Machine Age Research Articles

The assessment of the processes of aging of the electric machines with structural unit defects using the genetic approach

The assessment of the processes of aging of the electric machines with structural unit defects using the genetic approach

Исследование влияния возраста машин на эксплуатационную надежность

Исследование влияния возраста машин на эксплуатационную надежность

The Twilight of Automation

The future of work has come under renewed scrutiny amidst growing concerns about automation threatening widespread joblessness and precarity. While some researchers rush to declare new machine ages and industrial revolutions, others proceed with business as usual, suggesting that specialized job training and prudent reform will sufficiently equip workers for future employment. Among the points of contention are the scope and rate whereby human labor will be replaced by machines. Inflated predictions in this regard not only entice certified technologists and neoclassical economists, but also increasingly sway leftist commentators who echo the experts’ cases for ramping up the proliferation of network technologies and accelerating the rate of automation in anticipation of a postcapitalist society. In this essay, however, I caution that under the current cultural dictate of relentless self-optimization, ubiquitous economic imperatives to liquidate personal assets, and nearly unbridled corporate ownership of key infrastructures in communication, mobility, and, importantly, labor itself, an unchecked project of automation is both ill-conceived and ill fated. Instead, the task at hand is to provide a more detailed account on the nexus of work, automation, and futurizing, to formulate a challenge to the dominance of techno-utopian narratives and intervene in programs that too readily endorse the premises and promises of fully automated futures.

Design in the Age of Autonomous Machines: Modeling Inclusion, Dialogue, and Behavior

Design in the Age of Autonomous Machines: Modeling Inclusion, Dialogue, and Behavior

Modernity of War: Carl von Clausewitz and His Theory

This article discusses Сarl von Clausewitz’s theory of war in relation to war’s modernity. This relation is analyzed in two ways: by tracing its philosophical sources and the epistemological status of the theory, but also by following how it was received in Soviet “military philosophy.” The first part of the article looks into the influence of German idealism on Clausewitz. In the second part, it analyzes his original way of constructing a theory of war, which understands war as a thing that is complex, changeable, and not amenable to comprehensive conceptualization. Clausewitz offers a new way of theorizing: relativistic (as opposed to abstract or absolute modes of thinking), historical (as opposed to the invariance of logical categories) and pragmatic (as opposed to philosophically disinterested). In conclusion the author reconstructs Clausewitz’s place in Soviet military theory. In the 1920s-1930s Clausewitz was a regarded as an authoritative thinker; in the late 1940s, Stalin denounced him as a “Prussian reactionary” who wrote about the outdated “manufacturing period of war” rather than its modern machine age. In the 1960s-1980s even though the struggle against “kneeling before the West” was over, historical or theoretical studies of Clausewitz were not resumed. Only his name and his famous aphorism that “war is a continuation of politics by other means” were occasionally mentioned. The author considers this “overthrow of Clausewitz” as a victory for Stalinism, the result of ta replication of semantic and power relations and of mental and professional structures that were formed in late Stalinism. The militarized regime of Stalinist science has been perpetuated to some extent in current military-scientific institutions. “Military philosophers” tend to reproduce the same symbolic schemes of thought which are determined by their struggle over the “legacy of the Great Victory.”

Embracing Today’s Economic And Technological Reality What It Means For Design Professionals

History has shown that technological advancements alter the way we produce, exchange, protect, consume and save all kinds of goods. The First Industrial Revolution, for example, has been named as such since it indeed revolutionized everything related to daily living including art, culture, economy and politics. History has also shown that most cultural actors are reluctant to embrace advanced technology at first as they might see it as taking away something at the core of humanity. Arts and Crafts movement, for example, grew out of a concern for the effects of industrialization on design, on traditional skills and on the lives of ordinary people. Today, economists, scientists and policymakers in developing countries are talking about the coming of the fourth industrial revolution and the Second Machine Age, that not only will redefine the way humans live their daily life but also the very definition of human beings. The aim of this study is to discuss the effects of these changes on theoretical and practical issues related to design professionals and education, including advanced technologies available and social and cultural implications of their use. The paper will argue that today’s economic and technological reality will alter the design profession from its education to its implementation.

The new millenarianism: on the end of the world and of capitalism as we know them

