Content Of Macroelements Research Articles

Impact of Picking Time on Leaf Quality Parameters of Three Varieties of Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.)

Lonicera caerulea is a nutrient-rich plant of significant importance. Its chemical composition is influenced by various intrinsic properties and external factors, which change with the seasons. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different picking times on the proximate composition and the contents of pigments, macroelements, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in honeysuckle leaves. Seasonal changes in the contents of fiber, ash, proteins, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), chlorophylls, total carotenoids, total flavonoids and total phenolics were analyzed. The results revealed that picking time and plant variety significantly affected the chemical composition of honeysuckle leaves. The first picking yielded the highest levels of protein, N, P, K, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids. Conversely, the third picking showed the highest levels of Ca and Mg. Specifically, the third picking of ‘Indigo Yum’ leaves had the highest Ca and Mg contents, while the second picking of ‘Zojka’ leaves (116.67 mg 100 g−1 DM) and the third picking of ‘Wojtek’ leaves (115 mg 100 g−1 DM) contained the most total flavonoids. The first picking of ‘Wojtek’ leaves recorded the highest levels of protein, N, P and total carotenoids, whereas the third picking showed the highest fiber and ash contents. These findings provide valuable insights for farmers, enabling them to select appropriate cultivars and optimal picking times to produce high-quality honeysuckle leaves for use as food or medicinal supplements.

Use of humate-sapropelic suspension when growing sunn hemp (Crotalaria junceae L.) in protected soil conditions (greenhouse)

Among the species of the genus Crotalaria L., Crotalaria juncea is the only cover crop cultivated for its fiber. The quality of the latter depends on nutritional conditions, the accumulation of biophilic elements in the biomass and the synthesis of proteinogenic amino acids. Thus, the purpose of the study was a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the green harvest at the stage of active flowering, before the phase of bean formation, when the entire biochemical cycle of the plant is reconfigured, and biochemical indicators are maximum. The plants were grown for 140 days (from April 22 to September 9, 2023) in protected soil conditions. The experimental design consisted of two blocks of 50 plants: in the first (control) plants were grown in a soil mixture without any additives; in the second, the crop was treated three times during the growing season with an organic suspension of humic acids (1000 ppm) obtained from sapropel (Pskov region) – UDGSS, by applying it when watering at the root. The soil substrate in both cases was typical chernozem (Kamennaya Steppe nature reserve, Voronezh region, 51°01ʹ41.6ʹʹN 40°43ʹ39.3ʹʹE) with a 20% addition of volcanic zeolite. Over the course of every 14 days, a systematic record of the dynamics of changes in the morphometric indicators of crop growth (height and dry biomass) was carried out, by removing five cultivars from each block of variants. After 140 days, the remaining five replicates per variant were subjected to biochemical analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 7500 and LC 1200 instruments (Agilent Technologies, USA), according to the manufacturer's method. Treatment with UDGSS increased productivity and shoot height by 51.1% and 11.3%, respectively. The concentration of macroelements in dry biomass was in the following order: NaKCaSPMg in the control and NaKCaMgPS in the variant with UDGSS, and the export of microelements – FeMnZn BaBCuMo and FeMnBZnBaCuMo. At the same time, in total, the increase was more manifested in the amount of accumulation of microelements, due to a twofold increase in the concentration of iron ions. Among amino acids, an increase in the concentration of L-Lysine, L-Glycine, L-Glutamine and L-tyrosine was observed. The first three are structural components of biological tissues, which indirectly indicates an increase in the fiber strength of the culture.

