Species Of Macrofungi Research Articles

First Report on Macrofungi in the Greenhouses of the Donetsk Botanical Garden (Russia)

Totally, 26 species of macrofungi of two phyla, Basidiomycota (23 species, 88%) and Ascomycota (three species, 12%) – were recorded in the greenhouses of the Donetsk Botanical Garden over a 12-year period (2007–2008 and 2015–2024). Seven species – Cyathus striatus, Gymnopilus liquiritiae, Mycena epipterygia, M. leptocephala, Panaeolus fimicola, Peziza varia, and P. vesiculosa – were reported for the first time for the territory of the Donetsk Botanical Garden. The species diversity of macrofungi in greenhouses is relatively low – 10–18% of the species recorded in the anthropogenically transformed regional ecosystems of Donbass. Multiregional cosmopolitans (20 species, 77%) and saprotrophs (17 species, 65%) dominated among fungal species by species composition and trophic spectrum respectively. Two peaks of fruiting body formation were observed: the winter peak – in January and February, and the autumn peak – in October. Macrofungi communities of greenhouses are composed mostly of accidentally introduced species. The incoming of fungi into the greenhouses occurred with organic substrates of local and foreign origin. This may facilitate the introduction and subsequent naturalization of alien fungi in the regional phytocoenoses.

Macrofungi Determined in Aluçdağı Nature Park (Çamlıdere, Ankara) and its Close Environs

The study is based on the macrofungi samples collected from Aluçdağı Nature Park and its environs between 2021 and 2024. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 124 macrofungi species belonging to 2 divisions, 4 classes, 15 orders, 50 families and 86 genera were determined. All of the determined species are new for the region, and 68 are new for Ankara province. The list of the species is presented together with their localities, habitats or substrates, collection dates and voucher numbers.

First report, phytochemical screening, and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of Macrolepiota mastoidea (Fr.) Singer mushroom extract in the Southwest region of Brazil

The Agaricales family is rich in species of edible macrofungi. Macrolepiota mastoidea is a representative of this group, found in various regions of the world, including Brazil. It is an edible species with several recorded biological activities. This study aimed to report the first findings on M. mastoidea and its phytochemical screening, as well as its antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in a 70% (v/v) hydroethanolic extract from fresh mushrooms. M. mastoidea was collected from a Cerrado area in the Southwest of Goiás, Brazil. The hydroethanolic extract was produced, and the phytochemical screening was conducted for various phytochemical groups. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH free radical model, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity was determined using Electrophorus electricus type VI. The results showed the presence of various phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, sugars, flavonoids, and tannins. The DPPH reduction activity was IC50 305.16 µg mL-1, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition was 72%. Macrolepiota mastoidea demonstrated potential for further pharmacological studies with promising biological activities.

New additions to the list of fungi of Türkiye-3

The book titled "List of Fungi of Türkiye", which is an important document for researchers working mycology, was published in 2020 and contains a checklist of all micro and macrofungus species recorded from Turkey. In addition, all fungal species are given Turkish scientific names in this book. In 2022 and 2024, two additional articles were prepared and the records after the publication of the book were included in these articles. With these studies, it is tried to keep the book and the checklist up to date. The present study is a continuation of these articles, and a total of 92 taxa (1 division, 3 families, 6 genera and 82 species) recorded from Türkiye by various researchers because of the literature searches have been added to the checklist. As a result of three update articles published after the publication of the book, the number of fungal species recorded in Turkey reached 6126 and the total number of taxa reached 7902. In this study, the method followed in the writing of the book was followed and Turkish scientific names were given to the 92 taxa identified as new records from Türkiye.

Deep Learning-Based Classification of Macrofungi: Comparative Analysis of Advanced Models for Accurate Fungi Identification.

