Communities Of Macrofungi Research Articles

Macro-fungi Community of Lake Ol Bolossat Basin and Associated Riparian Ecosystems in Central, Kenya

Lake OlBolossat, an important wetland in Central Kenya highland currently threatened by anthropogenic activities. In order to conserve biodiversity in this Lake Ecosystem and associated habitats understanding abundance and diversity of different taxa is needed. This study documented macro-fungi diversity of Lake Ol Bolossat basin and its associated riparian ecosystems. The survey revealed 35 macrofungi species distributed across 21 families. Species in family Polyporaceae and Agaricaceae (mainly the puffball) dominated the Lake ecosystems. Woodrotters species (50%) dominated the ecosystem followed by ectomycorrhiza (17%) and cow-dung dwellers (15%). Termite cultivated species and soil dwellers had the lowest representation (9%). Macro-fungi density, species richness and diversity was significantly low in natural grassland and forest remnants compared to introduced and exotic woodlots. Only three species of macrofungi (<i>Termitomyces microcarpus</i>, <i>Ramariopsis kunzei</i> and <i>Datronia mollis</i>) were documented in natural forests remnants. Natural grassland around the lake was mainly dominated by <i>Termitomyces, Lycoperdon</i>, <i>Panaeolus</i> (cowdung), <i>Psilocybe</i> and <i>Agrocybe</i> species (cowdung). Ectomycorrhiza species (<i>Laccaria bicolor, Pisolithus arrhizus, Suillus granulatus, Scleroderma citrinum</i>) dominated introduced and exotic <i>Eucalyptus, Pinus </i>and<i> Acacia mearnsii</i> plantation. This study has revealed wide range of macro-fungi community in Lake Ol Bolossat basin, and adverse effect of degradation on native macro-fungi community. The negative implication of losing macrofungi diversity along Lake OlBolossat ecosystem is discussed.

Elevation influence the macrofungi diversity and composition of Gunung Korbu, Perak, Malaysia

Abstract. Nur ‘Aqilah MB, NurJannah S, Salleh S, Thi BK, Ahmad Fitri Z, Mohd Khairul Faizi M, Haja Maideen KM, Nizam MS. 2020. Title. Biodiversitas 21: 1707-1713. Fructification of macrofungi depends on two main factors, abiotic and biotic. In this study, the main focus is to determine the macrofungi composition and diversity as the effect of elevation and substrate. Macrofungi collection was conducted at three different elevations along the trails (Trail A, B, and C) of Gunung Korbu in July 2019. The sampling area was divided by ascent elevation from the Seroja Camp to the Rimba Gate (Trail A, 796 m above sea level[a.s.l]), the Seroja Camp to the Kijang Camp (Trail B, 1092 m a.s.l) and the Kijang Camp to the summit of Gunung Korbu (Trail C, 2183 m a.s.l). The collected macrofungi were photographed, described based on their macroscopic characters and any colour changes when bruising or chemicals reactions were recorded. In total 90 macrofungi specimens were in good condition belonging to 6 families from 13 genera, including the unidentified. About 93.33% (84 specimens) of the collections are saprotrophic fungi and six parasitic fungi. Trail B recorded the highest diversity index of 2.20 and 0.87 for Shannon Index and Simpson index, respectively. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations showed a clear separation pattern of macrofungi community found in three different trails, with most of the specimens found in Trail B.

English

Detecting and understanding patterns in the distribution of taxa is a fundamental element in implementing biodiversity conservation. Regarding fungi, understanding how functional diversity varies with forest types helps to define their niche and allows predicting the impact of forest degradation on communities of macrofungi. It also allows better understanding of the way in which they realize their ecological function and nourishment purpose. This study aimed to assess the species richness and functional diversity of macrofungi within rainforests from Yangambi Biosphere reserve and Yoko reserve in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Results from this study show significant differences in number of macrofungi species between forest stand types (p-value<0.001). Based on all macrofungi functional groups, the most species-rich forest stand was the Gilbertiodendron dewevrei. Of the five reported functional groups (saprotrophic fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, insect parasitic fungi, plant parasitic fungi and termites’ symbiotic fungi), the saprotrophic fungi were the most abundant trophic group represented 210 species of a total of 341 fungal taxa. The results revealed also that woody decaying and terrestrial saprotrophic are mainly characteristic of mixed forests while the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal taxa depends on the presence of ectomycorrhizal trees. In addition, strong relation has been demonstrated between fungal composition and the composition in vascular plants. Each forest stand type is characterized by specific floristic composition which has a corresponding and fairly predictable mycological composition. The study gave evidence that species richness and functional diversity of macrofungi are strongly influenced by vascular plants composition. The various reported functional groups differently intervene in nutrients cycling, and then play key role in forests functioning. Key words: Species richness, functional diversity, macrofungi, rainforests, DR Congo.