The Effect of Grape Variety on the Micro- and Macroelement Composition of Grape Seeds

This study aimed to examine the differences between the micro- and macro-element content of the seed of eight different grape varieties, namely ‘Italian Riesling’, ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Pinot Noir’, ‘Sauvignon Blanc’, ‘Királyleányka’, ‘Rhine Riesling’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Kékfrankos’. On the basis of the results, there were significant differences between the calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and boron (B) content of grape seed varieties. In the case of macroelements, the largest amount of K (Italian Riesling 4239 mg/kg to Cabernet Franc 8646 mg/kg), followed by Ca (Pinot Noir 5435 mg/kg to Királyleányka 7369 mg/kg), P (Sauvignon Blanc 2566 mg/kg to Királyleányka 3470 mg/kg) and finally Mg (Cabernet Franc 1097 mg/kg to Királyleányka 1466 mg/kg) was contained in the seeds of the cultivars studied. Of the microelements, Fe was present in the largest amount (Sauvignon Blanc 23.7 mg/kg to Merlot 59.5 mg/kg) considering the grape varieties. The amounts of the other microelements tested were as follows: Mn from 13.1 mg/kg (Pinot Noir) to 31.3 mg/kg (Királyleányka), Cu from 9.38 mg/kg (Italian Riesling) to 19.1 mg/kg (Cabernet Franc), Zn from 10.9 mg/kg (Kékfrankos) to 16.2 mg/kg (Királyleányka) and B from 9.46 mg/kg (Italian Riesling) to 9.46 mg/kg (Rhine Riesling). Based on the results, the type of grape affects the micro- and macro-elements content of the seed, and the daily consumption of 100g of grape seed meal can significantly contribute to the daily intake of trace elements.

Nutritional Risks of Heavy Metals in the Human Diet-Multi-Elemental Analysis of Energy Drinks.

Background: In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks (EDs) by adolescents and young adults has increased significantly, so concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive ED consumption. Most analyses on EDs focus on the caffeine content. Research on the content of minerals (essential and toxic) in energy drinks can be considered scarce. Therefore, there is a need for research stating the actual status of heavy metal content in commercially available energy drinks. Methods: This research presents the determination of the total concentrations of macro-elements and trace elements (TEs), such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, B, Zn, V, Sr, Ba, Pb, Cd, and As in nine samples of energy drinks using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. Results: The order in the content of macro-minerals in the EDs was as follows: Na > K > Mg > Ca. The results showed that ED 1, ED 3, and ED 7 samples had the highest micro-mineral concentrations. All the samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index < 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals in both the adolescent and adult age groups. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As, Ni, and Cr in both adolescents and adults. Conclusions: This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the caffeine content of EDs, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the toxic element content of these beverages. This research also highlights notable differences in the TE levels among various ED brands, which may have important implications for consumer well-being and health.

Investigation of Trace and Macro Element Contents in Commercial Cat Foods.

Nutritional profiles and guidelines are determined by various associations to ensure optimum health of cats and provide pet food manufacturers nutritional recommendations to ensure the well-balanced and nutritionally adequate pet food. It was aimed to determine some trace elements and macro minerals in prescription and non-prescription dry cat foods and compare the contents with the suggested guidelines to evaluate the potential in-compliance. A total of 96 dry cat foods were evaluated. Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Mg, Ca and P concentrations were analysed in prescription dry cat foods developed for gastrointestinal diseases-GI (n=18), renal diseases-R (n=15), urinary diseases-U (n=8), obesity-O (n=10) and non-prescription-N-P (n=45) foods from different flavours and brands by ICP-OES. Ten precent of the O group exceeded the upper limit, and 15.5% of the N-P group failed to provide a nutritional minimum level. 4.44% of prescription foods were below the minimum recommended Mn level according to the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF), and 66% of N-P foods were below the minimum adult maintenance value recommended by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). One hundred percent non-compliance with the guidelines in the GI and U groups was recorded. 22.2% of the GI group was lower, and 5.55% of the GI group was higher than the recommended levels by FEDIAF, which reflects the 27.7% in compliance. While all the prescription foods have 100% compliance with the determined minimum level of guidelines, 11.1% of N-P foods were below the minimum recommended level. In compliance with the guidelines for Ca was noted in the O and U groups (10% and 12.5%, respectively). The P ratio in all prescription food groups except for GI was below the minimum level determined by AAFCO. In all food groups, mean Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca and P concentrations were between the minimum and maximum limits recommended by FEDIAF. However, the mean Se level was above the upper legal limit in all food groups, and the Zn level was below the minimum recommended level in the N-P food group. Besides the mean values, a high number of foods in each group show a broad in-compliance with the guidelines.

