be a robust approach to evaluate the taxonomic status of Macrolepiota species in Korea. Additional surveys are needed to verify the species diversity and clarify their geographic distribution.

SPECIES OF FUNGI RECOMMENDED FOR INCLUSION IN THE 3rd EDITION OF THE RED DATA BOOK OF THE KOMI REPUBLIC

This article presents the list of fungal species recommended for inclusion in the new edition of the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic, and information about changes sincethe previous edition. During 2008-2018, we inventoried the mycobiota and the status of the populations of rare species of fungi in previously unexplored areas and received new data on their distribution, ecological and biological features. Based on the results, we can suggest 65 species for protection: 35 of them should be transferred from the previous Red Data Book edition (2009) with the same status, and the 30 new species of macromycetes are Trichoderma nybergianum, Verpa conica, Microstoma protractum, Bovista paludosa, Echinoderma echinaceum, Entoloma incanum, Chrysomphalina chrysophylla, Cuphophyllus cinerellus, Hygrophorus inocybiformis, Phaeocollybia festiva, Baeospora myriadophylla, Clitocybula lignicola, Crinipellis piceae, Tectella patellaris, Pluteus umbrosus, Leucocortinarius bulbiger, Omphaliaster borealis, Ripartites tricholoma, Boletinus asiaticus, B. spectabilis, Suillus acidus, S. americanus, Geastrum pectinatum, Ramaria fennica, R. karstenii, R. rubella, Polyporus umbellatus, Lactarius alpinus, L. brunneoviolaceus, and L. dryadophilus . Six species ( Pluteus umbrosus, Leucocortinarius bulbiger, Geastrum pectinatum, Polyporus umbellatus, Ramaria fennica, R. karstenii ) are reported for the first time for the region. Four species ( Ganoderma lucidum, Polyporus umbellatus, Sarcosoma globosum, Sparassis crispa ) are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008). We suggest seven species of fungi to be excluded from the new edition of the Red Data Book. Some of them are common in disturbed sites (Gyromitra infula, Lepista nuda and Phaeolepiota aurea ). Others should be delisted due to a significant number of new findings in recent years (Ptychoverpa bohemica and Tricholomopsis decora ). Two species were misidentified (Macrolepiota procera and Grifola frondosa ) and so should also be excluded from the red list.

Predicting the timing of ecological phenomena using dates of species occurrence records: a methodological approach and test case with mushrooms.

Spatiotemporal predictions of ecological phenomena are highly useful and significant in scientific and socio-economic applications. However, the inadequate availability of ecological time-series data often impedes the development of statistical predictions. On the other hand, considerable amounts of temporally discrete biological records (commonly known as 'species occurrence records') are being stored in public databases, and often include the location and date of the observation. In this paper, we describe an approach to develop spatiotemporal predictions based on the dates and locations found in species occurrence records. The approach is based on 'time-series classification', a field of machine learning, and consists of applying a machine-learning algorithm to classify between time series representing the environmental variation that precedes the occurrence records and time series representing the full range of environmental variation that is available in the location of the records. We exemplify the application of the approach for predicting the timing of emergence of fruiting bodies of two mushroom species (Boletus edulis and Macrolepiota procera) in Europe, from 2009 to 2015. Predictions made from this approach were superior to those provided by a 'null' model representing the average seasonality of the species. Given the increased availability and information contained in species occurrence records, particularly those supplemented with photographs, the range of environmental events that could be possible to predict using this approach is vast.

The content of copper, zinc, and nickel in the selected species of edible mushrooms

Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate the accumulation level of copper, zinc and nickel in forest mushrooms – Bay Bolete (Xerocomus badius), Saffron Milk Cap (Lactarius deliciosus), Rough-Stemmed Bolete (Leccinum scabrum), Slippery Jack (Suillus luteus) and Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). The analysed mushrooms were obtained from growth forests located in the Masovian Voivodeship in the following counties: Siedlce, Sokołów, Łosice and Łuków. Total content of metals was determined using the method of atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma, after the earlier mineralisation of materials ‘by dry combustion’ in a muffle furnace at the temperature of 450°C, and after melting of ash in a 10% solution of HCl. In the soil samples taken from the places where the tested mushrooms occur, pH in 1 mol KCl·dm-3 and total content of copper, zinc and nickel were determined by the ICP-AES method after earlier mineralization in mixture of concentration HCl and HNO3 (3:1) in a microwave system. Test results were statistically analysed with the use of software STATISTICA 12 PL (STATSOFT, TULSA, USA). The analysed mushrooms had diverse content of the determined metals. The highest total average content of copper and zinc was present in Bay Bolete: 34.83 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 155.50 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and the highest average content of nickel was contained in Rough-Stemmed Bolete – 2.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m.. The lowest average content of copper and zinc was determined in Rough-Stemmed Bolete: 11.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 91.90 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and lowest total average content of nickel was present in Bay Bolete – 1.05 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. No excessive accumulation of examined heavy metals was stated in the analysed mushrooms species.

