Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man Research Articles

Effects of salinity and alkalinity on growth and survival of all-male giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man, 1879) juveniles

All-male giant freshwater prawns (AMGFPs) have been a popular crop cultivated in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, due to their proven production efficiency compared to all-female or mixed-sex prawn cultures. However, the crucial water quality factors impacting AMGFP aquaculture efficiency have yet to be elaborately investigated. Two separate experiments were randomly arranged with three replicates to evaluate the effects of salinity or alkalinity on the growth and survival of AMGFP juveniles during the grow-out period. The results show that the prawn survival rate in the salinity range of 0–15‰ varied from 66.1 to 74.8％ and in a salinity range of 0–5‰ was relatively low compared to the range of 10-15‰; however, the difference was not significant among salinities after 90 days of culture (p > 0.05). All the prawn growth performance parameters significantly decreased with increasing salinities of 0, 5, 10, and 15‰ after 30, 60, and 90 days of culture (p < 0.05). Notably, the prawn yield did not significantly differ between salinities of 0 and 5‰ (p > 0.05), and both were significantly higher than those at salinities of 10 and 15‰ (p < 0.05) after 90 days of culture. In addition, the survival rate reached 82.5–84.4％ and did not significantly differ among alkalinities of 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 mgCaCO3 L−1. However, the growth performance parameters and yield of AMGFPs at an alkalinity of 160 mg L−1 were significantly higher than those at lower alkalinities (80, 100, 120, and 140 mg CaCO3 L−1) after 90 days of culture. Therefore, it is recommended that a salinity range of 0–5‰ and alkalinity of 160 mgCaCO3 L−1 is optimal for the growth-out culture of AMGFP juveniles.

First Report of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection in Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) Cultured in the Republic of Korea.

In the Republic of Korea, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) was first isolated from Pacific whiteleg shrimp in April 2020; however, there are no existing reports of EHP infection in other shrimp or prawns. Here, we aimed to investigate EHP infection and its prevalence in giant freshwater prawn farms in the Republic of Korea. We tested prawns from 22 farms for EHP infection, and samples from eight farms showed positive EHP infection results in 2021. In EHP-infected prawn farms, the prevalence ranged from 4.9% to 18.2%. The prevalence of EHP infection in the Republic of Korea, derived from the prevalence in prawn farms, was estimated to be 0.8% in 2021. The proliferation of EHP was observed within the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of prawns using H&E and Giemsa staining. Mature EHP was observed in the sinus between epithelial cells of the digestive tubules. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clade distinct from the previously reported EHP in Pacific whiteleg shrimps. This is the first report of EHP infection in a giant freshwater prawn in the Republic of Korea, where the prevalence of EHP infection is not high, but it is recognized as an emerging disease that requires periodic monitoring and quarantine management in giant freshwater prawns.

Cloning and expression of the thioredoxin gene in Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Parastacidae) under bacterial stress

Abstract As a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system, the Trx1 gene plays essential roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The function of Trx in bacterial infections in the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868), however, has not been clarified. We cloned thioredoxin 1 (CqTrx1) from C. quadrangularis, and its expression was investigated. The results showed that the coding sequence of the CqTrx1 gene was 318 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 105 amino acids, contains the conserved motif CGPC (Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys), and was 75.24% and 66.67% identical to sequences of the shrimps Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) and Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), respectively. The CqTrx1 transcript existed in all organs tested, with the highest expression level in the intestinal tract and the lowest expression level in the gonads. Under the stress of Vibrio algolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, or Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression level of CqTrx in the gills was 3.1, 4, and 7 times that in the control group at 3, 9, and 24 h, respectively, indicating that CqTrx1 plays an essential role in shrimp antibacterial immunity.

Sensitivity of cholinesterase activity in juvenile giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) to organophosphate diazinon

Pesticides containing diazinon are frequently used in agriculture in the Vietnamese Mekong delta region leading to their potential residual occurrence in the environment. Under laboratory conditions, exposure to diazinon has been shown to result in adverse inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) activity and subsequent death in several fish species. This study investigated a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of diazinon concentrations from 0.08 to 1.25 mg/L on juvenile giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) in tanks in the laboratory. Inhibition of ChE in the flesh and in the eyes of the tested shrimps after exposed to diazinon concentrations of 2.7, 27, 67.5 μg/L equivalent to 1%, 10%, 25% LC50–96 h was calculated. The results indicated that diazinon was highly toxic to giant freshwater prawn with a low LC50–96 h of 270 μg/L. The activity of ChE in the flesh was more sensitive to diazinon than that in the eyes. Furthermore, in the future, the activity of ChE in the flesh or in the eyes of shrimps has potential to be used as biomarker for rapid recognition of diazinon contamination in water.