Phenolic and volatile compounds, total protein content, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of leaves of Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae)

Background and Aims: Information on the chemical composition and biological activities of Palicourea padifolia is scarce. This study aimed to 1) measure the total content of nutrients, macroelements, proteins, and secondary metabolites, 2) conduct metabolomic analyses on phenolic and volatile compounds, and 3) assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities from the leaves of this species. Methods: The total content of nutrients and macroelements was determined by spectroscopic, spectrometric, and spectrophotometric approaches. The total content of alkaloids, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and proteins was determined by spectrophotometric approaches. Volatile and phenolic compounds were identified by gas and liquid chromatography, respectively, coupled to mass spectrometers. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, and the antidiabetic potential was determined by the inhibition of α-glucosidase. Key results: The leaves of P. padifolia were rich in Ca, Na, and Mg and exhibited a low protein content. The leaf methanolic extract (LME) contained high levels of alkaloids, phenols, and terpenes, while flavonoids were present at low concentrations. The major phenolic compounds identified were chlorogenic acid, scopoletin, trans-cinnamic acid, and (-)-epicatechin. In addition, a leaf petroleum ether extract (LPE) contained mainly phytol, palmitic acid, (Z)-7-tetradecenal, octadecanoic acid and linoleic acid. The leaves exhibited a high antioxidant capacity, inhibiting DPPH and ABTS radicals, and the LME showed low inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme. Conclusions: Palicourea padifolia leaves had a rich composition of cations such as Ca, Na, and Mg. In addition, the LME contained alkaloids, terpenes, lipids, and phenolics, which support the potent antioxidant capacity. In contrast, the LME exhibited a low inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme.

Assessing Environmental Risks of Local Contamination of Garden Urban Soils with Heavy Metals Using Ecotoxicological Tests.

Heavy metal soil contamination in urban areas poses a significant environmental hazard, particularly in regions with historical or ongoing industrial activities. These areas are often polluted with metals such as Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn, which can be absorbed by plants and pose risks to both ecosystems and human health. This study investigates soil contamination in urban gardens in Wroclaw, Poland, where elevated levels of trace elements were detected. Standard soil analyses, including macroelement content, granulometry, and trace element concentrations, were performed alongside an ecotoxicological evaluation using an Ostracodtoxkit test. The test evaluates the impact of contaminants on organism growth. An uncontaminated urban garden soil served as a reference. This study revealed that Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd concentrations in soils exceeded limits permitted by Polish regulations in several soil samples. Despite the high concentrations of total metals, the bioavailable forms of these metals (measured by extraction of 1 M NH4NO3 extraction) were significantly lower, highlighting that the total metal content may not fully reflect the environmental risk. Pb was identified as the primary contributor to growth inhibition of test organisms, showing a particularly strong correlation with ecotoxicity. These findings underscore the importance of using ecotoxicological tests to evaluate soil contamination risks.

Macro, Trace and Toxic Element Composition in Liver and Meat of Broiler Chicken Associated with Cecal Microbiome Community.

The current study presents a meta-analysis of the detailed relationship between the composition of 25 essential and toxic elements in chicken tissues examined by ICP-MS and the gut microbial community analyzed using NGS techniques. The examination of chicken liver and meat revealed typical elemental compositions, called the "elementomes". The α-elementomes showed high contents of macro elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, P), majority trace elements (Sr, Se, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) and some toxic elements (B, Pb, Ni, Cd); β-elementomes indicated accumulation of Si, V and Cr; γ-elementomes indicated accumulation of Al, As and Hg. Characterization of the microbiomes' structure showed two distinct enterotypes, designated "microbiome patterns"; the first was enriched in the phylum Bacteroidota, and the second was dominated by Bacillota and coupled with members of the phyla Actinomycetota, Cyanobacteriota and Thermodesulfobacteriota. A comparison of elementomes and microbiomes demonstrated a clear correspondence between the α- and γ-elementomes belonging to the Bacteroidota-enriched pattern, while the β-elementome was predominantly found in chicken groups belonging to the Bacillota + ACT pattern. This insight proposes a novel strategy to improve deficiency or excess of certain elements in the host by gut microbiome modulation, which needs to be verified with further in vivo experiments.