Accumulation of U, Th, Pb, V, Rb, and Ag in wild mushrooms Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer from Goč, Serbia.

In this study, the content of U, Th, Pb, V, Rb, and Ag in 19 soil samples from unpolluted Goč Mountain area (Serbia) was determined. The same elements were determined in 19 Macrolepiota procera samples, separately for caps and stipes. Soil samples were subjected to the BCR sequential extraction procedure. Element contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Obtained soil values for U were in the range from 0.30 to 0.86mg/kg and for Th from 1.7 to 13.2mg/kg. These values are the first for background levels at unpolluted Goč area, and they are lower than the corresponding values for European unpolluted soil. The mean values in soil for Pb, V, Rb, and Ag were 27.6, 57.4, 15.8, and 0.76mg/kg, respectively. PCA was applied to establish criteria for translocation of the analyzed elements between two parts of the mushroom. Efficient translocation for all elements except Ag as the main amount of the elements was found in caps. The mean content in the caps for U and Th was 4.3 and 63μg/kg, respectively. Bioconcentration factors were much higher than 1 only for Rb and Ag. M. procera only weakly accumulates U and Th from soil in unpolluted areas. These findings indicate limited role of M. procera in the mycoremediation of the mentioned actinides.

Nongreen revolution: a case study of wild-grown edible mushroom

Mushroom's biological content has a positive effect on human welfare which is called "nongreen revolution". It has an economic and social component that provides long-term food nutrition, environmental conservation, and regeneration of valuable resources. This article provides evidence that mushrooms can be a healthy food alternative to meat. In this study, analyzed data was collected from Marmara region of Turkey using a survey method. A survey questionnaire was prepared and distributed to a total sample size of 408 participants. Linear regression model y = α + β1×1+β2×2 was administered to determine the relationship of the variables. Secondary data were also used for the literature of the study. The study revealed that the consumption of mushroom accounts for 13.2% of the consumption of meat at the time of mushroom collection period. Consequently, it showed also that for every 1% increase in consumption of two species of mushrooms (Lactarius semisanguifluus and Macrolepiota procera var.) meat consumption decreases (-4.39, -2.97%).

Scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide contents in soil from Serbia and their accumulation in the mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer.

The mobility (fractionation) of rare earth elements (REEs) and their possible impacts on ecosystems are still relatively unknown. Soil samples were collected from two sites in central Serbia, an unpolluted mountain region (site 1) and a forest near a city (site 2). In order to investigate REE fractions (acid-soluble/exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) in soils, BCR sequential extraction was performed. Additionally, the content of REEs was also determined in stipes and caps of the mushroom Macrolepiota procera, growing in the observed sites. Sc, Y, and lanthanide contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and results were subjected to multivariate data analysis. Application of pattern recognition technique revealed the existence of two distinguished clusters belonging to different geographical sites and determined by greater levels of Sc, Y, and lanthanides in Goč soil compared to Trstenik soil. Additionally, PCA analysis showed that REEs in soil were concentrated in two groups: the first consisted of elements belonging to light REEs and the second contained heavy REEs. These results suggest that the distribution of REEs in soils could indicate the geographical origin and type of soil. The bioconcentration factors and translocation factors for each REE were also calculated. This study provides baseline data on the rare earth element levels in the wild edible mushroom M. procera, growing in Serbia. In terms of bioconcentration and bioexclusion concept, Sc, Y, and REEs were bioexcluded in M. procera for both studied sites.

Radiocesium (137Cs) and Mineral Elements in Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms from the Southern Outskirts of Kyiv, Ukraine.

