Maceration Water Research Articles

Yeast Lipids from Crude Glycerol Media and Utilization of Lipid Fermentation Wastewater as Maceration Water in Cultures of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms

Four wild “red” yeast strains (Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae FMCC Y70, R. toruloides NRRL Y-27013, R. toruloides NRRL Y-17902 and R. toruloides NRRL Y-6985) were cultured in shake flasks on industrial glycerol at an initial substrate (Gly0) concentration ≈ 50 g/L under nitrogen limitation. Strains NRRL Y-27013, NRRL Y-17902 and NRRL Y-6985 presented appreciable dry cell weight (DCW) and lipid synthesis (DCW up to 18–19 g/L containing lipids in quantities ≈ 47%, w/w). Strains NRRL Y-27013 and NRRL Y-6985 were further tested in higher Gly0 concentrations (≈90 g/L and ≈110 g/L) with the same initial nitrogen quantity as in the first (“screening”) experiment. Both strains, despite the high Gly0 concentrations and C/N ratios (up to 120 moles/moles) imposed, presented significant DCW production (up to c. 29.0–29.5 g/L). Yeast biomass contained significant lipid (42–43%, w/w) and endopolysaccharide (up to 42%, w/w) quantities. Both lipids and endopolysaccharide quantities (in % w/w) noticeably increased as a response to the imposed nitrogen limitation. Lipids containing mainly oleic and palmitic acids constituted ideal candidates for biodiesel synthesis. Thereafter, the wastewaters derived from the lipid production process (lipid fermentation wastewaters—LFWs) were used as maceration waters in cultivations of edible and medicinal fungi, where novel (non-conventional) substrates were used in the performed cultures. CW (coffee residue + wheat straw), CB (coffee residue + beech wood shavings), OW (olive crop + wheat straw), OB (olive crop + beech wood shavings), RW (rice husk + wheat straw) and RB (rice husk + beech wood shavings) were soaked/sprayed with LFWs or tap water and utilized in the cultivation of Pleurotus, Ganoderma and Lentinula mushrooms. The impact of LFWs on the mycelial growth rate (mm/d) and biomass production was evaluated. The results show that regardless of the wetting method, the highest growth rates (6.2–6.6 mm/d) were noticed on RW and RB for Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma resinaceum, on OW, OB and RW for Ganoderma applanatum and on RW, OW and OB for Lentinula edodes. Nevertheless, high biomass production was obtained on substrates soaked with LFWs for Pleurotus ostreatus (RW: 443 mg/g d.w.), L. edodes (RB: 238 mg/g d.w.) and Ganoderma lucidum (RW: 450 mg/g d.w.). Overall, this study demonstrates the possibility of the industrial conversion of low-value agro-waste to mycelial mass and eventually to important food products.

Milhocina como fonte proteica para produção de bacteriocina por Enterococcus faecium

A produção de bacteriocina por Bactérias Ácido Lácticas tem atraído grande atenção por causa do seu status GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe), e seu uso potencial como aditivo para a conservação de alimentos. A utilização de substrato com características que forneçam nutrientes necessários porem com reduzido custo, está entre os itens essenciais para produção e uso comercial de bacteriocinas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da produção de enterocinas, utilizando soro de leite e água de maceração de milho (milhocina) como substrato em 18 e 24 horas de cultivo. Enterococcus faecium (Efm20, Efm22, Efm24, Efm25) e Enterococcus faecalis (Efs27) foram caracterizados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana de enterocinas presentes no sobrenadante de cultivo livre de células (CFS) contra Listeria innocua CLIP 12612. O caráter proteico da substância antimicrobiana foi confirmado, sendo sua atividade inibitória perdida após o tratamento dos CFS com proteases. Em contrapartida a atividade antimicrobiana dos CFS se manteve termoestável após tratamento com calor (80°C e 100°C) e também quando tratado com catalase, o que confirma que essa atividade do CFS não está relacionada com a ação de H2O2 e ácido láctico (CFS neutralizado com NaOH). Pela contagem de células bacterianas (UFC/mL) dos isolados cultivados nos diferentes meios, observou que houve maior quantidade de UFC em MRS com substratos. A atividade antimicrobiana dos CFS obtido dos meios MRS com substrato em comparação com o MRS foram similares quando em difusão em ágar, porém ao quantificar essa atividade observou maiores valores de unidade arbitrária para os CFS obtidos em meio MRS com milhocina em ambos os tempos avaliados 18 e 24 horas. Em conclusão, constatou-se que os substratos testados apresentam grande potencial para serem aplicados na fabricação de bioconservação de produtos alimentícios.