In recent years the destruction of the environment and the repeated crises of capitalism have been discussed by a wide range of books. More specifically, great attention has been paid to the concepts of Anthropocene and of the second machine age. The link between these two strands consists not only in the common view that we are facing massive changes to our way of life for ecological and for economic reasons, but also in the idea that these two phenomena are interconnected. Accordingly, the destruction of the environment is a consequence of capitalism, and, at the same time, capitalism is nearing its material, natural limits. In this paper I shall briefly evaluate these diagnoses and some of the proposed remedies. Furthermore, I shall point out some philosophically relevant consequences of said debate, particularly concerning the concepts of freedom and political action. *** O novo milenarismo Sobre o fim do mundo e do capitalismo como os conhecemos ***Nos últimos anos, a destruição do meio ambiente e as repetidas crises do capitalismo foram discutidas por uma ampla gama de livros. Mais especificamente, grande atenção tem sido dada aos conceitos de antropoceno e de segunda era da máquina. A ligação entre essas duas vertentes consiste não apenas na visão comum de que estamos enfrentando mudanças massivas em nosso modo de vida por razões ecológicas e econômicas, mas também na ideia de que esses dois fenômenos estão interconectados. Portanto, a destruição do meio ambiente é uma consequência do capitalismo e, ao mesmo tempo, o capitalismo está se aproximando de seus limites materiais e naturais. Neste artigo, vou avaliar brevemente esses diagnósticos e alguns dos remédios propostos. Além disso, apontarei algumas consequências filosoficamente relevantes do referido debate, particularmente em relação aos conceitos de liberdade e ação política.Palavras-chave: Destruição ambiental; Antropoceno; Capitalismo; Fim do trabalho; Segunda idade da máquina.

Reports of the Workshops Held at the Sixth AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing

The Workshop Program of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence’s Sixth AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing was held on the campus of the University of Zurich in Zurich, Switzerland on 5 July 2018. There were three full-day workshops in the program: CrowdBias: Disentangling the Relation between Crowdsourcing and Bias Management; Subjectivity, Ambiguity, and Disagreement in Crowdsourcing; Work in the Age of Intelligent Machines; a three-quarter day workshop, Advancing Human Computation with Complexity Science; and Project Networking; and a quarter day Project Networking workshop. This report contains summaries of three of the events.

The Archaeology of Machinic Consumerism: The Logistics of the Factory Floor in Everyday Life

In the period after the First World War a new kind of Machine Age mass consumerism was developed as a parsimonious solution to twin crises confronting the country, one political and the other economic. This machinic consumerism was the key to the integration and intensification of a heterogeneous network composed of new commodity forms, infrastructure, logistics, financial and governmental structures, landscapes, subjectivities, and machinic processes. A theoretical framework developed out of Marx’s reflections on the use of machines on the factory floor is effective in illuminating the many nodes of this assemblage. Recognizing the linkages within a machinic network requires transcending traditional dualisms between micro- and macro-processes, histories and presents, humans and machines, and material and ideological processes. An archaeological assemblage excavated from a coal-company town shanty enclave in Pennsylvania provides examples of how artifact morphologies reflect the infrastructure, landscapes, aesthetics, advertising strategies, and media effects of these developments.

Statistical Analysis of Component Failures: A 16 Year Survey on More Than 550 Wind Turbines

A good prediction of the failure ratio of wind turbine (WT) components is pivotal to define a correct maintenance program and reduce the downtime periods. Even a small failure can lead to long downtime periods and high repairing costs. The installation sites, which generally have limited accessibility, and the necessity of special facilities to reach the components inside the nacelle, also play a key role in the correct management of WTs. In this study, a detailed survey on the failures occurred to the WTs managed by the Italian operator “e2i energie speciali” (more than 550 machines) over 16 years was performed and the results were analyzed in detail. Each failure was classified by considering the damaged component and the related downtime period. The analysis allowed the determination of several useful results such as the trend of failure occurrence with machine age and the identification of components and macrocomponents which are more critical in terms of both number of occurrences and downtime periods. The combination of component failure occurrences and related downtime periods was also computed to estimate which component is most critical for WT operation.

Lubrication Performance of Engine Commercial Oils with Different Performance Levels: The Effect of Engine Synthetic Oil Aging on Piston Ring Tribology under Real Engine Conditions

To further improve efficiency in automotive engine systems, it is important to understand the generation of friction in its components. Accurate simulation and modeling of friction in machine components is, amongst other things, dependent on realistic lubricant rheology and lubricant properties, where especially the latter may change as the machine ages. Some results of research under laboratory conditions on the aging of engine commercial oils with different performance levels (mineral SAE 30, synthetic SAE10W-40, and bio-based) are presented in this paper. The key role of the action of pressure and temperature in engine oils’ aging is described. The paper includes the results of experiments over time in laboratory testing of a single cylinder motorbike. The aging of engine oil causes changes to its dynamic viscosity value. The aim of this work is to evaluate changes due to temperature and pressure in viscosity of engine oil over its lifetime and to perform uncertainty analysis of the measured values. The results are presented as the characteristics of viscosity and time in various temperatures and the shear rates/pressures. This paper also includes a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, applying the experimental results in the piston ring tribology problem.

Algorithms “don't see the World the same way we do”

Abstract Mathematician Hannah Fry explores the good, the bad and the ugly of the new machine age

Arabic Type-Making in the Machine Age: The Influence of Technology on the Form of Arabic Type, 1908-1993, by Titus Nemeth, 2017

Arabic Type-Making in the Machine Age: The Influence of Technology on the Form of Arabic Type, 1908-1993, by Titus Nemeth, 2017

The Interwar Period as a Machine Age: Mechanics, the Machine, Mechanisms, and the Market in Discourse.