In recent decades, the estimation of radionuclide and heavy metal levels in culinary-medicinal mushrooms has been of interest because some of them have proven to be hyperaccumulators of toxic elements. This article presents results on radiocesium (137Cs) activity in fruit bodies of medicinal-culinary mushrooms-Agaricus sylvaticus Schaeff., Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Vitt.) Vellinga, Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson, Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo, Coprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) Pers., Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With., Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill, Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray, Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer, Melanoleuca brevipes (Bull.) Pat., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., Xerocomellus chrysenteron (Bull.) Sutara, nonedible Echinoderma asperum (Pers.) Bon, and toxic species Agaricus xanthodermus Genev.-collected in 2015, as well as magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, cadmium, selenium, lead, and mercury content in medicinal-culinary species-Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm., Ch. rhacodes, C. comatus, Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Gyroporus cyanescens (Bull.) Quel., L. scabrum, M. procera, P. ostreatus, and X. chrysenteron-collected during 2016-2017 on the southern outskirts of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The data obtained suggest safe levels of radiocesium and some essential and toxic elements in mushroom fruit bodies. All the investigated species are collective sorbents of magnesium, manganese, copper, and zinc; thus, they represent the source of the intake of these elements in the human body. The species-specific manner of mineral element accumulation was observed. In addition to medicinal values, some species (in particular, M. procera and Ch. rhacodes) are of interest as potential informative bioindicators of heavy metal contamination of the environment.

Aminokiselinski sastav i antioksidacijska aktivnost odabranih gljiva Bosne i Hercegovine

Many studies highlight the health benefits of mushrooms, which are consequently becoming more and more interesting for researchers. The content of amino acids (AA), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidative activity (AAc) were determined in wild as well as cultivated mushrooms. The AA included: L-tryptophan (Trp), L-arginine (Arg), L-cysteine (Cys), L-methionine (Met), L-alanine (Ala), L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-lysine (Lys), L-valine (Val), L-glycine (Gly), and L-leucine (Leu). The wild mushrooms: Lactarius piperatus, Amanita caesarea, Lactarius deliciosus, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Macrolepiota procera, and cultivated mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus, Boletus aestivalis, Cantharellus cibarius, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Agaricus bisporus var. avellaneus were investigated in this study. The AA was determined by HPTLC method and quantified with a Camag TLC scanner and WINCAT software by scanning the plates at 540 nm. The TPC was spectrophotometrically estimated as gallic acid equivalents/g of fresh weight according to Folin-Ciocalteu’s method. The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of mushroom extracts was determined by DPPH assay. The highest content of Ala, Gly, Phe, Lys, Val, and Leu was found in Pleurotus ostreatus. The total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) in investigated mushrooms ranged from 1.90 to 35.56, and the % RSA ranged from 43.88 to 90.17. This study promotes the consumption of food rich in bioactive compounds, mushrooms being among such food. Further research on mushrooms from Bosnia and Herzegovina and their benefits in the overall maintenance of human health and protection from age-related diseases is necessary.

Antibiofilm activity of mushroom extracts against Staphylococcus aureus

Mushrooms are a renowned source of products with an array of bioactivities, from antibacterial to antiviral, cytotoxic, antifeeding, antifungal or antioxidant and might be a valuable resource in the search of new bioactive extracts to inhibit biofilm production. We demonstrate the effect of five mushroom water extracts Macrolepiota procera, Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula-judae, Armillaria mellea and Laetiporus sulphurous on biofilm formation of four Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from ixodid ticks (Acari) and ewe´s milk. The PCR was used for detection of virulence genes (hla, isdA, B, bbp, sirB, fnbpA, sdrE, agr II). The ability of biofilm formation and anti-biofilm activity of mushrooms extracts was assessed in a quantitative crystal violet assay. The biofilm formation of S. aureus strains was significantly reduced by all mushrooms extracts (p < 0.001). We showed that more significant anti-biofilm effect of the extracts was of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ixodid ticks in comparison to Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ewe´s milk. In the present study, A. mellea, P. ostreatus, L. sulphurous, A. auricula-judae and M. procera extracts inhibited biofilm formation by 70.87%, 67.00%, 64.14%, 62.77% and 47.71%, respectively. The results suggest that compounds in mushrooms extracts might be useful to control and handle detrimental infections caused by animal and human pathogens.