Evaluation of nutrient content of different harvest stages in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars.

Panicum virgatum L., also known as switchgrass, is a warm season short-day, C4-perennial crop gaining attention in feedstock production. The harvest stage of the forage crops and the cultivars used directly affect the feed quality as animal feed. In this study, differences were evaluated in various macro element contents of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars at different harvest stages. Eight different switchgrass cultivars (Alamo, BoMaster, Kanlow, Cave in Rock, Long Island, Shawnee, Shelter, and Trailblazer) were evaluated in the study. According to the results of the study, significant differences were found among the cultivars studied for phosphate (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The Long Island cultivar had the highest mineral concentration (0.223% P, 1.049% K, 0.581% Ca, and 0.201% Mg). As harvest proceeded, the levels of P and K in the plants decreased while the levels of Ca and Mg increased. The highest P (0.223%) and K (1.030%) values were obtained from plants harvested at the pre-flowering stage, while the highest Ca (0.538%) and Mg (0.183%) values were obtained from plants harvested at the full flowering stage. Switchgrass cultivars were found to be insufficient to meet animal needs for P and Ca content throughout the plant's harvest stages. Mg was found to be sufficient in all harvest stages, while K was sufficient in the first two harvest stages, pre-flowering and 50% flowering, but insufficient in the full flowering stage. The dry matter's Ca/P ratio, regardless of cultivar or harvest stage, posed no risk to animal health. The K/(Ca+Mg) ratio varied between 0.807 and 1.235 depending on the cultivar and harvest stage. This ratio does not pose any risk to animal health. Based on these results, it would be appropriate to supplement feed rations with materials containing P and Ca or to use switchgrass in animal feeding together with feeds rich in these minerals when using dry matter obtained from switchgrass cultivars alone as roughage. In general, although Panicum virgatum has an important potential as a feed source in animal nutrition, it needs to be supplemented with nutrient-containing additives. It would also be appropriate to determine the nutrient content of these varieties under different ecological conditions.

Spicing up nutrition: investigation of trace elements in some spices locally sold in two markets in Kisumu-Kenya.

Spices are integral to Kenyan cuisine, adding depth of flavour and aroma to dishes. Information on the levels of macro- and micronutrients in these spices is scarce, as they are sold locally in Kisumu City, Kenya; however, these species have medicinal value. The study reports the trace elements composition of eight selected spices (black pepper, cloves, ginger, cardamom, turmeric, cumin, red chillies, and garlic) sold in two open-air markets in Kisumu City. The trace elemental compositions for Zn, Ca, Fe, S, K, Na, P, Mg, Mn, B, Co, Li, Cu, Pb, and Cd were analysed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Ginger had the highest mean concentrations of most essential elements, K (5767.86 ± 43.44mg/kg), Mg (4615.36 ± 76.27mg/kg), B (132.08 ± 0.66mg/kg), Li (33.52 ± 0.84mg/kg), Mn (365.29 ± 2.22mg/kg), and Zn (70.44 ± 0.85mg/kg), followed by Ca (5290.44 ± 147.34mg/kg), Na (1361.88 ± 41.01mg/kg), P (3954.25 ± 122.68mg/kg), and S (4031.88 ± 106.95mg/kg), while turmeric had the lowest. The concentrations of macro-elements in spices from the Kibuye market were slightly higher than those from the Jubilee market; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Concentrations of Pb and Cd heavy metals were detected and reported for all spices in the two markets, although the levels were below the WHO standard; hence, the spices are safe for use as supplements for essential trace elements in addition to their medicinal uses.