This study focuses on the classification of six different macrofungi species using advanced deep learning techniques. Fungi species, such as Amanita pantherina, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius deliciosus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Tricholoma terreum were chosen based on their ecological importance and distinct morphological characteristics. The research employed 5 different machine learning techniques and 12 deep learning models, including DenseNet121, MobileNetV2, ConvNeXt, EfficientNet, and swin transformers, to evaluate their performance in identifying fungi from images. The DenseNet121 model demonstrated the highest accuracy (92%) and AUC score (95%), making it the most effective in distinguishing between species. The study also revealed that transformer-based models, particularly the swin transformer, were less effective, suggesting room for improvement in their application to this task. Further advancements in macrofungi classification could be achieved by expanding datasets, incorporating additional data types such as biochemical, electron microscopy, and RNA/DNA sequences, and using ensemble methods to enhance model performance. The findings contribute valuable insights into both the use of deep learning for biodiversity research and the ecological conservation of macrofungi species.

Biodiversity of Macrofungi in Mapinguari National Park, Amazonas, Brazil

Objective: This study aimed to survey the fungal species found in PARNA Mapinguari-AM. Theoretical framework: Fungi are well known for their function as decomposers of organic matter, and have great ecological importance for maintaining the cycle of life. In the Amazon region, there is a vast diversity of macrofungi present, which can have very useful and important applications. These are important for human life, as they stand out in several areas, mainly ecological and economic. Method: The field research was carried out in the period from July to October 2022 and from September to November 2023. On the three trails existing in the park, it was decided to work only on trail 01 due to access and logistics of the research. The walking method was used along the 5 km of each trail, in order to demarcate the areas of possible macrofungi in substrates. Results and Discussion: Twenty-nine species of macrofungi were found and identified, divided into five families with the highest occurrence in the order Polyporales. Positive results were obtained, since the Mapinguari National Park has a large quantity of decomposing substrates, in addition to parts with high humidity, thus making it possible to find an excessive quantity of macrofungi specimens. Implications of the research: The results of this unprecedented study carried out in the area reveal the potential of the rich fungal biodiversity. Originality/value: Studies of macrofungi surveys contribute to the expansion of knowledge of mycological diversity. Therefore, the implementation of environmental education through interpretive trails as a perspective for this conservation unit in order to preserve and conserve the species of macrofungi existing in the park, as well as recording the existing macrofungi from trails 2 and 3 of the Mapinguari National Park are of fundamental importance for scientific knowledge.

Rare in Ukraine and new for the Ukrainian Carpathians species of macrofungi recorded in the Kamenystyi protected area (Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park)

A list of 20 rare in Ukraine species of macrofungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) recorded in 2012–2023 in the Kamenisty protected area (Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park, Ivano-Frankivsk Region) is provided. Of them, 12 records are new for the Ukrainian Carpathians. Information about habitats, substrate preferences, ecological features and general distribution of the fungi is provided. Eight species (Clitocybe angustissima, Cortinarius praestans, C. prasinus, Discina fastigiata, Hygrophorus poetarum, Lactarius acerrimus, Leucopaxillus gentianeus and Tricholoma pardinum), which are red-listed in a number of European countries, are recommended to be included in the Red List of fungi of Ivano-Frankivsk Region.

Influence of Storage Methods on the Vitality and Growth Rate of Macrofungi

The work contains a comparative analysis of methods for storing pure cultures of macrofungi. The study used 20 species of macrofungi from various taxonomic and ecological-trophic groups. Storage was carried out using five methods: serial subculturing, storage under a layer of distilled water and three cryopreservation protocols: a protocol using blocks of agar medium, a “perlite protocol” and a “grain protocol”. For the selected cryostorage methods, various cryoprotective compounds (glycerol, trehalose) were used. Radial growth rate was used as a criterion for the state of crops. The values of the radial growth rate obtained immediately after isolation of the pure culture were chosen as the control. It has been shown that the most favorable for preserving the physiological activity of cultures are the storage method under a layer of distilled water, “perlite” and “grain” cryopreservation protocols.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveal Accumulation of Key Metabolites with Medicinal Properties of Phylloporia pulla.