Maceração de grãos de Chenopodium quinoa Willd: efeito do tempo e temperatura

A quinoa tem despertado o interesse mundial por seu alto valor nutritivo, principalmente em relação ao teor de proteínas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo e temperatura na maceração da quinoa visando obter maior encharcamento com menor perda de proteínas do grão. Para caracterização dos grãos de quinoa o material foi triturado e submetido as análises de umidade, proteínas, lipídios e cinzas. Para avaliação do tempo e temperatura, os grãos foram macerados em três temperaturas diferentes (5 oC, 25 oC e 45 oC) na proporção 1:2 (quinoa:água) durante 48 horas. Amostras da água de maceração foram submetidas as análises de potencial hidrogeniônico, determinação de proteínas, acidez e absorção de água. O experimento foi conduzido no Delineamento em Parcela Subdividida com a temperatura na parcela (3 níveis – 5 oC, 25oC e 45oC) com três repetições e o tempo de maceração na subparcela (9 níveis – 9 tempos). Todas as análises foram realizadas em duplicata. Em relação aos resultados obtidos, a quinoa pode ser considerada um alimento com alto teor de proteínas (14,35%). Nota-se que a migração das proteínas para a água de maceração é maior na temperatura de 45 oC. Os resultados para o comportamento do pH e acidez mostram que houve fermentação nas temperaturas de 25 e 45 °C. O ganho de massa é independente da temperatura e atingiu um ponto de encharcamento máximo em torno de 16 horas. Assim recomenda-se a maceração da quinoa em uma temperatura de 5 °C por 16 horas.

Antibacterial Activity of Different Extract of Medicinal Plant Antirrihnum Orontium.

Antirrhinum Orontium is belonging to the family Plantaginacea commonly known as lesser snapdragon which is a flowering plant belong to genus Antirrhinum. It was traditionally used in treatment of Tumor, Eye inflammation and Ulcer. Antirrhinum Orontium is contain mostly tertiary alkaloids bases one of them is identified as 4-methyl-2, 6-naphthyridine and Choline is identified as quaternary base. The recent study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane, Hexane and Water extracts of Antirrhinum Orontium, against the pathogen like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both the Soxhlet and Maceration water extract were found most active from the other extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using agar well diffusion method. The measured zone of inhibition for Soxhlet water extract is 21±0.05mm and Maceration water extract is 20±0.05mm against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, while for gram negative Escherichia coli 23±0.05mm is measured for Soxlet and 21±0.05mm measured for Maceration water extracts

Semi-continuous Carotenoid Production in Bioreactor from Phaffia rhodozyma Using Agro-industrial Residues

This work has studied the semi-continuous process for carotenoids production in the bioreactor by Phaffia rhodozyma (Y-17268) using agro-industrial residues as substrate. The kinetics process was evaluated using different cuts (25, 50, and 75%) every 96 h, until 288 h, to achieve a high level of productivity in total carotenoids. In a period of 192 h was obtained the maximum total carotenoids concentration (477 μg/g) with agro-industrial residues (100 g/L corn maceration water, 100 g/L crude glycerol, and 20 g/L rice parboiling water), under the following conditions: 250 rpm agitation rate, 1.5 vvm aeration rate, 25ºC, pH initial 4.0, with 50% working volume cut. It was obtained 42.51 μg/L .h of maximum productivity on total carotenoids, 0.063 g/L. h the maximum productivity on cells, and 0.067 h-1 specific maximum growth speeds. In this way, it was possible to achieve high production of carotenoids in a semi-continuous process and is a sustainable option to obtain this colorant on an industrial scale.

Antibacterial activity of different extract of medicinal plant Antirrihnum Orontium.

Antirrhinum Orontium is belonging to the family Plantaginacea commonly known as lesser snapdragon which is a flowering plant belong to genus Antirrhinum. It was traditionally used in treatment of Tumor, Eye inflammation and Ulcer. Antirrhinum Orontium is contain mostly tertiary alkaloids bases one of them is identified as 4-methyl-2, 6-naphthyridine and Choline is identified as quaternary base. The recent study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane, Hexane and Water extracts of Antirrhinum Orontium, against the pathogen like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both the Soxhlet and Maceration water extract were found most active from the other extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using agar well diffusion method. The measured zone of inhibition for Soxhlet water extract is 21±0.05mm and Maceration water extract is 20±0.05mm against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, while for gram negative Escherichia coli 23±0.05mm is measured for Soxlet and 21±0.05mm measured for Maceration water extracts

Use of low-cost agro products as substrate in semi-continuous process to obtain carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor

Abstract This work has studied the semi-continuous carotenoids production by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) comparing the use of complex substrates and agroindustrial residues. The maximum total carotenoids concentration was 4376 μg L−1 in a 264 h period with complex substrates (80 g L−1 glycerol, 5 g L−1 malt extract, and 15 g L−1 peptone) and 7388 μg L−1 in a 288 h period with agroindustrial residues (80 g L−1 crude glycerol, 80 g L−1 corn maceration water, and 20 g L−1 rice parboiling water), showing an of approximate 54% increase, under the following conditions: 25 °C, pHinitial of 4.0, 180 rpm agitation rate, 1.5 vvm aeration rate, with 50% working volume cut. The maximum productivity on total carotenoids was 34.8 and 41.4 g L−1 h−1, the maximum productivity on cells was 0.058 and 0.104 g L−1 h−1, with specific maximum growth speeds of 0.05 and 0.08 h−1, obtaining the major carotenoid all-trans-β-carotene (83% and 81%), respectively.

Changes occurring during the parboiling of upland rice and in the maceration water at different temperatures and soaking times

SummaryThe objective of this work was to investigate the influence of temperature and soaking time on the quality of grains from two upland rice cultivars. Response surface methodology and a central compound rotational design were used. The data obtained for the cultivars BRS Primavera and BRS Sertaneja varied, respectively, between 27.7–55.0% and 26.0–51.7% for the Husk‐Splitting Index; between 0.8–5.0% and 0.0–4.0% for the incidence of ‘banana’ grains; between 0.0–2.0% and 0.0–1.2% for non‐gelatinised grains; and between 0.2–0.7% and 0.2–0.8% for soluble solids in the maceration water. Because BRS Primavera grains had a narrower shape, they absorbed the water faster and consequently presented a greater amount of physical defects, although the losses to the water were smaller than BRS Sertaneja.

EXTRACTION METHODS AFFECT ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF PEPPERMINT AND THYME EXTRACTS ON WEED SEED GERMINATION

ISHS XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006: International Symposium on Sustainability through Integrated and Organic Horticulture EXTRACTION METHODS AFFECT ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF PEPPERMINT AND THYME EXTRACTS ON WEED SEED GERMINATION

Chemiotropic behavior of female olive fly (Bactrocera oleae GMEL.) onOlea europaea L

An interpretation is given of a number of observations on the chemiotropic behavior ofBactrocera oleae in connection with olive maceration water and the fly's return to the olive groves after the first summer rains. To this end, the headspace of both maceration water and leaf leaching water, simulating rainfall, were examined. In both cases, the presence of ammonia, which is generally known to attract fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae), was detected and, for the first time, in addition to other compounds that are inert for the fly, the presence of styrene was also detected. This aromatic hydrocarbon was found to be a strong attractant. It is shown that both ammonia and styrene are products of the metabolism of microbial flora present on the olive and leaf surface.

Olea europaea Volatiles attractive and repellent to the olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae, Gmelin)

Comparative study of the headspace (HS) composition from olive leaves, olives of varying degrees of ripeness, and crushed olives revealed significant quantitative and qualitative differences. Three different methods were employed to test the effect of the substances identified on the behavior ofDacus oleae gravid females. Attractive/repellent features were tested by presenting the insects with olfactory choices of a water solution of the test chemicals examined, water (blank), and a highly attractive (control) solution of olive maceration water (MW). Toluene and ethylbenzene, present in leaf and half-ripe olive HIS proved attractive, while (E)-2-hexenal emitted by the crushed olives was found to be decidedly repellent. An oviposition stimulation/deterrence test was carried out on olives placed in proximity to test chemicals under examination in water solution, with olives from the same crop serving as control. In the oviposition testα-pinene, mostly emitted by the leaves and half-ripe olives, emerged clearly as an activant,p-xylene, myrcenone, ethylbenzene,n-octane ando-xylene as weak activants. (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal, both emitted by the crushed olives, displayed an oviposition deterrent effect. The highly repellent property of (E)-2-hexenal was again confirmed in this test.

α-Tocopherol of Diffused Bagasse in Okinawa

It was found that α-tocopherol and chlorophylls were contained in diffused bagasse of Okinawa.α-Tocopherol and chlorophylls of diffused bagasse mostly came from the outer part of sugarcane stem. Content of chlorophylls of internode was higher than that of nodal part, while α-tocopherol content was similar to the nodal part. α-Tocopherol and chlorophyll contents of leaves were higher than internode.Preliminary experiments suggested the effect of maceration water and/or diffusing water during sugar extracting process on α-tocopherol content of bagasse; α-tocopherol will be decreased in content if acidic water is used at room temperature, while slightly basic or hot water will prevent α-tocopherol loss.