Effect of Biogas Solid Waste on Mineral Content of Barley (Hordeum vulgare conv. distichon)

In this study, it was aimed to determine the mineral contents and changes in barley (Hordeum vulgare conv. distichon) grain treated with different doses of biogas solid waste. The study was conducted for two years with 4 replications in a randomized complete block design. In the study, biogas solid waste was applied at doses of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 tons ha-1 and the macro (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) and microelement (iron, manganese, zinc and copper) contents of the barley grains obtained were determined. Macro and microelement contents of barley grain increased with the increase in biogas solid waste application in both experimental years. It was determined that 40 tons ha-1 dose of biogas solid waste application was the most effective application on macro and micro nutrient contents of barley grain. Compared to the control treatment, 40 tons ha-1 biogas waste application increased the macroelement contents by 3.02% (maximum increase N, 7.87%) and microelement contents by 9.97% (maximum increase Cu, 22.84%). As a result, 40 tons ha-1 biogas waste application enriched the macro and micronutrient content of barley grain and biogas waste application can be used to increase the nutrient composition of barley grain, which has important areas of use in human and animal nutrition.

Pengaruh Campuraan Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat dan Bakteri Penambat Nitrogen terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung pada Lahan Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Menghasilkan

Intercropped farming utilizez used open spaces as an alternative to making empty land more productive. In certain periods, oil palm plantations have open spaces that can be used for planting intercropped plants. The problem is, in general, that oil palm plantations are planted on marginal land, such as inceptisol that is weak in phosphate, so if they are planted with palm oil, it is necessary to provide fertilizer with the main macro element content for palms to grow optimally, such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Efforts can be made to meet the P and N requirements by applying combinations of microorganisms such as phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB). The study aims to find out the effect of various dosages of PSB and NFB combinations on the growth and yield of corn crops, as well as the effect of corn crops on the growth and physiology of palm oil crops. The experiment was conducted at the Ciparanje Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, January to April 2024. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with six treatments repeated four times. The treatments included the application of a combination of Pseudomonas sp. and Azotobacter sp., which included: 10 kg/ha of PSB and NFB per plant, 20 kg/ha of PSB and NFB per plant, 30 kg/ha of PSB and NFB per plant, 40 kg/ha of PSB and NFB per plant, and 50 kg/ha of PSB and NFB per plant. Experimental results showed that the PSB and NFB mixture increased crop height 5.28%, stem diameter 3.19%, cob length 9.2%, cob diameter 9.8%, dried weight by 100 seeds 14.5%, and dried weight by corn plant 33.46%. The 40 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha dose of PSB and NFB per plant is the most efficient dose for the growth and of palm oil crops producing 2.

Diverse Farming Systems and their Impact on Macro and Microelement Content of Vegetables & Crops.

The present study investigates the effect of conventional and organic farming systems on the nutritional profile of crops. Different crops, namely -millet, sorghum, sesame, mustard, fenugreek, berseem, pea, potato, and onion were cultivated through conventional agriculture in which chemical fertilizers like urea, DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) and pesticides were used and organic farming in which organic fertilizers like seaweed and vermicompost were used. The experimental study was done on a field in north India from 2019 to 2021 in six different seasons, and the nutrient profile of the crops with respect to macroelements (S, K, Na, P, Ca, Mg) and microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al) was compared. Macro and microelements were analyzed by Element analyzer and ICP-OES in both types of farming systems. The content of macro, as well as microelements, was found to be significantly higher in all the organically produced crops as compared to the conventionally grown crops. Significant differences were observed in the macroelement content of organic onion (P- 900 mg/kg, K-2000mg/kg) and organic pea (K 2250 mg/kg) as compared to the content of conventionally grown onion (P-756 mg/kg, K- 1550 mg/kg) and pea (K-2000 mg/kg). Similarly, microelement content in the organic sesame (Fe - 3.12 mg/kg), organic millet (Fe- 2.19 mg/kg), and organic potato (Zn-200 mg/kg) was higher as compared to conventionally grown sesame (Fe 2.05 mg/kg), millet (Fe- 1.56 mg/kg) and potato (Zn 167 mg/kg). This investigation concludes that crops with optimum nutritional content can be produced through organic farming with minimum input and maximum production.