Drivers of Macrofungi Community Structure Differ between Soil and Rotten-Wood Substrates in a Temperate Mountain Forest in China.

The effects of environmental and dispersal processes on macrofungi community assembly remain unclear. Further, it is not well understood if community assembly differs for different functional guilds of macrofungi, e.g., soil and rotten-wood macrofungi. In this study, using 2433 macrofungi sporocarps belonging to 217 species located within a forest dynamics plot in temperate mountain forest (China), we examined the explanatory power of topography, spatial eigenvectors (representing unknown spatial processes, e.g., dispersal), plant community, and light availability for local spatial variation in the macrofungi community through variance partitioning and partial least squares path modeling. We found spatial eigenvectors and light as the most important factors for explaining species richness and composition of macrofungi. Light was negatively correlated with species richness of macrofungi. Furthermore, species richness and composition of soil macrofungi were best explained by light, and species richness and composition of rotten-wood macrofungi were best explained by spatial eigenvectors. Woody plant community structure was not an important factor for species richness and composition of macrofungi. Our findings suggest that spatial processes, perhaps dispersal limitation, and light availability were the most important factors affecting macrofungi community in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Major differences in influencing factors between soil and rotten-wood macrofungi were observed, with light as the major driver for soil macrofungi and unknown spatial processes as the major driver for rotten-wood macrofungi. These findings shed new light to the processes shaping community assembly in macrofungi in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and point to the potential importance of both intrinsic dynamics, such as dispersal, and external forcing, such as forest dynamics, via its effect on light availability.

Inventory, diversity and communities of macrofungi in the Collestrada forest (Umbria, central Italy)

In this study, an inventory of the macrofungi in the Collestrada forest (Umbria, Italy).was performed through the collection of sporocarps of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes over a period of three years. Sampling was performed in selected sites’ representatives of the seven wood types present in the Collestrada forest. A total of 341 species were identified and a comprehensive spatial and seasonal analysis of macrofungal species richness, abundance and diversity was performed. Patterns of fungal fructification varied greatly between species and ecological groups, over the years and seasons. Differences in fungal species composition and abundance were detected between the wood types, however, changes of meteorogical conditions, especially the rainfall level and relative humidity, during the growing seasons and years have a major impact on determining the structure of fungal communities. As 143 of the fungal species identified matched with those included in the Red List (or proposals for Red Lists) in several European countries, the studied sites may represent important areas for conservation of fungal diversity (IFA). The results of this study constitute a powerful tool to optimize conservation strategies and policy.