Phylloporia pulla, a macrofungal species in the Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota, is known to enhance the nutritional and bioactive properties of rice through co-fermentation; however, its own secondary metabolites are not well understood. In this study, an integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data revealed that the accumulation of steroids, steroid derivatives, and triterpenoids in P. pulla peaks during the mid-growth stage, while the genes associated with these metabolites show higher expression levels from the early to mid-growth stages. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified several modules containing candidate genes involved in the synthesis of steroids, steroid derivatives, and triterpenoids. Specifically, six key hub genes were identified, along with their connectivity to other related genes, as potential catalysts in converting the precursor lanosterol to celastrol. This study enhances our understanding of the secondary metabolites of P. pulla and is essential for the selective utilization of these bioactive compounds.

Ethnomycology and Uses of Macrofungi in Brazil: a Bibliometric Review From 2014 to 2024

Objective: The objective of the study was to present an overview of ethnomycological publications in Brazil on the use of macrofungal species based on the analysis of their evolution between the years 2014 to July 2024. Theoretical Framework: Ethnomycology is research field that goes beyond traditional and scientific knowledge and has the purpose of documenting the customs and the material and spiritual culture of different communities with respect to fungi. Method: We conducted a bibliometric analysis with data obtained from four databases: Scielo, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and PubMed. The Prisma 2020 method of meta-analyses was used. Results and Discussion: The central sub-themes of the retrieved studies were related to Brazilian ethnomycology, perception of medicinal and/or edible use of macrofungi in Brazil, as well ethnomicological perception of macrofungi in schools in Brazil. Research Implications: The region with the highest number of publications was the Northeast (46.6%), with six studies, five of them in the state of Piauí, followed by the North, with four studies. The sub-theme "perception and uses of macrofungi" stood out (78%). Originality/Value: The studies focused on rural and urban communities in Brazil. We conclude that more efforts are needed to disseminate Ethnomycology and the gaps between humans and fungi, especially considering the lack of studies in some states of Brazil.

Influence of Storage Methods on the Vitality and Growth Rate of Macrofungi.

The work contains a comparative analysis of methods for storing pure cultures of macrofungi. The study used 20 species of macrofungi from various taxonomic and ecological-trophic groups. Storage was carried out using five methods: serial subculturing, storage under a layer of distilled water and three cryopreservation protocols: a protocol using blocks of agar medium, a "perlite protocol," and a "grain protocol." For the selected cryostorage methods, various cryoprotective compounds (glycerol, trehalose) were used. Radial growth rate was used as a criterion for the state of crops. The values of the radial growth rate obtained immediately after isolation of the pure culture were chosen as the control. It has been shown that the most favorable for preserving the physiological activity of cultures are the storage method under a layer of distilled water, "perlite" and "grain" cryopreservation protocols.

Morphological characters and molecular data reveal ten new forest macrofungi species from Hebei Province, North China

ABSTRACT China has a complex and diverse forest ecological environment, which breeds abundant forest macrofungi, including some edible, medicinal, and poisonous species. During the investigations of macrofungi in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve, North China, we collected abundant specimens of Agaricales and Polyporales within the Agaricomycetes. Based on the morphological characters and molecular evidence of DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nuSSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2), the β-tubulin gene (TUB), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), this study identifies ten species of Agaricales and Polyporales new to science, viz. Cyanosporus subpopuli, Gelatinofungus betulina, Lycoperdon pseudoperlatum, Macrocystidia hebeiensis, Mycena subbrunnea, M. subpura, M. variispora, M. violocea-ardesiaca, Picipes griseus, and Pleuroflammula hebeiensis. Detailed morphological descriptions, fruiting bodies, and microscopic structure diagrams of these ten novel species are provided.

From wild ecosystem to the pharmaceutical use–exploring the traditional medicine and socio-cultural heritage of macrofungi from Pakistan