Induction of heat shock protein 70 gene expression in early life stages of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)

Abstract Heat shock proteins play an important role in maintaining normal cell function and overcoming stress conditions in organisms. Expression of the heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) at different stages of embryos and larvae of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) was analysed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression of hsp70 was first detected in embryos of 5.5 days old; the expression levels gradually increased during the course of embryonic development, reaching their maximum at the stage prior to hatching. Whereas the expression levels were high in newly hatched larvae, they lowered subsequently before increasing to their maximum after 20 days post-hatch. Moreover, induction of hsp70 expression in 5.5 days old embryos and newly hatched larvae by two xenobiotics, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) was also investigated. The results showed that both 4-NP and CPF caused similar patterns of hsp70 expression changes. Embryos exposed to 4-NP or CPF for 24 h increased the hsp70 expression levels with increasing concentrations of 4-NP or CPF. Prolonged exposure for 96 h induced higher levels of responses. The larvae were more sensitive than the embryos to both 4-NP and CPF challenges, by responding to lower concentrations of stressors and producing higher expression levels. The study suggests that hsp70 plays an active role during early life stages of M. rosenbergii, indicating the presence of mechanisms to overcome stress caused by development or by external stressors at these stages.

Can Zingiber officinale immunomodulation in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Vibrio alginolyticus?

The present study was investigated the protective efficacy of Zingiber officinale extract enriched diets at 0 g, 0.01 g, 0.1 g, and 1.0 g per kilogram in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Vibrio alginolyticus. The total hemocyes (THC) significantly increased in prawn fed at 0.1 g and 1.0 g diets on weeks 1 and 2 and all the doses of the diet on week 4 as compared with control against V. alginolyticus. The prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity significantly enhanced all doses of the diet during the experiment as compared to control. The respiratory burst (RB) activity significantly enhanced when prawns were received at 0.1 g and 1.0 g diets on first week and all the doses of the diet on fourth week. The superoxide dimutase (SOD) activity did not significant change between weeks 1 and 2, but it was enhanced on fourth week at 0.1 g and 1.0 g diets. The phogocytic activity was significantly enhanced in all the doses of the diet during the experiment. The clearance efficiency was significantly increased in 0.1 g and 1.0 g diets between weeks 1 and 2 and all the doses of the diet on week 4 as compared with control. The survival rate was 70% and 83% with 0.1 g and 1.0 g diets compared with 0.01 g diet in M. rosenbergii against V. alginolyticus. Therefore, this present results suggested that feed supplementation with Z. officinale positively modulate the immune system and protect M. rosenbergii from V. alginolyticus infection. Keywords: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Non-specific immunity; Supplementation diet; Vibrio alginolyticus; Zingiber officinale

The effect of salinity on fecundity and production of giant shrimp larvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of salinity which can produce the most fecundity and number of giant shrimp larvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man). The experiment was designed using 24 units of randomized block design (RBD) using 20-30 g (B1) and 40-50 g (B2) heavy parent shrimp, with differences in salinity 0 pro-mile (0/00), 3 pro-mile (0/00), 5 pro-mile (0/00), and 7 pro-mile (0/00) which were repeated 3 times. The results showed that differences in salinity of the parent weight group (20-30 g and 40-50 g) had a very significant effect on fecundity and the number of larvae produced. The highest fecundity and production of shrimp larvae were obtained at salinity 5 Promil (0/00) in the parent weight group 40-50 g.