抚育间伐对油松人工林下大型真菌的影响

Chinese pine( Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) is the chief coniferous species used in forest plantations in northern China. However,high tree density and slow rates of decomposition in needle litter have resulted in decreased quality in many plantations. Thinning provides an effective method which can be used to solve this problem. The mechanisms by which thinning promotes litter decomposition have been studied by studying properties of litter,characteristics of understory vegetation,forest microclimate and physicochemical properties of soil,but rarely by studying the important role fungi play in forest litter decomposition. Thus,discovering the relationships between thinning,fungi,and litter decomposition in plantations is very important. It has been hypothesized that forest microclimates improve after thinning,since thinning promotes growth of understory vegetation; this changes stand composition and properties of litter,which in turn affects the macrofungi community. This study analyzes a series of 34-year-old Chinese pine plantations thinned to four different intensities( control-Ⅰ, light-Ⅱ, medium-Ⅲ, and heavy thinning intensity-Ⅳ). All macrofungi were identified morphologically and measurements of each species such as quantity,cap diameter and fungal height were made in 12 sample plots. Importance values were calculated using relative density,relative frequency,relative cap diameter and relative height of fungi. The ecological indices( species richness,diversity and evenness) of macrofungi were calculated based on the important values and compared between August and September,2011. A total of 35 and 25 species belonging to 13 and 10 families of macrofungi were found in August and September,respectively. During the two months of studies,stands with medium thinning intensity supported the highest number of species,but the control stand supported the fewest. The number of species found in September was lower than those found in August possibly because the temperature decreased in September. In the control-Ⅰ stands,the dominant species changed from ectomycorrhizal fungi( Chroogomphis rutilus( Schaeff. : Fr.) O. K. Miller and Suillus bovinus( Pers.) Kuntze) in August to rot fungi( Marasmius maximus Hongo and Marasmius chordalis Fr.) in September. This change may have occurred because ectomycorrhizal fungi reproduce during August,but they rarely grew in September. However,in treatments Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ,the dominant species were rot fungi during the entire study. Rot fungi are generally known to feed on litter as a nutrient source. Thus,the change of dominant species from ectomycorrhizal fungi-rot fungi( control) to rot fungi( treatment Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ) may be explained by the fact thinning improves litter decomposition from the aspect of causing increased fungal populations. Thinning influenced the ecological indices of macrofungi; the stands with medium thinning intensity( Ⅲ) had the highest species richness and diversity. This indicates moderate thinning had a significant role in protecting macrofungi resources in plantation soils. The measure of species evenness was not significantly different among the four different thinning intensities. The abundant quantity of saprophytic fungi might cause the trend for the evenness indices to be uniform. In conclusion,a medium thinning intensity improves species richness and diversity of macrofungi in Chinese pine plantations, changes the macrofungi community structure,and may promote litter decomposition. Thus,we recommend moderate thinning should be used in plantations of Chinese pine.

Macrofungal diversity and ecology in four Irish forest types

The macrofungal communities of Irish native tree species (ash and oak) and exotic tree species (Scots pine and Sitka spruce) forests were examined through the collection of sporocarps over 3 yr. Sampling of 27 plots revealed 186 species of macrofungi, including 10 species new to Ireland. The species richness of non-native Sitka spruce and Scots pine forests was similar to that of native oak forests. However, specific communities of macrofungi existed in each of the forest types as confirmed by non-metric multidimensional scaling and multi-response permutation procedure. Indicator species analysis was used to identify macrofungi which are indicative of the four forest types. The oak community lacked certain species/genera known to be distinctive of oak woods in Britain, possibly due to low inoculum availability as a result of historic removal of Ireland’s oak forests. Our results indicate that, while being similar to native forests in species richness, non-native forests of Sitka spruce and Scots pine in Ireland harbour many fungal species which are not typical of native forests, particularly members of the genus Cortinarius.

Diversity of macrofungi at the University of Dar es Salaam Mlimani main campus in Tanzania

Macrofungi play important roles in nutrient cycling, forestry, pharmacology industry, production of cultivated fungi in the food industry, as well as their vital role in biodegradation and biodeterioration. Information about the diversity, community organization, and variations in time and space of macrofungi community belonging to the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) Mlimani main campus in Tanzania is totally non-existent. This study was conducted on three major habitats based on types of land use namely: natural trees, planted trees and the gardens which included cleared grounds at the UDSM. The method based on fruit body recording and analysis to provide a set of biodiversity quality indices which included fungi taxonomic field work and inventory of collections made to document the macrofungi species present. It also included quantitatively comparisons in terms of species diversity and richness across the three major habitats studied using diversity species indices. Results showed that there were 18 families, 29 genera and more than 61 species out of more than 676 fruit bodies collected. The Agaricaceae family in the Agaric morpho group were the best represented taxa (71%) with the least represented (2%) belonging to Hydnaceae of the ‘tooth fungi’ morpho-group. Shannon Wiener diversity species indices showed that the species composition varied among habitats with the natural tree leading (3.8882) followed by planted trees (3.1358) and the gardens recorded the least (2.8647). On the other hand, the Reyni diversity of species ordering showed a tremendous decrease of species diversity in the disturbed habitat. These results show that there is high species diversity and abundance in the ‘natural trees’ which are relatively protected compared to ‘planted trees’ and ‘gardens’ as well as a tremendous decrease of species diversity in the disturbed habitats. These findings suggest that disturbances and soil compaction affects the macro fungi distribution. The results thus recall for the need for conservation and further research in this area, particularly at the community and species level which is essential to monitor the effectiveness of, or the need for conservation, and also to follow the effects of natural or artificial disturbance. Key words: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, communities, macrofungi, morpho-group.