Batch-to-batch differences in nutritional quality of selected raw and cooked pork offal

With a pressing need to enhance sustainability and reduce waste, harnessing the untapped nutritional wealth buried in by-products of the meat processing industry is more critical than ever. The research was aimed at comparing variation in raw material between batches and establishing a comprehensive database that would serve as a valuable resource for manufacturers seeking to exploit the potential of pork offal. This study is focused on analysing both raw and cooked offal, including liver, heart, kidney, spleen, blood, tongue, esophagus, as well as meat trimmings. Four batches were analysed with regard to their chemical composition, micro- and macro-element content, amino as well as fatty acid profile. The results indicate significant differences in raw material supplies from the same supplier across batches. In our study, all analysed pork offal and meat trimmings exhibited statistically significant variations between individual batches. Furthermore, clustering analysis conducted on the data will be beneficial in optimising recipes and formulations that utilise pork offal. This research may contribute to the sustainable utilization of meat by-products, waste reduction and overall value enhancement in the meat processing industry.

The insights into the activity of the extracts from Polygonum aviculare L. and Pseudomonas fluorescens for enhancing and modeling seed germination and seedling growth of Melilotus officinalis L. Lam

The empirical evidence indicated that chemicals in plants and selected microorganisms can promote the germination process and determine the growth, viability, survival and yield potential of industrial crop plants. The main objective of this study was exploring the phytochemical and microbiological synergistic activity between plant extracts from Polygonum aviculare L. and beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens to enhance germination of Melilotus officinalis seeds and improve morphological characteristics of seedlings. The derived plant preparations were analyzed qualitatively, which showed that the aqueous extracts of P. aviculare were characterized by a higher content of phenolic compounds, micro- and macroelements and carbohydrates compared to the macerates, and that no phytohormones were detected in both the infusions and macerates. Pure macerates (MAC), infusions (IF), bacterial cultures (PF) and their mixtures (MAC+PF; INF+PF) were used for seed treatment of test plants. In the control group, lower values of M. officinalis seed germination and seedling growth rates were observed in relation to the applied treatments. The most effective germination rates were obtained after the application of pure infusions (IF) and their mixture with P. fluorescens (IF+PF), while the highest growth rates (including an almost twofold increase in the length of the nostril shoots compared to the control) were obtained after the application of P. fluorescens inoculum (PF) and the mixture of the infusion and these bacteria (IF+PF).The use of modeling, as a tool for predicting germination efficiency, has been shown to provide screening opportunities for identifying the effectiveness of biostimulant treatments. Thereby, this indicates the need to develop such an approach under field conditions.

STUDYING INDICATORS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF MACROELEMENTS CONCENTRATION IN HUMAN SALIVA UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS

Seasonal and circadian research in the field of chronobiology and chronomedicine is currently of particular interest to scientists. Chronobiology has discovered previously unknown approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. For biological objects, as an open thermodynamic system, in their development have absorbed all the laws of the rhythmically oscillating external world and interact with it with the help of these vibrations. Therefore, at the present stage of the development of chronobiology, any research that fills, like bricks, still empty niches of new knowledge reflects the advanced frontiers of natural science and is included in the creation of a future general theory of biology. This is confirmed by a number of discoveries of scientists in the field of physics, physiology and medicine. Thus, a group of scientists became laureates of the Nobel Prize in physics in 2017 for the discovery of gravitational waves, and in the field of physiology and medicine, a number of scientists (Hall, Rosbash, Young) became Nobel laureates for a series of works on the topic: "Studying the mechanisms of the circadian dynamics of the body." Today, chronobiology can characterize periodic fluctuations of, perhaps, all organs, all body systems. A large amount of data has been accumulated on the daily and seasonal rhythms of the digestive and urinary tract organs, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, brain, etc. A violation of biorhythms can lead to the development of defects in oral and maxillofacial tissues, the development of inflammation and tumors, which affects cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, etc. The main purpose of this work was to study the characteristics of circadian rhythms of macroelement concentrations in human saliva under normal conditions. A feature of the research work is the determination of the concentration of macroelements in saliva in the summer. The saliva of 12 healthy volunteers was taken as the study material. Age 22-30 years. The method of spectrophotometry was used in this research work. The research work was carried out in the summer at the Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience of the al-Farabi Kazakh National University and at the City Clinical Hospital №1 in Almaty. During the study, a saliva sample was collected on 1.5 ml of Eppendorf. All samples were stored in the freezer. Before the experiment, the material was soaked at room temperature for 30-40 minutes. Using the spectrophotometric method, we determined the concentration of macroelements in saliva using a set of special reagents. We have identified the features of the daily dynamics of the concentration of macroelements in the saliva of healthy people in summer: K, Na, Ca, Mg and P. The concentration of macroelements varied widely throughout the day. As a result of the study, the concentration index of K during the day normally ranges from 528±36 µg/ml to 634±42 µg/ml; Na - from 153.4±19.8 µg/ml to 144.9±25.1 µg/ml; Ca-from 35.4±4.0 µg/ml to 45.5±5.1 µg/ml; Mg-from 2.12±0.15 µg/ml to 4.02±0.25 µg/ml and P-from 134.5±7.7 µg/ml to 151.6±10.1 µg/ml. Summing up, we have identified the features of the daily dynamics of the concentration of macroelements in the saliva of healthy people in summer. In summer, the daily dynamics of the concentration of macroelements in saliva ranged from 2.12±0.15 µg/ml (Mg) to 634±12 µg/ml (K).