Gill fouling in the economically important freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

Abstract The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879), lives in freshwater environments of the Indo-West Pacific region and is commonly farmed. Males transition into three male morphotypes that differ in behavior and morphology. Small-clawed males (SM) molt into orange-clawed males (OC) that molt into the harvested and largest blue-clawed males (BC). Grooming behaviors can remove fouling such as sediment particles, bacteria, and other organisms, all of which are commonly found in the natural environment as well as in aquaculture environments. Because individuals of this species groom their bodies frequently, especially the gills, the objective of the study was to observe gills of male morphotypes and females and evaluate their fouling levels and types using light microscopy, bacterial counts, and scanning electron microscopy. The male morphotypes and females are fouled differently, with grooming behaviors being effective in removing sedimentary and bacterial fouling from the gills. Although their relative efficiencies in removing fouling materials from the gills were not statistically significant, OC and BC exhibited contrasting gill fouling patterns with higher bacterial than sedimentary fouling in the former but the opposite in the latter. This difference may be attributed to differential levels of fouling related to variation in behavioral priorities, grooming behaviors, and morphology. Control of bacterial and sedimentary fouling in aquaculture could have large implications on the quality and survival of harvested individuals.

The Growth and Efficiency of Galah Shrimp Feed (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man) with the Addition of Caffeine in Commercial Feed

Galah shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) was a high economic level fishery commodities. The efforts to increase productivity in galah shrimp cultivation can be done by applying efficiency the use of feed. One ingredient to reduce the large feed costs in feed production was from the type of caffeine compound. This study was aimed to analyze the dose of caffeine addition in the best feed on the growth and efficiency of shrimp feed. The method used was a completely randomized design experiment with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Caffeine levels used were 0; 0.5; 1; 1, 5; and 2 gr per kg of feed. The parameters observed were growth and feed efficiency. The results showed that the best addition of caffeine was P5 = 2 gr / kg of feed producing a specific growth rate of 0.0065; FCR 0.15 and EP 6.8. From the results of this study that the addition of caffeine in feed can have a positive effect on the observed parameters (P <0.05).

Deskripsi dan Preferensi Habitat Udang Air Tawar Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) dari Sungai Maraja, Toli-Toli, Sulawesi Tengah

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) is a freshwater prawn species that have a high economic value because of its relatively large size compared to the other freshwater prawn species. Exploration to find this species in the Maraja River, Toli-Toli, Central Sulawesi was carried out in January 2019. Sample collected using tray net. Two male specimens of M. rosenbergii were found in the river, with maximum size of carapace length reaching 45.94 mm. Macrobrachium rosenbergii has been found in habitats with clay substrate and slow flowing current. This record extended the distribution of M. rosenbergii, whose spread in Sulawesi has been known only in the southern part of the island, such as in Makassar, Bone, Pinrang, Wajo and Luwu. In this paper, the morphological characters and line drawing of some character M. rosenbergii from the Maraja River were provided.

Effect of periodic fasting on growth and feed efficiency in Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, de Man 1879)

There are obstacles in the aquaculture business that is still often facedbyfarmers, one of the challengesisthe high price of commercial feed. Feed as an energy source for growth is a reasonably high-cost component in production that reaches 40-89 %. In the control of food for efficiency, it could be done by the fasting method. This research was aimedtoanalyze the effect of periodic fastedofgiant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) against growth and feed efficiency. This research was conducted at IBAP Installation, Probolinggo District - East Java Province. The experimental method used completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications, such as; P0: feeding without fasting (as control), P1: a-day fasted, a-day feeding, P2: a-day fasted, two-days feeding, P3: a-day fasted, three-day feeding, P4: a-day fasted, four-days feeding, P5: a-day fasted, five-day feeding. The results showed that periodic fasted of M. rosenbergii no significant effect on the daily growth rate, absolute weight growth, and feed efficiency. However, by looking at the rate of growth, thisfasting methodcouldbe used as an alternative to saving feed. The P5 showed the most effective in increasing daily growth rate, absolute weight growth, and effectiveness of giant prawn feeding. The strategy of periodic fasted to increase the production of giant prawns should consider the other supporting factors such as ideal water quality (pH, temperature, and DO), proper stocking density, and feeding periods on schedule.

PEMBESARAN UDANG GALAH (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) DENGAN SISTEM MONOSEKS DAN CAMPURAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN, KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP, DAN FCR