Applications of self‐organizing map for patterning macrofungal diversity of xerothermic swards

AbstractMacrofungal communities were investigated in four associations of xerothermic swards: Festucetum pallentis, Origano‐Brachypodietum, Adonido‐Brachypodietum pinnati and Diantho‐Armerietum elongatae in a Jurassic area of the Częstochowa Upland (southern Poland). A total of 47 species were recorded. The self‐organising map (SOM)—an unsupervised algorithm for artificial neural networks—was used to recognise patterns in the macrofungal communities of diverse xerothermic swards. Only two associations were mycologically similar: Origano‐Brachypodietum and Adonido‐Brachypodietum pinnati. Species with high and significant IndVal (the species indicator value) for each investigated phytocoenoses are presented. The presence of macrofungal species and the participation of indicator species were connected with habitat factors of plant associations, as documented by the IndVal application. In the least fertile phytocoenoses, macrofungal communities were poor with few indicator species. The more fertile phytocoenoses had richer and more varied communities of macrofungi with higher numbers of indicator species. The ordering methods applied in this study were very effective for analyzing the macrofungal communities existing in plant associations.

Macrofungi Community in Rubber Plantations and a Forest of Edo State, Nigeria

Macrofungi Community in Rubber Plantations and a Forest of Edo State, Nigeria

To the bog fungi investigation: some data about micro- and macromycetes

Fungal community of mires in Russia was analysed by different investigators. Researchers from Soil Biology and Mycology departments of Moscow State University were obtained data about biodeversity, structure of micromycetes community against depth of peat, seasons, type of bog, and other factors. We investigated structure of macrofungi community. There is 70 species of basidiomycetes (40 was described in article, table.6) and same quantity of ascomycetes in macrofungi community of bog. Half of 40 species are micorrhizal (with Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula and dwarfshrubs), other are saprophytes of herbal litter, peat, and wood. Dynamics of fruit body formaiton were observed: maximum of quantity and biоdiversity of macrofungi at august (8-10 species per 10 m 2 in ryam, 5 species per 10 m 2 in open bog; 140 specimens per 10 m 2 in ryam, 20 specimens per 10 m 2 in open bog).

A gradient analysis of communities of macrofungi and slime moulds on decaying beech logs

The occurrence of fungi and slime moulds on 70 decaying beech logs was surveyed based on the presence/absence of sporocarps. In total 277 species of fungi and 25 of slime moulds were recorded and summarised in a log/species datamatrix. The structure of the datamatrix was analysed using detrended correspondance analysis (DCA). The ecological nature of the gradients expressed by the first three DCA-axes was then investigated by environmental and log related variables. The first and strongest gradient corresponded to changes in the community development during the decay process. The second gradient was complex and corresponded to both decay rate and microclimatic stress. The third, rather weak, gradient was influenced by soil conditions. The gradients are discussed in a context of fungal ecological strategy theories. A model generalised from the community development on the studied logs is proposed.

Macrofungal communities of lowland Scots pine ( Pinussylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Piceaabies (L.) Karsten.) plantations in England: relationships with site factors and stand structure

The species composition of macrofungal communities in 12 stands of planted Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karsten.) across lowland England was assessed over three consecutive years, and related to stand structure and site characteristics. Results indicate that these plantations provide a habitat for diverse communities of macrofungi: a total of 343 species were recorded, of which 171 were found to be unique to pine, and 90 unique to spruce. The composition of these communities was found to differ markedly between forest areas and between plots within individual forests, with only three species common to all assessment plots. Calculation of Jaccard similarity coefficients indicated a 22–24% association between chronosequence stages in the two pine sites, and 20% in the two spruce sites. Fungi were classified into four functional groups based on their mode of nutrition: wood saprotrophs, litter saprotrophs, mycorrhizal and parasitic species. This enabled patterns of diversity to be related to stand structure and a range of site factors (based on soil chemical analyses). Positive relationships were recorded between increased volume of deadwood and the number of species of wood saprotrophs, and also between the species richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the number of tree species present in each plot. Significant correlations were also recorded between the number of parasitic fungal species and soil pH (a positive response to increasing alkalinity), and between the number of litter colonizing saprotrophs and tree species richness. These results suggest that indicators of macrofungal diversity, based on relatively simple habitat assessments, could be developed for incorporation into forest management plans. These data also highlight the importance of maintaining adequate volumes of deadwood, and variety of tree species, permitting the development of diverse communities of macrofungi in forest stands.