ABSTRACT Medicinal macrofungi, like prized plants and animals, have dietary, therapeutic and commercial significance. This knowledge, anchored in the traditional healthcare system, warrants the identification of the most prominent species harbouring novel natural products. A traditional ethnobiological approach was adopted to collect ethnomycological data by interviewing 110 informants (95 men and 15 women) inhabiting 10 settlements in Bannu District, Pakistan. Visiting the remote nomadic sites revealed the most unique data of its type. This data was assessed and correlated with previous studies, comparing the standard numerical indices: informant consensus factor, fidelity level, use value, relative frequency of citation and Jaccard index. Tradition medicinal uses of 30 species of wild macrofungi (belonging to 19 genera and 12 families) are documented here. Podaxis pistillaris macrofungi was preference ranked with priority therapeutic uses, medicinally for stomach problems, as an antipyretic, for erotic uses, as an immune booster and as an antidiabetic; it is also nutritionally significant. Temperature and humidity are key factors for the growth of macrofungi generally in Pakistan (in spring and during the monsoon season), while the dynamic frequency of rain in the rainy season due to the impact of climate change cannot be neglected. Indigenous communities divided the ethnomycological potential of macrofungi into three main clusters: (a) edible macrofungi, for treating various disorders and as nutritional supplements; (b) non-edible macrofungi, medicinally important or just poisonous; (c) unknown or unused, without any known utility. Importantly, eight novel species with traditional uses are reported here, and the present work is the first ethnomycological study of macrofungi from Pakistan. This research aims to trace the traditional knowledge related to the naturally occurring medicinal macrofungi in the Bannu District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Documentation of new medicinal species and novel uses of existing species reflect a healthy relationship between inhabitants of the Bannu District and wild medicinal macrofungi.

Fantastic Macrofungi in Poncokusumo District, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) Area and Their Habitat Characteristics

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) is a conservation area in East Java with an abundance of biodiversity, including macrofungi. This study aims to identify the macrofungal species existing in Poncokusumo district, TNBTS area, and their habitat characteristics for a further sustainable study of fungi. This study used a purposive sampling method by opportunistic exploration. Identification of macrofungi is conducted by morphological analysis and habitat characterization. The study identified 15 macrofungal species categorized as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, that were distinct in their habitat characteristics. The 15 macrofungal species inhabited leaf litter, wood litter, soil, and bamboo.

Innovative infrastructure to access Brazilian fungal diversity using deep learning.

In the present investigation, we employ a novel and meticulously structured database assembled by experts, encompassing macrofungi field-collected in Brazil, featuring upwards of 13,894 photographs representing 505 distinct species. The purpose of utilizing this database is twofold: firstly, to furnish training and validation for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with the capacity for autonomous identification of macrofungal species; secondly, to develop a sophisticated mobile application replete with an advanced user interface. This interface is specifically crafted to acquire images, and, utilizing the image recognition capabilities afforded by the trained CNN, proffer potential identifications for the macrofungal species depicted therein. Such technological advancements democratize access to the Brazilian Funga, thereby enhancing public engagement and knowledge dissemination, and also facilitating contributions from the populace to the expanding body of knowledge concerning the conservation of macrofungal species of Brazil.

Natural forests support higher mycological diversity and more edible mushroom species than plantation forests in Ethiopia

Abstract To identify measures to protect and conserve macrofungal communities in Ethiopian forests, we need a more comprehensive understanding of macrofungal diversity, functions, and fruiting body production. In this study, we assessed macrofungal communities in three forest types in Gambo Forest District, South-Central Ethiopia. We surveyed 18 plots (each 1000 m2) located in a clear-cut and replanted plantation forest, an old plantation forest, and a natural forest. We identified a total of 132 macrofungal species, of which 75% were saprotrophic, 16% were ectomycorrhizal, and 9% were plant pathogens. We identified 40 edible species, including economically important species, such as those from the genus of Agaricus, Morchella, Cantharellus, Suillus, and Termitomyces. The three forests were significantly different (P < .001) in terms of their macrofungal community composition, with natural forest having the highest species richness and unique community assemblages. In total, 86 macrofungal species were collected from natural forest, of which 28 species were edible. The macrofungal diversity of clear-cut and old plantation forests did not differ significantly. Our findings suggest that prioritizing the restoration or preservation of fragmented natural forests rather than the expansion of exotic tree plantations would be a more effective strategy for conserving and enhancing macrofungal species diversity and the production of economically valuable edible species.