Partial Purification and Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase from the Wild Edible Mushroom Lepiota Procera Using Three-Phase Partitioning

Abstract Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from the wild edible mushroom Lepiota procera is partially purified and biochemically characterized using three-phase partitioning (TPP), which is an easily applied and effective method. This method includes ammonium sulfate saturation at different concentrations, t-butanol addition (1:1; 1:5), and adjustment of pH. Optimum purification parameters with 20% ammonium sulfate saturation and 1:1 t-butanol conditions led to the highest activity at bottom phase with 8.4 fold purification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed the molecular weight of the purified enzyme to be 35 kDa. The partially purified PPO presented a high level of activity with L-DOPA (Michaelis-Menten constant, Km – 0.12 mM), followed by caffeic acid (0.27 mM) and 4-methylcatechol (0.46 mM) and it is classified as a catecholase type of PPO. The enzyme had peak activity at a temperature of 40 °C and a pH value of 7.0. These results demonstrate a new enzyme source and easy purification method, useful for various industrial applications.

Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Lanostane Triterpenoids from the Polish Edible Mushroom Macrolepiota procera.

This study features the isolation and identification of 12 lanostane-type triterpenoids, namely lepiotaprocerins A-L, 1-12, from the fruiting bodies of the Poland-collected edible mushroom Macrolepiota procera. The structures and the absolute configurations of the new compounds were ambiguously established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Structurally, lepiotaprocerins A-F, 1-6, are distinguished by the presence of a rare "1-en-1,11-epoxy" moiety which has not been previously described in the lanostane class. Biologically, lepiotaprocerins A-F, 1-6, displayed more significant inhibitions of nitric oxide (NO) production than the positive control L- NG-monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) (IC50 47.1 μM), and lepiotaprocerins G-L, 7-12, showed various cytotoxicity potencies against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Compound 9 also displayed antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 50 μg/mL.

The Most Popular Edible Wild Mushrooms in Vezirköprü District of Samsun Province

Edible wild mushrooms are becoming more and more important in our diet for their nutritional and pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to gather information about edible wild mushroom species existed in mycobiota of Vezirköprü district of Samsun province that are economically important and are collected from nature by the villagers and sold in the local markets. The mushroom samples were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features. The information, obtained on the collecting time, local names and habitats of the mushrooms was inquired from the sellers, consumers and traders. Cantharellus cibarius, Morchella spp. and Boletus edulis species are not only sold in the Vezirköprü market but also exported. Amanita caesarea, Cantharellus ferruginascens, Craterellus cornucopioides, Clitocybe geotropa, Hydnum repandum, H. rufescens, Lactarius deliciosus, L. semisanguifluus, L. vellereus, L. vinosus, Macrolepiota procera, Ramaria spp., Russula delica and Tricholoma terreum are species of mushrooms with high edible quality and economical importance.

Enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant properties of six mushroom species from the Agaricaceae family

Mushrooms are excellent sources of nutraceuticals and have attracted much interest as functional foods. In this work the inhibitory capacity of six macrofungus (Coprinus comatus, Macrolepiota mastoidea, Agaricus campestris, Lycoperdon utriforme, Macrolepiota procera, and Leucoagaricus leucothites) against key enzymes related to diabetes type II (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), Alzheimer's disease [acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)] was assessed for the first time. The antioxidant properties (total antioxidant capacity, metal chelating, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays) and phenolic contents of the selected mushroom species were also evaluated. We found that L. utriforme had the highest enzyme inhibitory activity (0.97mg galantamine equivalents (GALAE)/g extract, 1.33mg GALAE/g extract, 0.22mmol acarbose equivalents (ACAE)/g extract, and 2.97mmol ACAE/g extract against AChE, BChE, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, respectively). A widely consumed mushroom species namely A. campestris possessed the highest phenolic content (15.63mg GAE/g extract) and the maximum antioxidant potential against DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC. Experimental data collected in the present study support the use of these mushrooms specially L. utriforme and A. campestris as functional foods for the management and/or prevention of diabetes type II, Alzheimer's disease, and oxidative stress related complications.