Elemental composition of post-wildfire biomass ashes and partly burned woody species in Bohemian Switzerland National Park, Czech Republic.

The study explored the post-wildfire elemental composition of parts (wood, bark, branch, cone, trunk, litter, twig, needle, sward, fallow, sapling, etc.) and by-products (biomass ashes, partly burnt parts, and char) of different woody species in the Bohemian Switzerland National Park, Czech Republic, and considered their effects on soils. Multi-elemental analysis of the fire by-products of the woody species was determined with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry and compared with control biomass samples unaffected by wildfire. Most fire by-products were slightly alkaline, with acidic ashes obtained from blueberry wood. The by-products of the wildfire were characterized by varied total contents of macro (P, Ca, K, Mg, and S), micro (Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn), and other elements (B, Co, Mo, and V) vital to soil fertility and plant growth. The mean content of macro elements in the biomass ashes was up to 4.16 P, 23.5 Ca, 2.48Mg, 63K, and 5.57 S g kg-1. These values were comparatively lower than published data for ashes obtained under optimized conditions, e.g., those combusted in power generation facilities. Conversely, partly burnt parts-an indication of incomplete combustion-had higher 9.22 P, 79 Ca, and 5.99Mggkg-1 contents in spruce needles than in biomass ashes and the control. Variations in woody species and anthropogenic activities in areas of wildfires produced varied As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb contents above EU fertilizer regulation. Caution in applying biomass ashes from wildfires on fields is required due to risk/toxic elements input from anthropogenic activities. Wildfire effects on the elemental composition of woody species can provide information on plant parts most suitable for biomass ashes for soil and ecosystem safety.

Possibilities of comprehensive rehabilitation in combination with vitamin and mineral preparations for patients who have undergone hospitalization COVID-19 form

Relevance. Rehabilitation of patients who have suffered severe and moderate COVID-19 is an urgent task of modern medicine. Today, the most important are rehabilitation measures for people who have undergone hospitalization. The goal is to study. The possibility of comprehensive rehabilitation of patients who have suffered hospital-acquired COVID-19, incl. using vitamin and mineral preparations. Materials and methods. A total of 195 consecutively recruited patients were examined. There were 2 groups of patients: with moderate severity (111 (56.92 %)) and severe severity (84 (43.0 %)). After discharge from the hospital, patients were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group A — 47 patients who received a rehabilitation complex, including therapeutic physical education (therapeutic and breathing exercises), physiotherapeutic treatment (inhalation and respiratory support) in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation, drug therapy in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (anticoagulant therapy, if indicated — HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, oral hypoglycemic therapy, ACE inhibitors and sartans); Group B — 49 patients who, in addition to the above methods, received vitamin preparations (vitamin D 1500 IU/day and vitamin C 30 mg/day); Group B — 48 patients who, in addition to the above methods, received mineral preparations (zinc 15 mg/day and selenium 70 mcg/day); Group D — 51 patients who, in addition to the above methods, received vitamins and mineral preparations in the previously indicated doses for groups B and C. The dynamics of mineral metabolism parameters were assessed. Results. During the examination of patients upon discharge from the hospital, a change in the content of macroelements was established: an increase in the level of potassium, sodium, sulfur and a decrease in calcium, as well as microelements: an increase in antimony and barium and a decrease in zinc, selenium and silicon. The most pronounced positive effect in terms of increasing the levels of essential macro- and microelements in the body (zinc, selenium and iron) in patients who had hospitalized COVID-19 was observed when using rehabilitation complexes in combination with vitamin and mineral preparations.