Giant Freshwater Prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) is a potential freshwater fishery commodity for commercial cultivation. Rapid growth, large size, low prevalence of diseases and widespread market demand, both domestic and export markets, are potentials that make these commodities play an important role in freshwater fisheries business in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to know growth, survival, conversion of Giant Freshwater Prawnsfeed (Macrobrachium rosenbergi de Man) on monosex and mixed cultivation systems. This research was conducted for three months from September to November 2017. In Installation of Giant Freshwater Prawn Hatchery (IPUG) Central Freshwater Aquaculture (BBPBAT) in Sukabumi, Cisolok KarangPapak, PelabuhanRatu, Sukabumi, West Java. The research method is experimental using Completely Randomized Design (RAL). In this research, there are three treatments and three replications, namely the maintenance of prawns in research containers based on male sex. Treatment P1 (100% male), P2 (100% female), and P3 (mixture of 50% male and 50% female). The results of this research showed that best total growth and weight were shown by treatment P1 namely of 3.85 cm and 14.62 gram. The best survival rate (SR) was 76.67%in treatment P2, and the best feed conversion (FCR) was 2.50 intreatment P3. The statistical test results showed that H 0 was accepted and H 1 was rejected for all treatments. Keywords : Giant Freshwater Prawns, Growth, Survival, FCR

The first mitochondrial genome of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from China: phylogeny and gene rearrangement within Caridea

Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879 (Caridea: Palaemonidae), commonly referred to as giant freshwater prawn, is commercially important worldwide, and a primary inland cultured species. The first complete mitochondrial genome of M. rosenbergii from China (CN) was sequenced and compared with that in Indonesia (ID) in this study. The results show that the total length of CN-mtDNA sequence is 15,767 bp (GenBank accession number: KY865098), which is shorter than that of ID-mtDNA (15,772 bp). It encodes 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The heavy strand and light strand encode 23 and 14 genes, respectively, and the content of A + T is 61.81%. The gene order and content of CN-mtDNA and ID-mtDNA are identical to the primitive Pancrustacean ground pattern. Phylogenetic analysis shows that CN-mtDNA is clustered into one clade with ID-mtDNA (BP =100). Pairwise genetic distance analyses indicate that the genetic distance of CN-mtDNA and ID-mtDNA is 0.086, which is smaller than values between species in the Macrobrachium genus. In summary, both phylogenetic analysis and gene re-arrrangement analysis between the M. rosenbergii in China and Indonesia have revealed that their differences are within intraspecific variation.

Variasi Morfologis Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) Hasil Inbreeding dan Outbreeding Populasi Probolinggo dan Mahakam

Indonesia has high biodiversity, one of them is the diversity of giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879). The giant freshwater prawn was easy to reproduce and has high nutritional value. This study was conducted to determine the morphological variation of inbreed and outbreed of Probolinggo and Mahakam (Mama, Gogo, Goma, and Mago) populations that was developed in Unit Kerja Budidaya Air Payau Balai Budidaya Udang Galah (UKBAP BBUG) Samas as a basic for seed selection. Research of morphological variation carried out by observing 12 morphological characters, four meristic characters and 52 morphometric characters in four populations. Analysis of basic morphometric characters using a statistical program to determine the linear regression and the significance of parameters. Analysis of morphological characters using a statistical program to make dendrogram showing the similarity of four populations. The result of morphometry shows that the ratio of cephalothorax and abdomen of Mago and Goma is lower than Mama and Gogo. When viewed from the ratio of the carapace and rostrum length, Mago produces the longest rostrum. So, when only carapace length is compared to abdomen length, Mago showed the greatest value. Gogo has the highest ratio of cephalothorax and abdomen, while Mago has the highest ratio of carapace and abdomen among populations. Morphological data analysis showed that Gogo and Goma had reached 76% similarity, Goma and Mama have a similarity of 68% while Mago has 52% similarity with another three populations.

ADDITIONAL EXTRACT HEAD SHRIMP (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de man) TO IMPROVE PROTEIN CONTENT ON STICK PROCESSED PRODUCT

This research aims to obtain an exact comparison between the volume of water and the weight of the giant freshwater prawn head (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de man) so as to increase the protein content in the processed products of sticks. The design used in the research was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 1: 1, 1: 2 treatment and without the addition of shrimp head extract (control). The parameters observed were organoleptic test, protein content, and water content. The result of this research showed that the extract of shrimp head with ratio 1: 1 resulted stick protein product 12,67%, while the treatment of prawns extract of prawn with ratio 1: 2 protein content was 13,24% and treatment without giving of shrimp head extract pole protein content only produce stick products with a protein content of 6, 21%. The addition extract of giant freshwater prawn head also yields a preferred flavor of the panelists compared to the treatment without the addition of a giant freshwter prawns head extract.