ArgumentThis paper examines some of the ways that machines, mechanisms, and the new mechanics were treated in post-World War I discourse. Spengler's 1919 Decline of the West and Hessen's 1931 study of Newton have usually been tied closely to Weimar culture in Germany, and Soviet politics. Linking them also to the writings of Rathenau, Simmel, Chase, Mumford, Hayek, and others, as well as to Dada and film studies of the city will indicate central features of a wide-ranging, international discourse on the machine and mechanization. I argue that machines were so thoroughly integrated into social and economic experience that we can treat this as a distinctive new phase in the cultural history of mechanics, what some contemporaries called the "machine age": a period in which rather than the hand mill or steam engine, the city stands as an appropriate realization (and sometimes symbol) of the significance but also ambiguities and tensions of mechanical life; and concepts of mechanization were extended to encompass the economy and market mechanisms.

INTRAOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS IN PHACOVITRECTOMY FOR EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE AND MACULAR HOLE: A Clinical Audit of 1,000 Consecutive Eyes.

The aim of this study was to report the intraoperative and postoperative complications of phacovitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM) and macular hole (MH). This was a retrospective audit of 1,052 phacovitrectomy operations (410 for ERM and 642 for MH) by the same surgical team between 1998 and 2017. Outcome measures included rates of intraoperative anterior segment and posterior segment complications such as posterior capsule rupture and retinal breaks. A subgroup analysis of 189 procedures in which postoperative complications were rigorously recorded was also undertaken. The rate of posterior capsule rupture was 2.2%, with no difference between ERM and MH (1.7 vs. 2.5%; P = 0.40). Iatrogenic retinal tears were more common in MH than in ERM surgery (15.6 vs. 6.8%; P < 0.001). The chance of one or more anterior segment or posterior segment intraoperative complications occurring (excluding iatrogenic retinal breaks) was not associated with: indication for surgery, grade of surgeon, gauge of surgery, surgical machine, diabetic status, patient sex, or patient age. Subgroup analysis showed postoperative events as follows: posterior capsular opacification 10.6% (20/189), posterior synechiae 4.2% (8/189), uveitis 2.1% (4/189), angle closure glaucoma 1.6% (3/189), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 1.1% (2/189). Phacovitrectomy seems to be safe in phakic patients with ERM or MH, performed either by fellows or consultants. It avoids the requirement for repeat surgery and is more cost and resource efficient.

기계시대의 예술, 그 순수성의 한계: 󰡔스피드 더 플라우󰡕를 중심으로

기계시대의 예술, 그 순수성의 한계: 󰡔스피드 더 플라우󰡕를 중심으로

Data Publics: Urban Protest, Analytics and the Courts

Data Publics: Urban Protest, Analytics and the Courts

Optimalisasi Proses Produksi Celana Panjang Melalui Pendekatan Six Sigma

PT. Tainan Enterprises Indonesia branch of Cianjur produce various kinds of garment products. One of the most widely product is trousers. The product are still many defects. This is showed from the number of defective products during February 2015 until mid- March 2015 which reached 509 products unit of 10.138 trousers produced. Therefore, appropriate quality control is required to optimize the quality of trousers products. This research method uses Six Sigma approach with DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improvement, Control). Based on the results of the research is known the most dominant type of defect is oblique belt loop and skid jump defects. Factors causing of oblique belt loop defects are sourced from human factors (operator does not follow signs and operators are fatigue), engine factor (old machine age and engine setting less than perfect), material factor (needle material less reliable and materials need to be heating which is high), and the method factor (information on working methods is still lacking). While the factors causing of skid jump defects are sourced from human factors (operator is less careful in choosing to sewing needles and operators experience fatigue), machine factor (old machine age and no regular machine maintenance), material factor (needle less reliable sewing), and method factors (production supervision and quality control are still weak). Quality Increasing could be can increase the value of Six sigma from 3.82 to 4.27.

Toward an Ethics of AI Assistants: an Initial Framework

Personal AI assistants are now nearly ubiquitous. Every leading smartphone operating system comes with a personal AI assistant that promises to help you with basic cognitive tasks: searching, planning, messaging, scheduling and so on. Usage of such devices is effectively a form of algorithmic outsourcing: getting a smart algorithm to do something on your behalf. Many have expressed concerns about this algorithmic outsourcing. They claim that it is dehumanising, leads to cognitive degeneration, and robs us of our freedom and autonomy. Some people have a more subtle view, arguing that it is problematic in those cases where its use may degrade important interpersonal virtues. In this article, I assess these objections to the use of AI assistants. I will argue that the ethics of their use is complex. There are no quick fixes or knockdown objections to the practice, but there are some legitimate concerns. By carefully analysing and evaluating the objections that have been lodged to date, we can begin to articulate an ethics of personal AI use that navigates those concerns. In the process, we can locate some paradoxes in our thinking about outsourcing and technological dependence, and we can think more clearly about what it means to live a good life in the age of smart machines.

Harnessing the Crowd in the Age of the Machine: The New Business Playbook

Harnessing the Crowd in the Age of the Machine: The New Business Playbook