Physicochemical and textural properties of gummy candies prepared with fruit vinegar

Foods with additional functional value derived from natural sources are becoming more and more in demand these days, including confectionary products. Therefore, the study aimed to develop a gummy candy recipe, enriched with different fruit vinegars and determine the components' effect on the products' mineral, acid, sugar, antioxidant, and polyphenol content, and texture of the confectionery products with analytical methods. In terms of macroelement content, potassium was present in the largest amount in the tested candies (167.87 and 178.83 mg kg-1) and liquid ingredients (57,71–306.93 mg kg-1). In the case of microelements, iron (4.81, 4.79 mg kg-1) and boron (4.62, 4.49 mg kg-1) were significant in the products, iron is also found in gelatin in significant quantities (3.51 mg kg-1), however, boron came exclusively from fruit-derived components (1.02–9.40 mg kg-1). Among the tested organic acids, malic acid (21.67–46.12 mg g-1), and acetic acid (47.74–50.06 mg g-1) were significant in both the raw materials and products, while the fructose content (2.44–439.35 mg g-1) was prominent among the sugars, but the glucose (75.99–163.44 mg g-1) and sucrose (73.61–157.00 mg g-1) content were also significant. Unfortunately, the polyphenol (1.37–1.46 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant (0.29–0.75 mg AAE/g) content of the products was not significant, maybe because of their heat sensitivity. In terms of the texture of the candies, the two candies prepared with different fruit vinegars had similar textural properties, however, in terms of hardness (3523.10 N/m2), gumminess (3266.25 N/m2), and chewiness (3425.33 N/m2) the gummy candy with apple cider vinegar proved to be better. Unlike many other confectionery products, the sugar content of the developed product is provided only by the used the apple concentrate, it does not contain added sugar or sweeteners. The addition of fruit vinegars has been proven to have a positive effect on the nutritional values of candies. By replacing gelatin with another gelling agent, the product can also be prepared in a vegan form.

Proximate composition, fatty acid characteristics, amino acid profile and mineral content of fish Acanthurus sohal

The study's objective was to explore the chemical composition of Acanthurus sohal fish flesh and their nutritional quality. Fish samples were caught in the Red Sea, prepared, and analysed for proximate composition, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral content. The results revealed that fish flesh contained 71.1 % moisture, 20.7 % crude protein, 5 % crude lipids and 1.7 % ash. The fatty acids were dominant by 61.93 % saturated fatty acids. Palmitic was the most common (40.35 %) saturated fatty acids, while monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 22.59 % and 15.48 %, respectively. The fish fat consisted of appreciable amounts of odd-numbered fatty acids heptadecanoic and heptadecenoic acids standing for 1.62 % and 1.45 %, respectively. The fatty acids were predominated by C16, C18 and C20 fatty acids. The percentage of n-6/n-3 reached 2.26. Seventeen amino acids were identified in A. sohal flesh protein, eight of which were essential amino acids (EAAs); they amounted to 375.47 mg/g crude protein. Lysine was the most common EAA (64.49 mg/g crude protein). Aromatic amino acid and sulphur amino acid constituted 112.43 and 47.56 mg/g protein, respectively. The following macroelement concentration ranking was identified: Ca > P > K > Na > Mg, while the concentration of vital elements was Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > I > Se > Co.