Ethnomicological Study of Macrofungi in Sesaot Forest of West Lombok

Communities living near forested areas play a crucial role in preserving forest biodiversity. Ethnomycological studies are an important first step in identifying the variety and potential of macrofungi used by people in a region. This study aims to document the use of macrofungi by the local community around Sesaot forest. The collection and identification of macrofungi samples were carried out using opportunistic sampling. Data on the use of macrofungi was obtained from semi-structured interviews with residents around Sesaot Forest. A total of 26 respondents from the Sesaot community participated in the survey. The people usually collected macrofungi for consumption and occasionally for medicinal purposes. The results identified 12 species of macrofungi from 10 families (Pezizaceae, Auriculariaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae, Gomphaaceaae, Pleurotaceae, Ganodermataceae, Psathyrellaceae, Polyporaceae, Agaricaceae, and Nidulariaceae) in Sesaot forest. Auricularia sp. and Pleurotus sp. were used as food, while Lignosus sp. was used as medicine by the local people in Sesaot.

Etnomicología y riqueza de macrohongos en comunidades rurales de la región sur de Piauí, Brasil

Background and Aims: Fungi play an important role in ecosystems and in human culture. In the Northeast region of Brazil, little is known about the importance of these organisms in rural communities. The objective of this study was to register the richness of macrofungi and how this richness is perceived in rural communities of Piauí, Brazil.Methods: A total of 176 inhabitants (99 women and 77 men) from the municipalities of Canto do Buriti and Guaribas were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were used, complemented with an inventory of macrofungi. Samples were collected in eight areas of the two municipalities between December 2016 and February 2018, and the identifications were confirmed by specialists from the Federal University of Pernambuco and the Federal University of Paraíba. The Margalef Richness Index and the PCORD software were used for the analysis of the quantitative data; the qualitative analysis was based on the description of observational records and structured interviews.Key results: Fifty-one species of macrofungi (Basidiomycota and Ascomycota) distributed in six orders, 17 families and 32 genera were identified. Species richness (S=10.4) was considered high in the studied area. Agaricaceae was the most diverse family (18), followed by Polyporaceae (12). Macrofungi are perceived as environmentally important, but with little direct relevance to humans. According to the perception of local populations, some Agaricaceae species represent a risk to health. However, they are also seen as bioindicators for predicting climate change. Pycnoporus sanguineus (Polyporaceae), a species useful for local medicine, was the most cited, while Hexagonia hydnoides (Polyporaceae), Phellinus sp. and Fomitiporia sp. (Hymenochaetaceae) were perceived as parasites of timber plant species.Conclusions: The mycobiota present in the studied municipalities can be considered rich in macrofungal species and the local peoples recognize their presence, especially the presence of Agaricaceae and Polyporaceae.

Macrofungal Species Richness and Composition of Acre State, Amazon, Brazil: State of the Art

Macrofungal Species Richness and Composition of Acre State, Amazon, Brazil: State of the Art

Comparative Analysis of Viromes Identified in Multiple Macrofungi.

Macrofungi play important roles in the soil elemental cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. Fungal viruses are common in filamentous fungi, and some of them can affect the growth and development of hosts. However, the composition and evolution of macrofungal viruses are understudied. In this study, ninety strains of Trametes versicolor, Coprinellus micaceus, Amanita strobiliformis, and Trametes hirsuta were collected in China. Four mixed pools were generated by combining equal quantities of total RNA from each strain, according to the fungal species, and then subjected to RNA sequencing. The sequences were assembled, annotated, and then used for phylogenetic analysis. Twenty novel viruses or viral fragments were characterized from the four species of macrofungi. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, most of the viral contigs were classified into ten viral families or orders: Barnaviridae, Benyviridae, Botourmiaviridae, Deltaflexiviridae, Fusariviridae, Hypoviridae, Totiviridae, Mitoviridae, Mymonaviridae, and Bunyavirales. Of these, ambi-like viruses with circular genomes were widely distributed among the studied species. Furthermore, the number and overall abundance of viruses in these four species of macrofungi (Basidiomycota) were found to be much lower than those in broad-host phytopathogenic fungi (Ascomycota: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Botrytis cinerea). By employing metatranscriptomic analysis in this study, for the first time, we demonstrated the presence of multiple mycoviruses in Amanita strobiliformis, Coprinellus micaceus, Trametes hirsute, and Trametes versicolor, significantly contributing to research on mycoviruses in macrofungi.