Statistical Characterization of the Phytochemical Characteristics of Edible Mushroom Extracts

ABSTRACTThe antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of 10 edible mushrooms species, including cultivated (Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus white and brown) and wild (P. ostreatus, Macrolepiota procera, Cantharellus cibarius, Russula vesca, Russula alutacea, Boletus edulis and Agaricus campestris), were determined. The extraction was performed using water and 50% water–ethanol and the caps and stipe were investigated separately. Water was the most appropriate solvent for phenolic compounds regardless of the sample. In contrast, the presence of ethanol in the solvent increased the extraction of flavonoids for cultivated P. ostreatus (caps and stipe), and wild R. alutacea, R. vesca, A. campestris, P. ostreatus (only caps) and C. cibarius, M. procera (only stipe). Significant differences between the antioxidant activities of the samples were registered in relationship with the different solvents. The antioxidant activity of water extract of dried A. bisporus brown (cultivated) showed the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals-scavenging assay (88.64%), while the B. edulis hydroalcoholic extract contained 74.93%. A detailed investigation into the functional group of phenolics and other organic compounds responsible with the antioxidant activity has been performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra showed that the solvent-type directly influences the extraction process and, hence, the antioxidant activity. The present study contributes to information concerning mushrooms as sources of biologically active compounds. To investigate the correlations between phytochemical characteristics (i.e., phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity) closely related to nature of solvents, the statistical analysis was performed.

Potential Anticancer Activity of the Parasol Mushroom, Macrolepiota procera (Agaricomycetes), against the A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line.

Mushrooms comprise an unlimited source of active compounds that have beneficial health effects without known negative side effects and can potentially be used as important therapeutic products against cancer, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. In this study we investigated the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, apoptotic, and anti-invasion effects of Macrolepiota procera, which is valued as an edible and medicinal mushroom, on A549 lung cancer cells. The cytotoxic effect of the M. procera extract was determined by using the XTT method. Total RNA was isolated from cells with TRI Reagent to determine the apoptotic effect of the extract, after which complementary DNA was synthesized. Expression profiles of the target genes were determined by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and protein changes were determined by using Western blotting. We used the TUNEL assay to evaluate the apoptotic effects of the M. procera extract. Effects of M. procera on cell invasion were investigated by using a Matrigel chamber assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of the M. procera extract was determined to be 2 mg/mL against A549 lung cancer cells at 72 hours. According to our results, expression of Cyclin Dl, CDK4, CDK6, Bcl-2, Akt, and NOXA genes significantly decreased and that of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, PTEN, PUMA, p21, and p53 increased in cells from the dose group compared with their expression in control cells. According to the results of the TUNEL assay, 28 ± 3.6% of cells were apoptotic in the dose group. The M. procera extract also reduced invasion in A549 cancer cells. The results suggest that M. procera has an antiproliferative effect in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Sastav mikro i makroelemenata i nutritivna vrednost u tri jestive pečurke iz Srbije

Nutrition value, as well as macro- and microconstituents of three edible mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Macrolepiota procera) collected in Serbia were tested. It has been determined that all three mushroom samples were low in energy, fat and carbohydrates, but rich in β-glucans content. The most abundant elements in these three mushrooms were essential marcroelements Ca, K and P, but also there is a significant amount of Li, Se and Zn. On the other hand, toxic elements, such as Pb, As and Cd were also detected in level higher than allowed.

Edible mushrooms of Mizoram

Twenty-seven (27) species of edible mushrooms growing in both soil and wood have been described here from Mizoram, India. All the species were identified based on their morphological, both macro- and microscopic characteristics. The study was carried out during July 2013 to October 2016. Wood inhabiting fungi viz. Schizophyllum commune (pasi), Lentinula lateritia (pa pal), Auricularia auricular-judae (Pu Vana beng), Lentinus tigrinus (pa hnahkhar), L. polychrous (pa chang/pa puanveng) and soil growing fungi viz., Lactifluus corrugis (pa uithin), Lactarius piperatus (pa lengvar), Macrolepiota dolichaula (pa se-ek), Russula subfragiliformis (pa lengsen), Termotomyces heimii (pa sawntlung), Volvariella taylorii (changel pa) are the edible species known to the local community. Other edible species yet unknown to the local community in Mizoram are also recorded viz., Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera, Ramariopsis kunzei, Russula aurora, R. compacta, R. cyanoxantha, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. djamor, Tremella fuciformis, T. mesenterica, Laetiporus suphureus and Fistulina hepatica.