Transforming organic prawn farming in Bangladesh: Potentials and challenges

Although giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) farming is widely practiced in southwest Bangladesh due to favorable biophysical resources and agro-climatic conditions, organic prawn culture has not yet taken off. However, the culture of wild prawn postlarvae and the use of snail meat and farm-made feeds with cow dung in many respects are considered as semi-organic. A considerable number of extensive and improved-extensive farmers practice this form of organic culture in southwest Bangladesh. Transformation to truly organic prawn culture, however, faces various environmental, socioeconomic, and technical challenges. We review the opportunities and challenges associated with a transformation towards fully organic prawn farming. We suggest that institutional support and technical assistance may enable prawn farmers to be engaged in fully organic culture that could bring widespread social, economic, and environmental benefits in Bangladesh.

Retraction notice to “Comparison of all morphotype males and various types stocking density of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) on growth and survival rate” [Aquaculture Reports 3C (2016) 184-188

Retraction notice to “Comparison of all morphotype males and various types stocking density of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) on growth and survival rate” [Aquaculture Reports 3C (2016) 184-188

Use of Nitrifying Bacteria for Promoting Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) Nursery Phase in Indoor System

This research aims to determine the effect of periphytic biofilter in static culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man through the application of nitrifying bacteria in 50 l containers equipped with CaCO3 as substrate for the nitrifying bacteria and bamboo shelter as a substrate for the periphytic attachment. This experiment was carried out by following three consecutive stages: (1) inoculation of nitrifying bacteria into the culture at the concentration of 105 CFU.mL-1, 24 h before the prawn Post Larvae age 40 days (PL40) was stocked; (2) stocking of prawn PL40 into four treatment groups with different number of bamboo shelter: without shelter (0) at the prawn density of 10 individuals per container, and with addition of 2, 4, or 8 shelters, at the prawn density of 30 individuals per container; and (3) measurement of biological, physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of water quality. Following 60 days culture period, optimum performance was obtained in the culture with 4 shelters with the prawn final body weight, length, and total biomass of 1.00 ± 0.04 g, 4.91 ± 0.03 cm, and 63.17 ± 4.27 g, respectively. The observed water quality parameters (level of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature) were within the tolerance level for prawns and were relatively stable during the culture period. Moreover, a stable microflora community was observed, with the abundance of periphytic bacteria in the culture water was between 102 and 105 CFU.mL-1. Five bacterial isolates were obtained from the water samples and periphytic culture on bamboo substrate samples. Based on the overall results, the use of periphytic biofiltration technology through the application of nitrification bacteria can potentially increase the stability of physical-chemical parameters of water quality and microflora community, supporting the growth and survival of prawn M. rosenbergii in nursery phase.

IDENTIFICATION OF VIBRIO BACTERIA CAUSED VIBRIOSIS ON FRESHWATER PRAWN LARVAE (Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man))

Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)) farming in Bali needs to be supported by the provisionof healthy prawn larvae. Vibriosis infection can be a limiting factor on larval production system which cause highmass mortality in larvae. Therefore a bacteriological study is very important to identify of Vibrio species whichcan cause vibriosis in freshwater prawn larvae. Screening of Vibrio bacteria carried on larval rearing water atUPT Pembenihan Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Bali which located in Pesinggahan Village, Klungkung.During study, 5 Vibrio isolates can be characterized (VSP01, VSP02, VSP04, VSP05 and VSP06) which wereisolated as dominant Vibrio bacteria in larval rearing water. Koch postulate test results showed that VSP06 cancause vibriosis in freshwater prawn larvae. The result of identification by BBL Cystal™ Identification Systems andidentification book Bergeys’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Ninth Edition (Holt et al., 1994), BL6 wasidentified as Vibrio anguillarum.

Effect of probiotics on immunological status of giant freshwater prawn(macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man)

The present study was aimed to investigate hemocyte count in giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) after being fed with different supplements. Immunological status of an animal is reflected with the result of its hematological profile. Freshwater prawns are more prone to infections by several pathogens which influence the immunity of the affected individuals. The effect of two probiotics on hemocyte count was studied over a period of eight weeks. The level of hemocyte count decreased significantly in the blood of prawns administered with pathogenic organisms died after three weeks. The level of count of hemocyte showed significant increase in the blood of giant freshwater prawn treated with probiotics alone verses control and also in prawn administered with pathogenic organisms verses probiotics revealed that probiotic 1 was more effective than probiotic 2.